title: Concussion.
abstract: We have observed the effects of concussion on nonanesthetized rats and humans. We believe the phenomenon in both to be identical. There are four obvious stages to concussion and the recovery therefrom: fourth stage--visceral (respiratory) and somatic immobility; third stage--return of irregular visceral (respiratory) mobility with continuing somatic immobility; second stage--normal visceral mobility with impaired somatic mobility; and first stage--normal somatic mobility with impaired performance. Zero stage is complete normality. Our method of testing detects no lingering or permanent change after a single concussion. This proves only that we must continue with open minds on the question, "Does concussion always leave permanent brain damage?"
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D051381:Rats