title: The importance of synergy between weak carcinogens in the induction of bladder cancer in experimental animals and humans.
abstract: It is now well established that the interaction of multiple environmental factors may increase the incidence of some human cancers more than exposure to a single carcinogen. With an in vivo experimental rat model, we have demonstrated a synergistic effect in bladder carcinogenesis between a subcarcinogenic dose of the strong bladder carcinogen, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, and saccharin- or cyclamate-containing diets. If these artificial sweeteners are capable of interacting with other environmental bladder carcinogens, their potential for increasing the incidence of human bladder cancer is greater than many more potent chemical carcinogens, because of their wide distribution as food additives to all sections of the population. Retrospective epidemiology shows no evidence of such risk from saccharin at current levels of consumption. No comparable studies are available for cyclamate, which was consumed in greater quantities but for relatively few years. It is emphasized that it is possible for interaction between multiple factors to contribute to the incidence of human bladder cancer as it does in other human organs and in other animal species.
mesh_terms: D015081:2-Naphthylamine / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D003494:Cyclamates / Q000633:toxicity; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008770:Methylnitrosourea / Q000633:toxicity; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D012439:Saccharin / Q000633:toxicity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D003494:Cyclamates; D008770:Methylnitrosourea; D015081:2-Naphthylamine; D012439:Saccharin