Physical dependence on ethanol: its relation to tolerance.
The homeostat hypothesis of drug addiction states that tolerance and physical dependence may both represent adaptive processes, the body's responses to drugs that change the internal milieu. This conceptual framework inextricably links physical dependence with functional tolerance. Dependence may arise by multiple mechanisms, so that different signs, such as body temperature or CNS excitability, may show different degrees of dependence or may have different time courses. Tolerance may be similarly diverse. It is difficult to test whether tolerance and dependence have the same time course because it is hard to find exactly equivalent signs for such a test. The discrepant data from different laboratories on the rate of recovery from physical dependence may be due to the use of different withdrawal signs as indices. Dissociation of tolerance and dependence has been reported in mice treated with 6-hydroxydopamine, where dependence develops without evidence of tolerance. Conversely, tolerance without expression of dependence is seen in experiments on membranes and synapses in vitro. Changes in lipid composition of cell membranes may explain some kinds of tolerance.
D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000209:etiology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006892:Hydroxydopamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000187:drug effects; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology
D006892:Hydroxydopamines; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D000431:Ethanol; D009638:Norepinephrine