title: Modification of papain with tetranitromethane.
abstract: Papain [EC 3.4.22.2] polymerizes readily upon treatment with tetranitromethane (TNM) by forming intermolecular covalent linkages through its tyrosine residues (Tsukamoto, S. & Ohno, M. (1974) J. Biochem. 75, 1377-1380). Polymerization occurred optimally at pH 9.0 with S-sulfenylsulfonate papain. Circular dichroic spectra of polymerized papains showed a small change in ellipticity when compared with that of unmodified papain. Esterolytic activity of the modified enzyme toward benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) was almost fully retained, at least up to the formation of hexamer, with an unchanged Km value. Spectrophotometric and amino acid analyses indicated that two or three tyrosine residues are involved in intermolecular crosslinks depending on the amount of TNM used. The tyrosine residues nitrated were identified as those at positions 61, 116, 103, and 4, the extent of nitration decreasing in this order. When activated papain was treated with increasing molar ratios of TNM, an essential sulfhydryl function was first oxidized and, at a 2-fold molar excess of the reagent, restoration of activity was no longer observed even after addition of dithiothreitol (DTT). The evidence obtained in the present study eliminates the possibility of inactivation due to nitration of a tryptophan residue, which had been suggested previously.
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D004229:Dithiothreitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008697:Methane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010206:Papain / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000032:analysis; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013774:Tetranitromethane / Q000494:pharmacology; D014443:Tyrosine
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D014443:Tyrosine; D010206:Papain; D013774:Tetranitromethane; D008697:Methane; D004229:Dithiothreitol