title: Cyclic nucleotides and gluconeogenesis by rat liver cells.
abstract: Gluconeogenesis from lactate, pyruvate, fructose, alanine, and other substrates was accelerated by glucagon or epinephrine in hepatocytes isolated from rat liver. Glucagon and epinephrine also increased cyclic AMP accumulation by rat hepatocytes. Isoproterenol increased cyclic AMP but not gluconeogenesis, while phenylephrine accelerated gluconeogenesis. The activation of gluconeogenesis by epinephrine was unaffected by propranolol but blocked by dihydroergotamine. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP added to hepatocytes stimulated gluconeogenesis at concentrations as low as 1 muM. Exogenous cyclic GMP (0.1- muM) inhibited gluconeogenesis due to either glucagon or epinephrine without affecting basal gluconeogenesis. However, carbamylcholine did not affect gluconeogenesis by hepatocytes. Basal gluconeogenesis and the increases due to all agents were inhibited by removal of extracellular calcium or the presence of A-23187, D-600, or tetracaine. In contrast, added 0.1 muM cyclic  GMP, 2 mM NH-4-Cl, and 10 muM phenethylbiguanide inhibited glucagon- or epinephrine-stimulated gluconeogenesis without affecting basal values. Studies with hepatocytes indicate that the hormonal activation of gluconeogenesis is not limited to substrates entering prior to triose phosphate formation. Glucagon may act by increasing cyclic AMP which acts via unknown mechanisms to increase gluconeogenesis. In contrast, epinephrine acts via a cyclic AMP-independent mechamism which does not appear to involve cyclic GMP, Ca-2+ flux, of K+ flux.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000494:pharmacology; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004087:Dihydroergotamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005934:Glucagon / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008112:Liver Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010629:Phenformin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D007773:Lactates; D008112:Liver Glycogen; D011773:Pyruvates; D013748:Tetracaine; D004087:Dihydroergotamine; D002217:Carbachol; D005934:Glucagon; D011433:Propranolol; D010629:Phenformin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D007545:Isoproterenol; D004837:Epinephrine