title: Reconstructive rhinoplasty for the lower two-thirds of the nose.
abstract: A general format has been developed and used for reconstruction of the lower two-thirds of the nose in patients retaining some septum who have a low forehead. The lining above the  alae comes from strategic local flaps, while the alar lining and most of the columella are produced by a pair of nasolabial flaps. Support is provided by the residual septum (sometimes advance), and by a later costal chondroperichondrial hinge graft. The cover comes from a "headless" gull-shaped, forehead flap.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D016038:Skin Transplantation; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous