title: Bent-limb syndrome in lambs raised in total confinement.
abstract: A bent-limb syndrome in lambs raised in total confinement was characterized by curvature of the forelimbs. Radiographic findings included flaring of the affected long bone and thinning of the growth plate. The main histologic change was endochondral dysplasia of the long bone. In feed samples, all trace minerals analyzed were within recommended concentrations except iron, which was much higher (400 ppm dry matter) than the normal requirement of lambs (70 ppm). All mineral concentrations in serum were normal except those of inorganic phosphorus and iron, which were higher. Results of soft tissue and bone mineral analyses were normal. Altering the ratio of calcium and phosphorus did not affect the incidence of disease, but intramuscular administration of massive doses of vitamin D3 and reducing the amount of dietary iron had a prophylactic effect. The increase in serum phosphorus was probably related to the dietary excess of iron, which probably decreased vitamin D metabolite formation in the kidney, which in turn could be prevented by massive doses of vitamin D3.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001848:Bone Diseases, Developmental / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005552:Forelimb; D006799:Housing, Animal; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002762:Cholecalciferol; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium