title: Hemodynamic and metabolic adjustments during exercise and shock avoidance in dogs.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the hemodynamic and metabolic  consequences of a physical (treadmill excercise) and behavioral (signaled shock-avoidance) stressor could be differentiated. To do this, direct continuous recordings of cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and discrete determinations of the arterial-mixed venous oxygen ((a-v)O2) content difference were analyzed in six dogs during exposure to three grades of treadmill exercise and when working on a shock-avoidance task. The results indicated that in five animals the relationship between cardiac output and the (a-v)O2 difference during shock-avoidance conditioning was significantly different from the corresponding pattern observed during exercise. In four animals the data suggested that avoidance conditioning, relative to exercise stress, elicited overperfusion. Behavioral stress also produced reliable elevations in diastolic and systolic blood pressure. These results suggest that, when compared to physical stress, behavioral stress can produce a dissociation of cardiovascular and metabolic processes in the presence of acute pressor responses.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D004285:Dogs; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D005082:Physical Exertion; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance