title: In situ measurement of papillary muscle dynamics in the dog left ventricle.
abstract: In five open-chest dogs, pairs of ultrasonic dimension gauges were implanted in the anterior papillary muscle and in a circumferential subendocardial segment of the anterior left ventricular free wall, and simultaneous recordings were made with intracardiac pressure. The average shortening of the anterior segment in isovolumetric systole was 6% of end-diastolic length (EDL), with a total shortening of 19%. In the papillary muscles, isovolumetric shortening averaged 2%, total shortening was 10%, and shortening velocity was only 0.60 length/s. With acute pressure and volume overload, or inotropic interventions, changes in EDL were relatively less in papillary muscles than in the free wall. During acute occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery, shortening of anterior segments and papillary muscles was replaced by holosystolic lengthening, and occlussion of the circumflex artery produced augmentation of shortening in  both these regions, with lengthening of the posterior papillary muscle. The present study documents shortening of the anterior left ventricular papillary muscle throughout systole that is substantially less than that of the circumferential free wall, and demonstrates severe papillary muscle dysfunction with systolic elongation during regional ischemia.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001810:Blood Volume; D004285:Dogs; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D007545:Isoproterenol