title: An international survey of clostridial sera and vaccines.
abstract: The papers present the results of a survey of the usage, assay and specification of veterinary clostridial sera and vaccines in 23 countries. Thirteen of the countries use up to 8 different antisera. All the countries use vaccines, which are prepared from 13 species and types of clostridia. Vaccines containing up to 8 such components are commonly employed. Criteria for the design and interpretation of assays are discussed and evidence for efficacy summarized.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000992:Antitoxins / Q000592:standards*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000592:standards; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000592:standards*; D001904:Botulinum Antitoxin / Q000592:standards; D003013:Clostridium / Q000276:immunology*; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000276:immunology; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000276:immunology; D003017:Clostridium tetani / Q000276:immunology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D051379:Mice; D013743:Tetanus Antitoxin / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000992:Antitoxins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D001904:Botulinum Antitoxin; D013743:Tetanus Antitoxin