Test expectancy and encoding of pictures and words.
Undergraduates were shown pictures or corresponding labels and then were tested for recognition either in the same mode or in a cross-over mode. Significantly more items were recognized in the picture-picture condition than in the picture-word and word-picture conditions. Informing subjects in advance of the change in modality significantly improved picture-word performance.
D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014796:Visual Perception