Reverse smoking in Andhra Pradesh, India: variability of clinical and histologic appearances of palatal changes.
In Srikakulam, India, 101 patients with palatal lesions due to reverse smoking were followed for 1 year at monthly intervals to analyze the behavior of the various components of their palatal lesions. Of these patients, 24% stopped the habit completely and 27% changed to the conventional type of smoking. Palatal keratosis was very stable, whereas red areas changed into nonpigmented areas. Epithelial dysplasia was found in 23% of the 101 biopsies, the highest being in the red areas. Mild inflammation was seen in about half of the biopsies.
D000328:Adult; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007642:Keratosis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D010159:Palate / Q000473:pathology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology