title: Neuromuscular transmission in Peripatus.
abstract: The electrical and mechanical responses of body, leg and jaw muscle of Peripatus to electrical excitation of their motor-nerves were examined. A small twitch was obtained from each muscle, whose strength increased stepwise with increasing stimulus strength. In jaw and body muscles as many as ten increments in height were obtained with increasing stimulus strength. Only a single twitch height was obtained from the claw retractor muscle. Tetanus:twitch ratio under supraminal stimulation was less than 2:1 for jaw muscles, about 50:1 for the claw retractor and about 6:1 for muscles moving the legs. The jaw-muscle twitch duration was 0.6 s, that for the leg muscles 1.2 s and for body muscles about 3.0 s. Large miniature junctional potentials were frequently recorded regardless of electrode location. Responses to neural stimulation consing stimulus strength, generally with three steps. With repetitive stimulation, facilitation of the second and third junctional potentials occurred, plus summation. A few fibres gave spikes to a single shock: most gave a few spikes sporadically, during repetitive stimulation only. No abrupt tension increments occurred in whole muscles when individual fibres spiked. We saw no evidence for peripheral inhibitory axons. The excitation of Peripatus muscle is by local graded junctional potentials at distributed nerve-on-muscle fibre synapses, together with action potentials. The latter are initiated only by larger junctional potentials compounded of multiple smaller ones summated and/or facilitated. The details of neuromuscular physiology are not compatible with the phylogenetic status commonly proposed for Peripatus.
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005121:Extremities / Q000502:physiology; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000502:physiology*; D007568:Jaw / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D009433:Neural Inhibition; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission