title: Implementation of legislative requirements for emergency medical services in prepaid group practice organizations.
abstract: The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems Act of 1973, and other laws are examined for their effects on the organization and management of emergency services in prepaid group practice plans (PPGP). The study was conducted in 1974-75 by the Group Health Association of America. The data were gathered through interviews with administrators and providers of seven PPGPs and with leaders of health planning agencies in the same communities, as well as through reviews of internal documents and a 1-month utilization survey of emergency and urgent care services in each PPGP. Effects of the laws were found to be limited, with the health maintenance legislation appearing to have the greastes effect on the design of emergency servide models. In most localities, two parallel systems may operate in offering round-the-clock emergency care and programs to educate members and the public about the appropriate use of emergency facilities. The EMS legislation has had minimal effects on the design of emergency services in the PPGPs. The emergency services component is the most transitional aspect of the PPGS nad the one most amenable to change. Revisions have come through changes in internal management policy and from demands of subscribers. A regulating inference in the operation of the PGP, in the area of emergency services as well as in the delivery of primary care services, is that the plans must compete, both in costs and benefits, with available indemnity insurance coverage. The market dictates premium levels without regard to associated benefits. Additional costs for broader coverage and administrative regulatory mechanisms must be borne by the subscriber in the form of increased premiums. As a result, the utilization of expensive emergency care must be carefully controlled, and this restraint is often accomplished by requirements specifying which health problems are appropriate for the provision of emergency care, rather than by delaying assistance until the plan's office hours. The furtherance of the PPGP concept, that the entire health care of the individual person is provided and financed by one organization, definancedby one organization, detracts from the viability of a central body charged with the coordination of the delivery of all emergency services in the community. It results not only in duplication of effort but often in the establishment of potentially antagoistic organizations.
mesh_terms: D003255:Consumer Organizations; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D004635:Emergency Medicine; D006123:Group Practice; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D007750:Labor Unions; D007883:Legislation, Medical; D008007:Licensure, Medical; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D012040:Regional Health Planning; D014481:United States; D014837:Voluntary Health Agencies