title: Localization of 5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase in regenerating (and normal) limb tissues of the adult newt Notophthalmus viridescens.
abstract: The regenerating forelimb of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens was investigated for 5'-nucleotidase (5' ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, 3.1.3.5) acitivity. The newt's humeri were surgically removed, and after a twenty-one-day recovery period, the forelimbs amputated above the elbows. Regenerates were sampled at predetermined times for specific phases in the progress of regeneration, frozen, sectioned in a cryostat, and the sections fixed in 10% cold formol calcium. The Wachstein and Meisel [25] lead procedure at neutral pH was used predominately in these experiments, although tests were also conducted with Gomori's [14] calcium, Allen's [21] highly alkaline procedures. The substrates used to obtain specific enzyme reactions were adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil and inosine 5'-monophosphate nucleotides. Sodium beta-glycerophosphate served as a non-specific phosphomonoesterase substrate, distilled water replaced substrate, and inhibitors such as zinc and cyanide ions were used as control measures to assist in increasing the precision in interpreting the results obtained. The most reactive 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase) loci were in the walls of the blood vascular system, mysial and neural sheaths, dermis, and periosteum: the principal cells involved were macrophages, endothelium of blood vessels, and fibrocytes of connective tissues. A moderate enzyme response was elicited from secretory cells of some of the subcutaneous glands, hypertrophied chondrocytes and osteogenic centers, chondrocytes in the articular regions and within red blood cells and leucocytes. Normal, injured and degenerating, or regenerating striated muscle and nerve fibers were judged unreactive for 5'-Nase. The epidermis and wound epithelium displayed negative responses for 5'-Nase. Cells forming the regeneration blastema were 5'-Nase reactive during the early formative phase, but with growth and development of the blastema into bulb and conic forms, these cells did not respond for this enzyme-activity. One suggestion offered is that the absence of 5'-Nase in cells of the blastema may be related to the lack of an adequate blood-vascular supply. Several functions of 5'-Nase in normal and regenerating tissues are discussed. A basic conclusion reached is that 5'-nucleotidase hydrolyses may be more involved in fundamental anabolic than in catabolic metabolism.
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003486:Cyanides / Q000494:pharmacology; D003597:Cytosine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D005552:Forelimb / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005994:Glycerophosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D006150:Guanine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007292:Inosine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D009708:Nucleotidases / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D012455:Salamandridae / Q000502:physiology; D014500:Uracil Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D014562:Caudata; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D003486:Cyanides; D003597:Cytosine Nucleotides; D005994:Glycerophosphates; D006150:Guanine Nucleotides; D007292:Inosine Nucleotides; D014500:Uracil Nucleotides; D009708:Nucleotidases; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D015032:Zinc