title: Immunologic testing of patients with genitourinary malignancies.
abstract: The discipline and techniques of immunology have been an important part of recent advances in genitourinary oncology. Although the initial promise of tumor immunology has not been realized in man, discoveries in the laboratory are revitalizing the expectation that this field will yet be of significant assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Already tumor immunology studies along with new immunologic assay techniques have produced clinically important tumor markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and prostatic acid phosphatase, and have intensified the search for other markers. Finally, research activity is increasingly focusing on the tumor cell itself, again often using immunologic methods. Although most of this activity is still experimental, analysis of blood-group antigens in transitional cell carcinoma has produced sufficient data to suggest that such an approach will soon be a part of the urologist's clinical armamentarium in his efforts to treat patients with bladder tumors.
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000276:immunology; D003601:Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007158:Immunologic Techniques; D012698:Serologic Tests; D012882:Skin Tests; D014565:Urogenital Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm