title: Physicochemical determinants of incompatibility and instability in injectable drug solutions and admixtures.
abstract: Several physicochemical conditions or phenomena most commonly causing incompatibility, instability or related difficulties in parenteral drug solutions and admixtures are reviewed. The following factors involved in chemical incompatibilities are reviewed: concentration, pH, acid-base character, reduction-oxidation, photolysis, epimerization, temperature, dextrose catalysis and hydrolysis. The following factors involved in visual incompatibilities are discussed: pH, acid-base character, solvent system, color change, complexation, adsorption and adherence, dissolution rate, salting-out and leaching, and foaming. Pharmacists may recognize, predict and avoid parenteral imcompatibilities based on their experience, an understanding of physicochemical principles and reference to pertinent publications.
mesh_terms: D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004344:Drug Incompatibility; D004355:Drug Stability; D007267:Injections; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D012996:Solutions