title: Interaction of drugs, hormones, and nutrition in the causes of cancer.
abstract: Hormones may act as promoters in the carcinogenic process, and occasionally their metabolites may act as antihormones or have new physiologic effects. Drugs can interact with the endocrine system in many ways. They can promote secretion of a hormone, alter its rate of removal from plasma, change plasma protein-binding characteristics, or modify routes of metabolism. Estrogens have a preparative effect on the uterine endometrium. There are biologic, clinical and epidemiologic reasons for believing that estrogen administration to postmenopausal women increases the risk for endometrial cancer. Although there are similar biologic reasons to associate prolonged estrogenic stimulation with breast cancerr, evidence for such an association is weak. Oral contraceptive use has been associated with a variety of hepatocellular tumors. Although estrogens, per se, can effect several hepatic functions, it seems likely that the 17 alpha-alkyl and 17 alpha-ethinyl functions of the progestins and estrogens are involved in this process. The role of estrogen use during pregnancy in the causation of vaginal cancer in female offspring and the role of androgens in prostate cancer have been discussed.
mesh_terms: D000858:Anovulation / Q000150:complications; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D045166:Estradiol Congeners / Q000009:adverse effects; D004964:Estriol / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000494:pharmacology; D011388:Prolactin / Q000502:physiology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D045165:Testosterone Congeners / Q000009:adverse effects; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D014625:Vaginal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D045166:Estradiol Congeners; D004967:Estrogens; D006728:Hormones; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D045165:Testosterone Congeners; D011388:Prolactin; D004964:Estriol