title: Regulatory properties of yeast nitrate reductase in situ.
abstract: A simple and rapid procedure to make  yeast cells permeable by agitating with toluene-ethanol, (TE) 1:4, v/v was developed. The permeated cells retained their ability to catalyze certain enzyme reactions. Temperature and duration of agitation during TE treatment played an important role in retention of the catalytic potential of permeated cells. The in situ assay using permeated cell preparations was more sensitive even in the absence of added cofactors than in the vitro assay in detecting assimilatory nitrate reductase (NAD(P)H:nitrate oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.2) (NAR) activity in Candida utilis. Using in situ assay technique, different mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis of NAR in C. utilis were investigated. Nitrogen starvation did not lead to derepression of NAR. NO3-ions were absolutely essential for induction and maintenance of high levels of NAR activity. Cells grown on ammonium nitrate possessed relatively lower levels of NAR. Kinetics of NAR induction were followed as a function of time and inducer concentration. The influence of various cations on the induction of NAR by nitrate was investigated. A wide range of D-amino acids induced NAR synthesis. Of 22 L-amino acids tested only phenylalanine induced significant levels of NAR. Various intermediates of the pathway of nitrate reduction influenced the rate of NAR induction. There was a rapid disappearance of in vivo activity of the enzyme of induced yeast cells on nitrogen starvation, and the rate of loss was accelerated by the presence of NH4+.
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004794:Enzyme Repression; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005971:Glutamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006898:Hydroxylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009565:Nitrate Reductases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D014050:Toluene / Q000494:pharmacology; D014508:Urea / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005971:Glutamates; D006834:Hydrazines; D006898:Hydroxylamines; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D014050:Toluene; D000431:Ethanol; D014508:Urea; D009565:Nitrate Reductases; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate