Anesthesia and postoperative care for cardiac operations.
Almost three decades have passed since the establishment of open-heart surgery, and in such a short life span the specialty has established itself scientifically and reached a certain maturity. New techniques, better understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac problems, and the effective use of new drugs constantly improve the results of operation. Greater experience in anesthetic management and improved postoperative care will contribute much to the success of this youngest surgical specialty. This review outlines the current principles of anesthesia and postoperative care of patients undergoing cardiac operations. Preanesthetic evaluation provides guidance for anesthetic management, supportive techniques, and postoperative care. During operations, light anesthesia is usually sufficient for patients with cardiac disease and minimizes myocardial depression. Monitoring must provide data on the physiological changes that are taking place from moment to moment during and after operations. Perfusion produces a highly abnormal state, and the severity of complications varies with its duration. Introduction of new drugs has also facilitated hemodynamic management during and after operations. Postoperative care is based on careful observation of the patient and early detection of trends, both of which lead to preventive rather than curative treatment wheneven possible.
D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D002404:Catheterization; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000517:prevention & control; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006355:Heart-Lung Machine / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007423:Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping; D007440:Intubation; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000601:surgery; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010106:Oxygenators / Q000295:instrumentation; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011185:Postpericardiotomy Syndrome / Q000628:therapy; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical