title: Instrumentation problems with implanted neuroaugmentive devices.
abstract: An analysis of the technical problems encountered in the implantation of 218 neurostimulation systems during the period 1971--1977 is reviewed. Multiple transmitter and antenna failures were seen. The most significant failures involved lead conductors and/or insulation in the internal portion of the system. The failures seen often required surgical revision. The observed incidence of lead wire failure appears to increase in relation to age of the devices. This survey indicates that significant material and design changes in the neuroaugmentive devices surveyed are necessary.
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans