title: Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine as factors in pregnancy.
abstract: Use of alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine during pregnancy can have serious consequences for the fetus, such as low birth weight, congenital anomalies, or even death. Recent epidemiologic and animal studies indicate that these drugs may exert their effect by a number of metabolic and endocrine mechanisms, which are described here.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000097:blood; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000818:Animals; D001724:Birth Weight; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D003069:Coffee; D004702:Endocrine Glands / Q000196:embryology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000139:chemically induced; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D002395:Catecholamines; D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine; D000431:Ethanol; D009538:Nicotine