title: Birth order and intelligence: an immunological interpretation.
abstract: The literature indicates that the IQs and school performance of children tend to decline with increasing order of birth. A hypothesis is here presented that the effect of birth order upon intellectual performance may result from an increasing probability of maternal immune attack upon the fetal brain in utero with order of parity. In support of this hypothesis, evidence is adduced from the literature that the fetal brain is antigenic, that fetal antigens may reach the immune system of the mother, that the incidence of maternal sensitization to fetal antigens increases with parity, that antibodies may readily cross the placenta and reach the fetal brain, that antibodies can be highly teratogenic, and that certain antibodies may damage, in a lasting way, the structure, function, and learning capacity of brains in experimental animals and human infants.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D000917:Antibody Formation; D000941:Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D001722:Birth Order; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology*; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000276:immunology; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D011374:Progesterone / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000941:Antigens; D006680:HLA Antigens; D011374:Progesterone