title: Modification of the response to separation in the infant rhesus macaque through manipulation of the environment.
abstract: Rhesus mother-infant pairs were housed in a playpen apparatus beginning just before the birth of four male infants. The infants were separated from their mothers four times beginning at a mean age of 218 days. In Type A separations (I and IV) the infants were removed and housed away from their familiar environment in a protected setting; in Type B separations (II and III) the infants remained in the familiar setting and mothers were removed. One pair was separated every 2 weeks for 6 days; for a particular infant, a mean of 8 weeks intervened between each of the separations. On the basis of infant behavior during separation. Type B separations appeared to have a more deleterious effect on the infant: infants did not show the typical behavioral signs of depression under Type A housing conditions, whereas, under Type B conditions, infants expressed the typical depressive reaction to separation. However, comparisons of pre- and postseparation behaviors in the mother-infant pairs indicated that Type A separations were more perturbing. Increases in ventral-ventral contact between mothers and infants were greater following Type A separations and increases in time at nipple occurred only after Type A separations; infant grooming by mother increased only after the first, a Type A, separation. Type B separations may have affected mothers more severely in that reciprocity between maternal cradling and infant clinging was greater following Type B separations than following Type A separations when infants clung significantly more often than mother cradled.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006120:Grooming; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D008251:Macaca; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009043:Motor Activity; D010988:Play and Playthings; D012931:Social Environment; D012934:Social Isolation; D013997:Time Factors