title: Role of shell diffusion area in incubating eggs at simulated high altitude.
abstract: Embryonic development is inhibited when eggs are incubated at 9,100 m (0.3 atm) despite a normoxic environment. The problem apparently relates to respiratory gas exchange occurring by diffusion through gas-filled pores in the shell. Gaseous flux is therefore inversely proportional to ambient pressure and is affected by the physical characteristics of the ambient gas (Chapman-Enskog equation). Excess loss of H2O and CO2 occurs in eggs incubating at altitude and could be detrimental. Such increased loss should be correctable by decreasing diffusion area. This was tested by progressively increasing coverage of the shell with paraffin and incubating at simulated 0.3 ATA (225 Torr) in 100% O2. Uncoated eggs failed to hatch, but numbers of chicks increased with increased coverage. Maximum hatch was an extrapolated 90% of controls at 69% shell coverage. With further coverage, hatch size decreased. Egg weight loss, and estimate of H2O diffusion, was around three times controls in uncoated eggs but decreased linearly with paraffin coverage, reaching near normal at maximum hatch. Reduction of diffusion area to 0.3 normal at maximum hatch generally balanced the increased flux predicted for 0.3 ATA.
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000502:physiology*; D004058:Diffusion; D004528:Egg Shell; D008433:Mathematics; D010232:Paraffin; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010232:Paraffin