title: Analysis of regulatory factors for urea synthesis by isolated perfused rat liver. I. Urea synthesis with ammonia and glutamine as nitrogen sources.
abstract: Urea synthesis was  studied using the isolated liver perfusion with ammonium cholride and glutamine as nitrogen sources. The rate of urea formation increases with ammonium cholorde concentration up to 5mM, and the rate remained constant in the range between 5 and 20mM of ammonium chloride as the substrate. The concentration of ammonia in the medium to support the half-maximum velocity of urea formation was 0.7mM. The rate of urea formation was stimulated by the addition of 2.5mM ornithine, and the greater part of the ornithine which was taken up into the liver was accumulated as citrulline in the presence of ammonia. A considerable accelerating effect of N-acetylglutamate on the synthetic rate was observed, but a rather high concentration  of N-acetylglutamate was required in order to obtain the maximum effect possibly, because its permeability into liver cells may be limited. A marked additive effect on the rate of urea formation was observed with the combined addition of ornithine and N-acetylglutamate. The metabolic conversion of glutamine nitrogen to urea in the perfused rat liver and the effect of several compounds which stimulated urea synthesis with ammonia were further examined. The process of conversion of glutamine nitrogen to urea might be composed of the following three steps. In the first lag phase, a small amount of glutamine was removed from the medium. In the second stage, the glutamine level decreased rapidly and ammonia was accumulated in the perfusate. The third stage was a period in which glutamine concentration remained at a constant low level, and the accumulated ammonia was rapidly conversed to urea. The rate of urea formation in this third stage was found to be much higher than that with ammonia as the substrate. The maximum rate of glutamine removal was obtained at pH 7.7 of the perfusate and at a concentration of 10mM glutamine. Urea formation with glutamine was also stimulated by the addition of ornithine, malate, or N-acetylglutamate, which had accelerating effects on the urea synthesis with ammonia. This stimulation was due to an effective conversion of ammonia to urea, but no change in the rate of removal glutamine was obtained.
mesh_terms: D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002956:Citrulline / Q000494:pharmacology; D005971:Glutamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008293:Malates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009952:Ornithine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D014508:Urea / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D005971:Glutamates; D008293:Malates; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D005973:Glutamine; D002956:Citrulline; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D014508:Urea; D009952:Ornithine; D009584:Nitrogen