title: Metabolic regulations of the rhythmic activity in pacemaker neurons. II. Metabolically induced conversions of beating to bursting pacemaker activity in isolated Aplysia neurons.
abstract: In pacemaker neurons of the sea hare Aplysia californica, isolated from their synaptic, ephaptic and humoral inputs, conversion of the regular beating to a bursting discharge pattern can be induced by certain cell metabolites. Administration of the phosphofructokinase (PFK) activator fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P), or its nonmetabolizable analogue 1-deoxy-F-6-P, induced bursting discharges in R3, R5, R6 and R11 neurons, with spike doublets and triplets appearing transiently in the time pattern. With another PFK activitor, adenosine-5-monophosphate, only double spikes have been noted in R7, R8 and R14 neurons. Burst activity was induced also in the presence of the fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activators, citrate and 3-phosphoglycerate, in R9, R10 and R12 neurons. Cyclic 3',5'-AMP, which also activates the PFK (beside other effects on cellular metabolism), induced bursting discharges in all R3-R14 neurons. In contrast, the inhibitors of the PFK, citrate and ATP, decreased the spike activity of the bursting L3 and L6 neurons, even changing L3 neurons to the regular beating type. Among a variety of cell metabolites tested only pyruvate was able to induce a burst-like tendency in R9 neurons. The characteristic bursting patterns which appeared in the presence of the described metabolic effectors could not be duplicated by low Ca2+ and/or high K+ media nor by artificial shifts in membrane potential triggered by depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents.
mesh_terms: D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002951:Citrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology; D005636:Fructosephosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D005724:Ganglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005988:Glyceric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008974:Mollusca / Q000502:physiology*; D010507:Periodicity
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D005636:Fructosephosphates; D005988:Glyceric Acids; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000242:Cyclic AMP