title: The force of contraction of the human ciliary muscle during accommodation.
abstract: 1. Apparatus has been designed to alter the shape of the human lens by tensile forces applied to the zonular fibres indirectly through the ciliary body. The changes in dioptric power of the lens for monochromatic sodium light were measured at the same time. Simultaneous serial photography, and direct measurement enabled one to relate a change in shape of the lens to the change in dioptric power. Subsequently, the same lens was isolated and spun around its antero-posterior polar axis and high speed photography recorded its changing profile.2. By comparing the changes in lens profile due to zonular tension and centrifugal force respectively, the force developed in the zonule for a given change in the shape of the lens could be calculated. Changes in dioptric power associated with those of shape can thus be related directly to the force of contraction of the ciliary muscle necessary to reduce the initial tension of the zonule in the unaccommodated state.3. The force of contraction of the ciliary muscle as measured by radial force exerted through the zonule and the change in dioptric power of the lens were not linearly related. The relationship is more exactly expressed by the equation [Formula: see text] where D = amplitude of accommodation in dioptres (m(-1)), F(CB) = force of contraction of the ciliary muscle as measured by changes in tension of the zonule (N), K(df) = dioptric force coefficient and is constant for a given age (m(-1)N(-(1/2)) x 10(2.5)). This coefficient is 0.41 at 15 yr and 0.07 at 45 yr of age.4. In youth for maximum accommodation (10-12 D) the force is approximately 1.0 x 10(-2) N while to produce sufficient accommodation for near vision (3.5 D) the force is less than 0.05 x 10(-2) N.5. After the age of 30 yr the force of contraction of the ciliary muscle necessary to produce maximum accommodation rises steadily to about 50 yr of age and thereafter probably falls slightly. At about 50 yr of age the ciliary muscle is some 50% more powerful than in youth.6. Even if hypertrophy of the muscle did not occur the amplitude of accommodation would be reduced at the most by only 0.8 D of that observed at the onset of presbyopia.
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular; D000367:Age Factors; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction