title: Sudies in simpler tubocclusion methods.
abstract: This report reviews animal and human studies undertaken to develop simpler, safer, and more acceptable methods of female sterilization. Animal studies revealed inadequate prevention of pregnancy by tubocclusive methods from within the uterus, and the laparoscopic route was chosen. A series of clips were evaluated, and a clip was designed which would have a spring load, be wide enough to cause true tissue necrosis, have a firm grip on the tube to prevent dislodgement, and have a smooth external surface. Extensive human trials of the clip and applicator have resulted in over 1,000 patients with clips applied by 27 physicians in 10 centers throughout the world. Six pregnancies appear to have been due so far to application onto structures other than the isthmic portion of the tube. Complications due to the clip itself appear to be minimal, and the feasibility of performing this operation under local anesthesia in a hospital facility other than the operating room is currently under evaluation.
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000818:Animals; D002425:Cautery; D003452:Cryosurgery; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D009336:Necrosis; D059408:Pain Management; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011247:Pregnancy; D012835:Silver Nitrate / Q000009:adverse effects; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal / Q000379:methods*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013552:Swine; D013635:Tantalum
chemical_list: D013635:Tantalum; D012835:Silver Nitrate; D005283:Fentanyl