The measurement of membrane potential and deltapH in cells, organelles, and vesicles.
D000818:Animals; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D006217:Halobacterium / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008433:Mathematics; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008722:Methods; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D013816:Thermodynamics