title: Operative staging of apparently localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate: results in fifty unselected patients. I. Experimental design and preliminary results.
abstract: The design and details of a prospective, randomized study protocol involving bipedal lymphography, and exploratory laparotomy with selective node biopsy in patients with apparently localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate are presented. The analysis includes the results of selected diagnostic tests, and an assessment of the accuracy of clinical vs. surgical staging in 50 unselected patients. Lymphatic metastases were found at the time of diagnostic laparotomy in 18 of the 50 patients (36%). Both increasing size (advanced T stage) and decreasing differentiation of the primary tumor were associated with an increased incidence of lymph node metastases. Of 25 patients with T1 and T2 tumors (Stage B), and 25 patients with T3 tumors (Stage C), lymphatic dissemination was found in 20 and 52%, respectively. Eleven of 20 patients (55%) with poorly differentiated tumors had lymph node metastasis, compared with only 2 or 11 patients (18%) with well-differentiated tumors. Twelve patients had a change in their  clinical stage following exploratory laparotomy; in eight the stage was increased and in four it was decreased. Of 18 patients with lymphatic metastases, some of which were extensive and most of which were associated with increased serum acid phosphatase values, no evidence of concurrent bony or visceral dissemination was found. Although preliminary, this finding should stimulate the search for effective treatment in these patients who were previously thought to be incurable on the basis of probable vascular dissemination.
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008220:Lymphography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy
chemical_list: D000135:Acid Phosphatase