title: Threatened abortion, hormone therapy and malformed embryos.
abstract: Causal relations between maternal genital bleeding, supportive hormone therapy and external malformations of the embryos were investigated with special reference to the critical period of organogenesis. This was done using morphological and obstetrical data obtained by Nishimura and his associates from 667 undamaged embryos derived from induced abortions whose mothers had genital bleeding in early pregnancy. In addition, data from 90 embryos with polydactyly and 38 with limb reductions in the Nishimura collection were used for case history studies. Evidence was presented to demonstrate that, for major malformations such as CNS anomalies, cleft lip, polydactyly and limb reductions, maternal genital bleeding was not a cause but a consequence of the conception of an abnormal embryo. No indication was revealed that exogenous female hormones currently used in Japan for preventing miscarraiges could produce major malformations recognizable at the embryonic stage, including limb reductions, nor salvage the severely malformed embryos. This does not however mean to exclude the possible relationship of progestogens/estrogens intake during early pregnancy with an increased incidence at birth of certain internal and/or external malformations. It was suggested that most, if not all, of the minor anomalies observed at certain embryonic stages are kinds of normal variants without any functional impairment of embryonic development.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000209:etiology; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous; D000033:Abortion, Threatened / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011374:Progesterone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone