characteristics.text: ERC000025
characteristics.characteristic: ENA-CHECKLIST
characteristics.text: 2015-12-17T13:48:31Z
characteristics.characteristic: ENA-FIRST-PUBLIC
characteristics.text: 2016-10-21T09:43:21Z
characteristics.characteristic: ENA-LAST-UPDATE
characteristics.text: SAMEA2629421
characteristics.characteristic: External Id
characteristics.text: SDSU
characteristics.characteristic: INSDC center name
characteristics.text: 2015-12-17T13:48:31Z
characteristics.characteristic: INSDC first public
characteristics.text: 2016-10-21T09:43:21Z
characteristics.characteristic: INSDC last update
characteristics.text: public
characteristics.characteristic: INSDC status
characteristics.text: ERS499264
characteristics.characteristic: SRA accession
characteristics.text: TIM2_iron_study_16S_1
characteristics.characteristic: Submitter Id
characteristics.text: 2011-08-27
characteristics.characteristic: collection date
characteristics.text: Safety of oral iron administration in African children has been questioned as it is associated with an increased burden of infectious disease. However, it remains unclear to which extent oral iron administration affects the intestinal microbiome. Therefore, we here investigated the impact of multiple iron preparations and doses on the growth and metabolism of a human gut microbiota in a well-controlled in vitro model of the large intestine. Microbiome analysis showed clear iron-induced changes and prominent shifts included a decrease of Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae under iron-rich conditions, paralleled by an increase of Roseburia and Prevotella. Metagenomic analyses showed a general enrichment of bacterial motility-chemotaxis systems under iron-rich conditions. Metabolome profiling showed that gut microbial activity markedly shifted from a saccharolytic to a proteolytic profile in response to iron. Levels of branched chain fatty acids and ammonia increased significantly, in particular under ferrous sulfate-rich conditions. Importantly, cell viability tests showed increased cytotoxicity of metabolite-containing effluent from iron-rich conditions. We also identified microbial metabolites with siderophoric activity that were specifically produced under low-iron conditions. Our data indicate that in the absence of host influences, iron induces a more hostile intestinal environment characterized by i) reduction of beneficial microbes and increase of certain bacterial species with pathogenic potential, ii) increased levels of bacterial metabolites that can impair the barrier function of the gut wall, and iii) increase of virulence-associated pathways of enteric pathogens. It can be envisaged that these in vitro phenomena also contribute to an increased risk for enteric infections in vivo.
characteristics.characteristic: description
characteristics.text: terrestrial biome
characteristics.characteristic: environment (biome)
characteristics.text: anaerobic bioreactor
characteristics.characteristic: environment (feature)
characteristics.text: feces
characteristics.ontologyTerms: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C13234
characteristics.characteristic: environment (material)
characteristics.text: Netherlands
characteristics.characteristic: geographic location (country and/or sea)
characteristics.text: 52.0905865
characteristics.unit: DD
characteristics.characteristic: geographic location (latitude)
characteristics.text: 5.2332316
characteristics.unit: DD
characteristics.characteristic: geographic location (longitude)
characteristics.text: mimarks-culture
characteristics.characteristic: investigation type
characteristics.text: miscellaneous natural or artificial environment
characteristics.characteristic: miscellaneous environmental package
characteristics.text: metagenome
characteristics.characteristic: organism
characteristics.text: TIM2_iron_study
characteristics.characteristic: project name
characteristics.text: metagenome
characteristics.characteristic: scientific_name
characteristics.text: 454 flx
characteristics.characteristic: sequencing method
characteristics.text: Gut microbial metabolism shifts towards a more toxic profile with supplementary iron in a kinetic model of the human large intestine
characteristics.characteristic: title