title: Hypercalcemic and hypocalcemic disorders: diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: Current concepts concerning the mechanisms, diagnosis and means of treatment of a number of the major causes of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia are reviewed. In particular, the role of abnormalities in metabolism of vitamin D including (1) excessive hepatic production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D intoxication), (2) increased production of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (hyperparathyroidism and sarcoidosis), (3) impaired production of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, vitamin-D-dependent rickets type I, pseudohypoparathyroidism) and (4) resistance to 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D; the use of vitamin D and its metabolites therapeutically is discussed.
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000150:complications; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D007011:Hypoparathyroidism / Q000150:complications; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000502:physiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D011453:Prostaglandins; D014807:Vitamin D