A before and after for tonogenesis.
The development of tone in Panjabi from the loss of certain consonants has often been cited as an instance of the consonantal origins of a tonal system. Acoustic data demonstrating the correlation between Panjabi tones and Hindi consonants are presented. Panjabi high tone matches a higher fundamental frequency on a Hindi vowel preceding a breathy voiced consonant. Panjabi low tone matches a lower fundamental frequency on a Hindi vowel following a breathy voiced consonant. It is interesting that the data exhibit the spread of the consonantal effect throughout the entire word.
D000162:Acoustics; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007802:Language; D010699:Phonation; D014831:Voice