title: Light and scanning microscopy of the tongue and its gustatory organs in the common toad, Bufo bufo (L.).
abstract: Unlike frogs and European tree frogs, the common toad Bufo bufo possesses a tongue lacking filiform papillae on its dorsal surface. Instead, the mucosal epithelium forms irregular, high folds, dividing the surface of the tongue into numerous separate compartments. At the bottom of those compartments occur openings of tubular glands and singular ciliated cells. In a strongly distended tongue the folds of mucosa disappear, and the regions of glandular orifices assume a shape of pocket-like recesses. The taste discs with an average diameter of 120 micrograms are localized on the top of markedly shortened fungiform papillae. The superficial layer of taste discs contains a single type of glandular supporting cells, which in part of discs show features suggesting their gradual dezintegration, probably related to the process of cellular turnover in gustatory organs.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002023:Bufo bufo / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology; D013650:Taste Buds / Q000166:cytology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000166:cytology*