title: Pyrogenic reactions during haemodialysis caused by extramural endotoxin.
abstract: Between July 24 and Aug. 19, 1974, an outbreak of pyrogenic reactions occurred in patients at a private haemodialysis centre in a suburb of Washington, D.C. 49 reactions characterised by chills, fever, and hypotension occurred in twenty-three of the seventy patients dialysed during this period. No infections could be documented in any of the affected individuals. Despite the fact that only low levels of gram-negative bacterial contamination of the haemodialysis system were found, high levels of endotoxin contamination of dialysis fluid and endotoxaemia in patients experiencing overt reactions were recorded using the Limulus lysate test. The cause of these reactions was traced to an increase in endotoxin contamination of the tap water used to prepare dialysate, possibly caused by an increase in the algae levels in the local water source. The installation of a reverse osmosis system for water treatment may be a solution to the problem of endotoxin contamination of water used to prepare dialysis fluid.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001097:Arachnida; D001681:Biological Assay; D001831:Body Temperature; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004219:District of Columbia; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology; D009132:Muscles; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011749:Pyrogens; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014876:Water Pollution
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D011749:Pyrogens; D014867:Water