characteristics: ERC000047
characteristics: ENA-CHECKLIST
characteristics: 2022-09-28T12:19:35Z
characteristics: ENA-FIRST-PUBLIC
characteristics: 2022-09-28T12:19:35Z
characteristics: ENA-LAST-UPDATE
characteristics: SAMEA111406192
characteristics: External Id
characteristics: EMG
characteristics: INSDC center name
characteristics: 2022-09-28T12:19:35Z
characteristics: INSDC first public
characteristics: 2022-09-28T12:19:35Z
characteristics: INSDC last update
characteristics: public
characteristics: INSDC status
characteristics: ERS13500066
characteristics: SRA accession
characteristics: ERR5647223_bin.6_metawrap_v1.3_MAG
characteristics: Submitter Id
characteristics: Many fragments with little to no review of assembly other than reporting of standard assembly statistics
characteristics: assembly quality
characteristics: metaSPAdes v3.15.3
characteristics: assembly software
characteristics: MaxBin2, MetaBat2, Concoct with default parameter of the metaWRAP pipeline. Bin refinement module used from metaWRAP with default parameters.
characteristics: binning parameters
characteristics: metawrap v1.3
characteristics: binning software
characteristics: mouse digestive system
characteristics: broad-scale environmental context
characteristics: EBI-EMG
characteristics: broker name
characteristics: not provided
characteristics: collection date
characteristics: 99.75
characteristics: %
characteristics: completeness score
characteristics: CheckM
characteristics: completeness software
characteristics: 0.25
characteristics: %
characteristics: contamination score
characteristics: This sample represents a Third Party Annotation (TPA) Metagenome-Assembled Genome (MAG) assembled from the metagenomic run ERR5647223 of study ERP128045.
characteristics: description
characteristics: feces
characteristics: environmental medium
characteristics: not provided
characteristics: geographic location (country and/or sea)
characteristics: not provided
characteristics: DD
characteristics: geographic location (latitude)
characteristics: not provided
characteristics: DD
characteristics: geographic location (longitude)
characteristics: metagenome-assembled genome
characteristics: investigation type
characteristics: mouse gut metagenome
characteristics: isolation_source
characteristics: digestive tube
characteristics: local environmental context
characteristics: mouse gut metagenome
characteristics: metagenomic source
characteristics: Bacillus subtilis
characteristics: organism
characteristics: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most severe developmental disorders, affecting on average 1 in 150 children worldwide. There is a great need for more effective strategies to improve quality of life in ASD subjects. The gut microbiome has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in ASD. A novel modulator of the gut microbiome, the traditionally fermented milk drink kefir, has recently been shown to modulate the microbiota and decrease repetitive behaviour, one of the hallmarks of ASD, in mice. As such, we hypothesized that kefir could ameliorate behavioural deficits in a mouse model relevant to ASD; the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mouse strain. To this end, adult mice were administered either kefir (UK4) or a milk control for three weeks as treatment lead-in, after which they were assessed for their behavioural phenotype using a battery of tests. In addition, we assessed systemic immunity by flow cytometry and the gut microbiome using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We found that indeed kefir decreased repetitive behaviour in this mouse model. Furthermore, kefir prolonged stress-induced increases in corticosterone 60 min post-stress, which was accompanied by an ameliorated innate immune response as measured by LY6Chi monocyte levels. In addition, kefir increased the levels of anti-inflammatory Treg cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Kefir also increased the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae bacterium A2, which correlated with reduced repetitive behaviour and increased Treg cells in MLNs. Functionally, kefir modulated various predicted gut microbial pathways, including the gut-brain module S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis, as well as L-valine biosynthesis and pyruvate fermentation to isobutanol, which all correlated with repetitive behaviour. Taken together our data show that kefir modulates peripheral immunoregulation, can ameliorate specific ASD behavioural dysfunctions and modulates selective aspects of the composition and function of the gut microbiome, indicating that kefir supplementation might prove a viable strategy in improving quality of life in ASD subjects.
characteristics: project name
characteristics: SAMEA8498372
characteristics: sample derived from
characteristics: Bacillus subtilis
characteristics: scientific_name
characteristics: NextSeq 500
characteristics: sequencing method
characteristics: The taxonomy of this metagenome-assembled genome was originally computed with GTDBtk, which assigned the following taxonomic annotation: d__Bacteria;p__Firmicutes;c__Bacilli;o__Bacillales;f__Bacillaceae;g__Bacillus;s__Bacillus subtilis
characteristics: taxonomic classification
characteristics: multi-marker approach
characteristics: taxonomic identity marker
characteristics: Metagenome-assembled genome: ERR5647223_bin.6_metawrap_v1.3_MAG
characteristics: title