title: Occupational hazards of missile operations with special regard to the hydrazine propellants.
abstract: The second generation of ballistic missiles and boosters, characterized by increased range and quick reaction capability, required the development of new high-energy storage propellants. This exploration led to the introduction of hydrazine (Hz), monomethylhydrazine (MMH), and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) into the USAF inventory. These compounds are all storable, noncryogenic, high-energy fuels which may be used alone or in combination as mixed amine fuels. Early toxicology experiments were to produce data on acute and subacute effects of the propellants in order to set standards for test and operational procedures to protect propellant handlers. The early work indicated that, despite similar chemical characteristics, there were marked differences between the compounds in terms of toxicological mechanisms. Since the propellant systems have been used for some 15 years, recent emphasis on toxicology has been centered on the more chronic effects and on an increasing body of evidence from animal experiments that the compounds may possess oncogenic potential as well as chronic systemic effects. This paper addresses itself to data leading up to current occupational standards.
mesh_terms: D000505:Alopecia / Q000139:chemically induced; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002273:Carcinogens; D004127:Dimethylhydrazines / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008660:Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D009002:Monomethylhydrazine / Q000633:toxicity; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004127:Dimethylhydrazines; D006834:Hydrazines; D009002:Monomethylhydrazine