title: Effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons on shell gland carbonic anhydrase and egg shell thickness in Japanese quail.
abstract: Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were fed different levels of pesticide in their diets for 15 weeks.  The levels of pesticide used were 25, 50, 100, 200 p.p.m. DDE 25, 50, 100, 200 p.p.m. DDT and 50 p.p.m. PCB.  Carbonic anhydrase activities were analyzed in the shell glands and blood; pesticide concentration in the eggs of the first experiment was measured; egg weight, shell weight and shell thickness were also measured.  No depression in growth was observed at any levels of pesticides used.  Quail fed 200 p.p.m. DDE showed a high mortality rate after 10--12 weeks on the diet, while other levels produced no increase in death rate.  Lower levels of DDT and DDE (25 and 50 p.p.m.) had no significant effect on egg shell weight or thickness.  Higher levels (100 and 200 p.p.m) of DDT and DDE produced a small increase in shell weight and a 5 per cent decrease in shell thickness and were associated with increased shell breakage.  At levels of 25 p.p.m. and 50 p.p.m. DDE, the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the shell gland was significantly increased.  At levels of 200 p.p.m. DDE and 100 p.p.m. DDT in the diet, the activity of carbonic anhydrase was decreased by 12--15 per cent.  A 50 per cent reduction in carbonic anhydrase activity in the shell gland seemed to be necessary for an increased production of soft shelled eggs when it was induces by sulfanilamide.  Pesticide residues in the eggs of Japanes quail up to about 300 p.p.m. DDE and 150 p.p.m. DDT were not associated with any change in egg shell thickness.  At about 600 p.p.m. DDE and 500 p.p.m. DDT in the eggs, corresponding to 100 and 200 p.p.m. in the diet, the egg shell thickness was reduced by 5 per cent.  PCB at 50 p.p.m. produced a small decrease (4.5 per cent) in shell thickness and an increase in the percentage of cracked eggs.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D003370:Coturnix / Q000378:metabolism*; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D004528:Egg Shell; D004531:Eggs / Q000032:analysis; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010057:Oviducts / Q000201:enzymology*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D011784:Quail / Q000378:metabolism*; D013424:Sulfanilamides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D013424:Sulfanilamides; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D003634:DDT; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases