Multinational evaluation of etomidate for anesthesia induction. Conclusions and consequences.
An overall analysis was made of 4763 case report forms from 45 anesthesiologists who used etomidate (Hypnomidate) routinely as an induction hypnotic in a total of 4127 surgical cases or compared it to thiopental in a series of controlled studies (325 on etomidate, 311 on thiopental). Premedication was standardized only in the controlled studies, and there were no restrictions on the use of anesthetic agents or techniques. Etomidate proved to be a safe and effective induction hypnotic. Sleep was deep and long enough to allow the normal induction and maintenance procedures. Blood pressure and heart rate remained remarkably stable in the 3 study groups. The incidence of respiratory depression was higher for thiopental; anesthesiologists' acceptance of etomidate was, however, reduced by the occurrence of venous pain during injection and of associated involuntary muscle movements. It is expected that these adverse effects will be largely eliminated by using the recently introduced new formulation of etomidate shortly after fentanyl.
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005045:Etomidate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D011292:Premedication; D013874:Thiopental / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
D007093:Imidazoles; D013874:Thiopental; D005283:Fentanyl; D005045:Etomidate