title: The effect of pH and amino acids on conidiation and pigment production of Monascus major ATCC 16362 and Monascus rubiginosus ATCC 16367 in submerged shaken culture.
abstract: Monascus major ATCC 16362 and Monascus rubiginosus ATCC 16367 were cultivated aerobically on media containing nitrate or ammonium as nitrogen source to which the following modifications were made: (1) pH adjusted to 2.5 before sterilization; (2) addition of yeast extract; (3) addition of amino  acids in identical proportions and concentrations to those found in yeast extract; (4) adjustment of pH to 2.5 after addition of amino acids. The addition of amino acids in the form of yeast extract increased mycelium formation and reduced conidiation and pigment production. The addition of an amino acid mixture did not increase mycelium formation to the same extent as yeast extract but increased the number of conidia, while pigment production was reduced, especially when nitrate was the nitrogen source. As the amino acids are taken up after conidial formation has started, it would appear that it is not the amino acids themselves which are directly responsible for the induction of conidiation. The addition of amino acids inhibits nitrate and ammonium uptake suggesting the need for an early intracellular nitrogen limitation to induce conidiation. Lowering the pH inhibits the formation of conidia and increases pigment production; also the effect of amino acid addition is totally annulled. The pH of the medium is all important in regulating the formation of conidia and pigment production. The possible effects of the pH on the uptake of certain medium components is discussed, as well as their possible control of certain metabolic pathways which ultimately determines the availability of intermediates for conidiation and pigment production.
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003470:Culture Media; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013172:Spores, Fungal
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003470:Culture Media; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D005947:Glucose; D009584:Nitrogen