title: Photoreactions of Cytochrome b-559 and cyclic electron flow in photosystem II of intact chloroplasts.
abstract: The high potential cytochrome b-559 of intact spinach chloroplasts was photooxidized by red light with a high quantum efficiency and by far-red light with a very low quantum efficiency, when electron flow from water to Photosystem II was inhibited by a carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP or CCP). Dithiothreitol, which reacts with FCCP or CCCP, reversed the photooxidation of cytochrome b-559 and restored the capability of the chloroplasts to photoreduce CO2 showing that the FCCP/CCCP effects were reversible. The quantum efficiency of cytochrome b-559 photooxidation by red or far-red light in the presence of FCCP was increased by 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone which blocks oxidation of reduced plastoquinone by Photosystem I. When the inhibition of water oxidation by FCCP or CCP was decreased by increased light intensities, previously photooxidized cytochrome b-559 was reduced. Red light was much more effective in photoreducing oxidized high potential cytochrome b-559 than far-red light. The red/far-red antagonism in the redox state of cytochrome b-559 is a consequence of the different sensitivity of the cytochrome to red and far-red light and does not indicate that the cytochrome is in the main path of electrons from water to NADP. Rather, cytochrome b-559 acts as a carrier of electrons in a cyclic path around Photosystem II. The redox state of the cytochrome was shifted to the oxidized side when electron transport from water became rate-limiting, while oxidation of water and reduction of plastoquinone resulted in its shifting to the reduced side.
mesh_terms: D002258:Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone / Q000494:pharmacology; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone / Q000494:pharmacology; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003573:Cytochrome b Group; D003580:Cytochromes / Q000378:metabolism*; D003991:Dibromothymoquinone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004579:Electron Transport; D008027:Light; D010071:Oxaloacetates / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010788:Photosynthesis; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D010944:Plants
chemical_list: D003573:Cytochrome b Group; D003580:Cytochromes; D010071:Oxaloacetates; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D003991:Dibromothymoquinone; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone; D002258:Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone; C019313:cytochrome b559