title: The effects of a pesticide program on microbial populations from apple leaf litter.
abstract: The leaf litter microbial community was quantitatively and qualitatively changed when a standard pesticide schedule that comprised an insecticide, a bactericide, and a fungicide was applied to McIntosh apple trees in the summer. Effects were observed for two winters by four indirect assays and three direct methods. Populations were altered qualitatively both years, but the most striking difference was the quantitative impact from year to year. Bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts from treated leaves were reduced 10- to 10 000-fold between November 1976 and April 1977 and did not recover until snow cover had melted in March. Reductions in 1977-1978 were negligible. The marked seasonal difference is attributed to meteorological influences. Fluorescent pseudomonads were among the bacteria depressed by chemicals. Of the 49 genera of fungi and yeasts isolated, Coniothyrium sp., Penicillium spp., Arthrobotrys spp., and Nodulisporium sp. were appreciably reduced, whereas Typhula spp., Pleurophomella sp., Sporobolomyces spp., and Rhodotorula spp. were substantially enhanced by the spray program.
mesh_terms: D001387:Azinphosmethyl / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004463:Ecology; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology; D010575:Pesticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology*; D012621:Seasons; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D010575:Pesticides; D001387:Azinphosmethyl; D013307:Streptomycin