title: A resonance Raman and electronic absorption probe of membrane energization. Quinaldine red in cells of Streptococcus faecalis.
abstract: Resonance Raman and electronic absorption spectra were used to show that the state of an amphiphilic cation, relative to dilute aqueous solution, changes when it is accumulated by cells of Streptococcus faecalis when they are energized. The general characteristics of the cation employed, quinaldine red, closely paralleled those of other amphiphilic cations which have been used to measure membrane potential. A major aspect of the change is that in sodium-loaded cells, essentially all of the quinaldine red accumulated as the result of energization forms a strong bond with an anionic group. This binding is similar to that which occurs for the basal level of quinaldine red taken up in nonenergized cells. Ionic binding was detected using resonance Raman spectroscopy through shifts associated with a N+ parallel C--C parallel C stretching vibration to lower frequency on uptake. Another aspect of the change in state is that the cell-localized probe cation can aggregate while ionically bonded in a card pack fashion, the transition dipoles being parallel. A combination of resonance Raman and electronic absorption spectroscopy was used to characterize this aggregation. The aggregates were estimated to contain at least five quinaldine red cations at or near van der Waals contact, and the presence of other molecules, such as phospholipids, could not be excluded. Aggregation effects are complex depending on the ratio of cells to probe cation, and on energization. The site of binding is suggested to be the lipid bilayer region of the plasma membrane on the basis of experiments with liposomes and other model systems. In addition, some quinaldine red may be present in the cytoplasm in an aggregated, ionically bound form. The change in state on uptake following energization seems to be associated with a membrane potential, similar spectral and uptake effects being produced by an artificially generated membrane potential in cells and liposomes. The results show that membrane potential cannot be computed in a simple manner from the distribution of quinaldine red between cells and medium, assuming that the thermodynamic activity coefficient of cell-localized material is identical with that in dilute aqueous solution. However, uptake as well as subsequent ionic binding of quinaldine red seems to be related to potential in an as yet undefined manner.
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007834:Lasers; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D011798:Quinaldines; D011804:Quinolines; D012964:Sodium / Q000494:pharmacology; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D014634:Valinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011798:Quinaldines; D011804:Quinolines; D014634:Valinomycin; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium; C021324:quinaldine red