title: The locust wing hinge stretch receptors. I. Primary sensory neurones with enormous central arborizations.
abstract: In locusts a single-celled stretch receptor (SR) neurone at the base of each wing monitors wing elevation and contributes to the control of the flight motor output. The central projections of these neurones are very complex but consistent in detail in the three species studied (Chortoicetes, Locusta and Schistocerca). The hindwing SR projects to the second and third thoracic ganglia, the forewing SR to the first, second and third thoracic ganglia. Both send fine axons into the abdominal connective. Within the ganglia each SR forms an extensive arborization, entirely ipsilateral and mainly in the dorsal neuropile, divided into medial, mediolateral, and lateral branches. The projections of the two ipsilateral SR neurones overlap almost completely in the second and third ganglia. There are recurrent loops between branches of a single neurone both within and between ganglia. Light microscope analysis shows apparent contacts between the SR aneurones and flight motor neurones and other wing sensory afferents, as well as long interneurones, other motor neurones and two types of multiaxonal neurones of unknown function. There are three groups of contacts between each SR and a flight motor neurone: laterally on the main branches, medially with the terminal twigs; and in the anterior dorso-medial glomerulus, where the inter ganglionic recurrent branch also terminates. All contacts are ipsilateral except for those with the contralateral branches of the dorsal longitudinal muscle motor neurones. We suggest that the SR neurones are multifunctional. Differential information transfer could result both from the spatial distribution of synaptic connections with the motor neurones and from filtering caused by low safety factors at branch junctions. Information in the lateral branching could be used for general excitation and control of firing frequency of the motor neurones; that in the medial branch for wing control and co-ordination.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000166:cytology; D005724:Ganglia / Q000166:cytology; D006110:Grasshoppers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007596:Joints / Q000294:innervation; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000166:cytology*; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000166:cytology; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000294:innervation*