title: Endemicity of multiple staphylococcal phage types: relation of two common source outbreaks.
abstract: An outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia occurred among patients treated in the hemodialysis unit in 1971. A second outbreak of S. aureus peritonitis occurred in 1973 in patients with chronic indwelling peritoneal catheters cared for together in the medial intensive care unit. Although the attending personnel, patients, and geographical locations were different in each outbreak, the following similarities were notes: (1) more than one phage type was epidemic: (2) an exogenous mode of spread with cross-contamination between personnel and patient as well as between patient and patient, and (3) breaks in sterile technique when handling the arteriovenous shunt site or the peritoneal catheter were made without the staff conducting the procedure being aware of their occurrence. Culture surveys of the same phage types found during the two epidemics. Thus, an endemic reservoir of several different staphylococcal phage types was present. Careful, consistent application of aseptic technique when handling either arteriovenous shunts or peritoneal catheters and hand washing in between patients was required to prevent the endemic strains from becoming epidemic.
mesh_terms: D001207:Asepsis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D010532:Peritoneal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013204:Staphylococcus Phages / Q000302:isolation & purification