Energy-related pollutants in the environment: use of short-term tests for mutagenicity in the isolation and identification of biohazards.
In an effort to gather information on the potential genetic hazards of existing or proposed energy-generating or -conversion systems, we have begun a correlated analytical and genetic analysis of a number of technologies. The work is divided into two phases: one deals with known compounds expected to occur in the environment through energy production, conversion, or use; the other deals with actual samples from existing or experimental processes. To approach the problems of coping with and testing large numbers of compounds, we set up a form of the "tier system." Operating units utilizing Salmonella, Escherichia coli, yeast, human leukocytes, mammalian cells, and Drosophila have been initiated. Various liquid-liquid extraction methods and column chromatographic separations have been applied to crude products and effluents from oil-shale, coal-liquefaction, and coal-gasification processes. Mutagenicity of the various fractions is assayed by means of reversion of histidine-requiring auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium; comparative studies are carried out with the other genetic systems. In order to incorporate metabolic activation of these fractions and compounds, rat liver homogenates (S-9) are used in the various assays. Results implicate chemicals occurring in the basic (ether-soluble) and the neutral fractions as potential genetic hazards. Chemical constituents of these fractions (identified or predicted) were tested individually for their mutagenic activity.
D000818:Animals; D004330:Drosophila / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008722:Methods; D009153:Mutagens; D012306:Risk; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D009153:Mutagens