title: Oral and intrauterine contraception: a 1978 risk assessment.
abstract: This report reviews the current literature on the various risks associated with the use of oral contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Reports on oral contraceptives from large prospective studies are not beginning to supplement the detailed reports resulting from earlier case-control studies. These studies suggest that in Western societies there is an increase in the incidence of a variety of circulatory diseases, with an increased risk of death. With intrauterine contraceptive devices it now has been fairly well documented that there is an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. After reviewing and assessing the risks of both methods in some detail and comparing these risks to the benefits, the resultant conclusion is that the benefits continue to outweigh the risks for both methods, except for older women who choose oral contraceptives and also are heavy smokers.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000139:chemically induced; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000209:etiology; D010386:Pelvic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000150:complications; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality; D014595:Uterine Perforation / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic