title: [The historical evolution of external cranio-maxillary fixation appliances for treatment of midfacial fractures (author's transl)].
abstract: The author describes the evolution stages of external cranio-maxillary fixation appliances from bandages, leather headbands, plaster headcaps and weight traction apparatus to head frame devices. Especially he describes recent halo frame and its importance for the treatment of midfacial fractures.
mesh_terms: D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000628:therapy*; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D049711:History, Modern 1601-; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D014143:Traction / Q000295:instrumentation
vernacular_title: Die historische Entwicklung externer kraniomaxillärer Fixationsapparate zur Behandlung von Mittelgesichtsfrakturen.