Intrauterine devices: medicated and nonmedicated.
The main benefits of intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a lack of adverse systemic effects, excellent effectiveness, high continuation rates and the single act of motivation required for use. First year failure rates range from 2% to 3%, but decline steadily thereafter to a cumulative annual failure rate of less than 1% after six years. The risks of IUDs include increased blood loss, uterine perforation, pelvic infection and pregnancy-related complications. The incidence of perforation of the uterine fundus ranges from 1:1000 to 1:2500 insertions, while that of cervical perforation with the copper devices ranges from 1:600 to 1:1000. IUD use is associated with about a three-fold increased incidence of developing acute salpingitis in comparison with use of oral contraceptives and diaphragms. If pregnancy occurs with an IUD in place, there is a three-fold increased risk of spontaneous abortion, a ten-fold increased risk of ectopic pregnancy (5% of all IUD pregnancies) and a possible increased incidence of sepsis during the pregnancy.
D000031:Abortion, Septic / Q000209:etiology; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated / Q000009:adverse effects; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011274:Pregnancy, Tubal / Q000209:etiology; D012488:Salpingitis / Q000209:etiology; D014595:Uterine Perforation / Q000209:etiology