[Pathophysiology of prolonged hypokinesia].
Hypokinesia is an important problem in modern medicine. In the pathogenetic effect of prolonged hypokinesia the main etiological factor is diminished motor activity; of major importance are disorders in the energy and plastic metabolism which affect the muscle system; the contributing factors are cardiovascular deconditioning and orthostatic intolerance. This is attributed to a decreased oxygen supply and eliminated hydrostatic influences during a prolonged recumbency. Blood redistribution in the vascular bed is related to the Gauer-Henry reflex and subsequent changes in the fluid-electrolyte balance. Decreased load on the bone system induces changes in the protein-phosphate-calcium metabolism, diminished bone density and increased calcium content in the blood and urine. Changes in the calcium metabolism are systemic. The activity of the higher nervous system and reflex functions is lowered. Changes in the function of the autonomic nervous system which include a noticeable decline of its adaptive-trophic role as a result of the decrease of afferent and efferent impulsation are of great importance. Changes in the hormonal function involve a peculiar stress-reaction which develops at an early stage of hypokinesia as a response to an unusual situation. Prolonged hypokinesia may result in a disturbed function of the pituitary-adrenal system. It is assumed that prolonged hypokinesia may induce a specific disease of hypokinesia during which man cannot lead a normal mode of life and work.
D000450:Aldosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D007109:Immunity; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D011187:Posture; D012119:Respiration; D013026:Space Flight; D013997:Time Factors; D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
D000596:Amino Acids; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D010758:Phosphorus; D000450:Aldosterone; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D002118:Calcium
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