title: When is there nipple involvement in carcinoma of the breast?
abstract: Two hundred cases of carcinoma of the breast were examined to determine the extent of nipple involvement. Carcinoma was present in 8 percent of the specimens. Fourteen of the 16 nipples which contained tumor were macroscopically abnormal in reappearance--being either ulcerated, retracted, or attached to an underlying indurated mass. Clinically normal niples are not likely to contain carcinoma. A frozen section across the nipple base should also be used as a safeguard if the nipple is to be used in reconstruction.
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy; D009558:Nipples / Q000473:pathology* / Q000637:transplantation; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous