title: Clinical diagnosis of breast cancer.
abstract: Breast cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in women, and 6% will develop it during their normal life expectancy.  There is a group who have a high risk of developing breast cancer.  The recent improvement in cure rates seems to be jue chiefly to earlier diagnosis rather than to improved methods of therapy.  The physician, by careful periodic breast examinations and by the judicious use of diagnostic aids such as mammography and thermography, especially in the high risk group, has a golden opportunity to pick up cancer in a localized stage where the prognosis for cure with appropriate therapy is excellent.  A tentative diagnosis of breast cancer (Table XI) can be made with a fair degree of accuracy by taking a careful history, utilizing and combining available statistics about the frequency, median age, characteristic symptom complexes of the common breast lesions and factors related to a high mammary carcinoma risk, and by a systematic and thorough breast examination supplemented with diagnostic aids when appropriate.  However, biopsy and histologic examination is mandatory in all patients with a) true, three dimentional, dominant lumps even if diagnostic aids are negative except for cysts which can be safely aspirated under controlled conditions; b) suspicious lesions found by diagnostic aids even though there are no clinical findings; c) serous, serosanguineous, bloody, or watery nipple discharge; and d) other signs of cancer, i.e. eczema of the nipple, axillary adenopathy, etc., in order to determine with absolute accuracy whether the lesion is benign or malignant.
mesh_terms: D002288:Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Q000453:epidemiology; D000232:Adenofibroma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000473:pathology; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D013544:Sweat Gland Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D013817:Thermography; D014172:Transillumination