title: Studies on the active transfer of reducing equivalents into mitochondria via the malate-aspartate shuttle.
abstract: 1. The effects of mitochondrial energy states onthe extramitochondrial NADH/NAD ratio via a reconstituted malate-aspartate shuttle have been investigated. 2. The transfer of reducing equivalents into isolated mitochondria is stimulated by ATP and by electron transport. The effect of ATP is inhibited by oligomycin. The effect of electron transport is inhibited by uncouplers. 3. Uncoupling of the mitochondria is required for rapid transfer of reducing equivalents out of the mitochondria. 4. A glutamate-stimulated entry of aspartate into energized mitochondria suggests that the malate-aspartate shuttle is to some extent reversible even in a high energy state of the mitochondria. 5. It is concluded that the malate-aspartate shuttle contributes to the formation of the skewed redox situation across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which has a more reduced inside.
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D002331:Carnitine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004140:Dinitrophenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D004579:Electron Transport; D005971:Glutamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism*; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D009840:Oligomycins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D012402:Rotenone / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004140:Dinitrophenols; D005971:Glutamates; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D008293:Malates; D009840:Oligomycins; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D012402:Rotenone; D009243:NAD; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D001151:Arsenic; D002331:Carnitine