title: Lithium and the kidney.
abstract: Three middle-aged women treated with lithium carbonate for a manic-depressive illness have had complicating nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, renal tubular acidosis, acute reversible renal functional impairment in association with hypercalcaemia, or irreversible chronic renal damage. Renal toxicity developed in the presence of normal levels of lithium in the serum. The possibility of permanent renal damage as a result of long-term lithium therapy is of major concern.
mesh_terms: D000141:Acidosis, Renal Tubular / Q000139:chemically induced; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008094:Lithium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D008094:Lithium