title: Genes affecting the productivity of alpha-amylase in Bacillus subtilis Marburg.
abstract: Genetic control of alpha-amylase (alpha-1,4-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1.) production by Bacillus subtilis 168 was studied from the standpoint that alpha-amylase production by bacteria is dependent on a long-lived messenger ribonucleic acid and obeys the following equation: E = kappa integral of X-DT where x = cell mass at time t, E = alpha amylase produced, t = culture time, and kappa = productivity constant. So a productivity constand (kappa) is obtained from the slope of the straight line plot of alpha-amylase formed versus the total mass of cells accumulated over that time during the culture process. The following results were obtained. (i) Two sequential mutants, derived from the 168(kappa = 20) strain and having improved alpha-amylase productivity (168 leads to 196), were analyzed for their serine and metal protease production. Strain 128 (kappa = 40) produced half the amount of both proteases, but strain 196 (kappa = 60 similar to 80) produced 20 times that in the original strain. (ii) Amy+ transformants, using the 196 strain as the other three had higher productivity (kappa = 37 similar to 46). These transformants (J71, J47, groups. Seventy-one of 74 Amy+ transformants had a kappa value of 21.0 plus or minus 2.1 and the other three had higher productivity (kappa = 37 similar to 46). These transformants (J71,J47, and J10) produced levels of serine and metal proteases 20 times higher than the other transformants. (iii) Strains 196, J71, J47, and J10 were found to be nonmotile and resistant to phage PBS1, whereas other strains, including strains 168, 128, 3 revertants of strain J71 and 2 revertants of strain 196, were all motile and sensitive to the phage. (iv) Strains 196 and J71 were nonflagellated under electron microscopic observation but strain 168, 128 and a revertant of J71 were flagellated. From the above experimental results, the existence of a quality controlling gene (amyB) was deduced, which is loosely linked to the structural gene and controls productivities of alpha-amylase and proteases, and flagellation. The probable existence of another regulatory gene, amyC, is also discussed.
mesh_terms: D000681:Amylases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000254:growth & development; D002465:Cell Movement; D002474:Cell-Free System; D004267:DNA Viruses; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005407:Flagella / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005796:Genes; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009154:Mutation; D011402:Pronase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012694:Serine; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D012694:Serine; D000681:Amylases; D010450:Endopeptidases; D011402:Pronase