title: Sudden blindness secondary to injections of common drugs in the head and neck: II. Animal studies.
abstract: The sudden occurrence of unilateral and bilateral blindness, as reported in the literature from the personal experiences of numerous qualified investigators, occurring in humans and producing such catastrophic effects seems to mandate experimental effort to try and answer three basic questions: (1) Can an animal model be found which will demonstrate similar retinopathy for study? (2) If such a model is found, what mechanisms are involved in the production of the retinal pathologic changes? (3) What are the characteristics of the drug or drug combinations necessary to produce these pathologic changes?
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D001766:Blindness / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004285:Dogs; D004338:Drug Combinations; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000009:adverse effects; D007267:Injections; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000187:drug effects; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D013035:Spasm / Q000139:chemically induced; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D008012:Lidocaine; D008775:Methylprednisolone; D004837:Epinephrine