The ball and socket ankle joint.
This paper reports fifteen cases of ball and socket articulation at the ankle followed up for an average of twelve years. All patients showed inequality of leg length. Ten patients showed coalitions of the bones of the hindfoot and nine patients had a reduction in the number of bony elements of the forefoot. Other associated anomalies are described. The abnormality seems to be part of a congenital short-limb malformation, perhaps modified by adaptive change associated with rigidity of the hindfoot. Surgical intervention was not required in any patient in the series.
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005532:Foot Deformities, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007870:Leg Length Inequality / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D014034:Toes / Q000002:abnormalities