title: Pectoralis major muscle defect and Poland complex.
abstract: Pectoralis major muscle defect (PMD) was diagnosed in 27 infants from a series of 599,109 live births in South America (1/22,189). In all 27 cases the PMD was unilateral, mainly affecting the right side (20/27), and there were more male (19/27) than female cases. No familial cases and no parental consanguinity were recorded. A positive correlation was observed between PMD and sex hormone intake and vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy. In 12 (1/49,925) of the 27 PMD cases hypoplasia and/or syndactyly of the ipsilateral hand was also diagnosed. The index-middle interdigital space was affected in all 11 cases with symbrachydactyly. Additional congenital anomalies were observed in 4/27 cases, and they were: hemangiomas, hypospadias, and clubfeet. Poland complex (12 cases), isolated PMD (15 cases), and isolated symbrachydactyly (18 cases), showed a similar pattern for symmetry, sidedness, syndactyly type, and sex ratio.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010331:Paternal Age; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000002:abnormalities*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012306:Risk; D012744:Sex Ratio; D013576:Syndactyly / Q000150:complications* / Q000196:embryology / Q000453:epidemiology; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones