title: Hearing test for a profoundly retarded human subject.
abstract: A profoundly retarded 28-yr.-old female was trained to avoid an aversive but harmless shock to the foot by withdrawing the foot upon presentation of a visual cue. She was later unable to learn to avoid the shock consistently upon presentation of an auditory cue, confirming the ward staff's contention that she had a hearing disability. The audiometric technique using negative reinforcement bridges the problems of (1) difficulty in finding positive reinforcers for patients of low functioning and (2) satiation which may result from the continued use of positive reinforcers. The use of aversive stimuli raises ethical concerns. The growing trend in research is that aversive stimuli are permissible for individuals for whom positive techniques have not been effective and when used by trained professionals under careful review.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001299:Audiometry / Q000379:methods; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D004597:Electroshock; D004995:Ethics, Professional; D005260:Female; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006320:Hearing Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology