title: Ectopic pregnancy associated with the intrauterine device: a study of seventy cases.
abstract: Seventy cases of ectopic pregnancy associated with an IUD comprised 10% of all ectopics in a 9 year period. This increased to 15% in the last 19 months as more IUD's were in use. In two thirds of the ectopics the IUD had been in situ more than 1 year. Unusual bleeding and cramping attributed to the IUD obscured the diagnosis and resulted in removal or replacement of the IUD in over one half the cases 1 to 8 weeks before surgery. The episodic nature of the abdominal hemorrhage in two thirds of all ectopics resulted in surgery on day 44 average gestational age. The IUD is probably not causal in ectopic pregnancy but does not protect the predisposed patient from ectopic pregnancy which should be suspected in any patient with an IUD who has irregular bleeding and abdominal pain.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000209:etiology*