title: Ontogeny of spontaneous blinking and of habituation of the blink reflex.
abstract: Habituation of the blink reflex to glabellar percussion was examined in 164 infants and children from ages 2 days to 18 years and in 18 adults aged 18 to 50 years. Spontaneous blink rates were measured in 269 children and 179 adults. The mean number of glabellar taps required for habituation of the blink reflex increased from 2.7 (SD 1.2) at 0 to 2 months of age to a peak of 13.3 (SD 5.6) at age 3 to 4, remained at more than 10 until age 6, after which a rapid decline occurred, reaching the adult level of 2 to 5 blinks to habituation at age 12 years. The mean rate of spontaneous blinking was less than 2 per minute in early infancy and increased steadily during childhood up to age 14 or 15. The inverse relationship of spontaneous blink rate and number of blink reflexes to habituation in early childhood and in disorders of dopamine transmission suggests that spontaneous blink rate and habituation of the blink reflex reflect maturation and integrity of dopaminergic circuits in the brain.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005143:Eyelids / Q000294:innervation*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology