title: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children and adolescents.
abstract: This is a retrospective study of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in 68 children and adolescents who were less than 19 years old. In descending order of frequency, the five most common causes were duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, esophagitis, gastritis, and esophageal varices. There was male predominance in all diagnoses except gastric ulcers and gastritis. Signs and symptoms correlated poorly with the source of bleeding. Endoscopy was the most reliable method of identifying the bleeding site. Mortality correlated with the following: (1) initial hematocrit or hemoglobin level of less than 20% or less than 7 gm/100 ml, respectively, (2) transfusion requirements of greater than 85 ml/kg of blood without surgical intervention, (3) failure to identify the source of bleeding, (4) presence of a coagulation disorder, and (5) coexistence of another life-threatening disease.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000783:Aneurysm / Q000150:complications; D000792:Angiography; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000150:complications; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005773:Gastroscopy; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010181:Pancreatic Cyst / Q000150:complications; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000628:therapy; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000150:complications