title: Some current aspects of environmental fluoride.
abstract: This review  presents a Total Environment evaluation of current inorganic fluoride intake by human populations. Inorganic fluoride is a persistant bioaccumulator, and the ever-increasing use (and release) of fluoride compounds in the environment should be of long-term concern  in population sub-groups who are most susceptible, and therefore, most "at risk". One of these sub-groups consists of people with impaired kidney function, including subjects with nephorphatic diabetes. The diabetes factor is of particular relevance, not only because the incidence of diabetes has increased by 6%/yr during the period 1965-1975, but also because subjects with nephropathic diabetes can exhibit a polydipsia-polyurea syndrome that results in increased intake of fluoride, along with greater-than-normal retention of a given fluoride dosage. People with inadequate dietary intakes (particularly of Ca and/or Vitamin C) are also likely to be more "at risk" as a consequence of low-dose long-term fluoride ingestion. Evidence is presented, showing that there has been an escalation in dialy fluoride intake via the total human food-and-beverage chain, with the likelihood that this escalation will continue in the future. Recent observations, relating to an increasing incidence of chronic fluoride intoxication among humans, is also emphasized.
mesh_terms: D001206:Ascorbic Acid Deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000172:deficiency; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000378:metabolism; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005396:Fish Products / Q000032:analysis; D005457:Fluoridation; D005459:Fluorides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D005459:Fluorides; D002118:Calcium