title: Is L-glutamic acid nutritionally a dispensable amino acid for the young chick?
abstract: The importance of dispensable amino acids for the chick was reinvestigated. Two-week chick weights were 75.7 g. and 143.7 g. when dietary nitrogen was provided solely by indispensable amino acids and by indispensable amino acids and 10% L-glutamic acid, respectively. Weight gain increased four-fold when L-glutamic acid was added to the mixture of indispensable amino acids. Plasma free amino acid concentrations were considerably decreased and total indispensable amino acid concentration (including cystine and tyrosine) was reduced to approximately a half or less with L-glutamic acid supplementation. Increments of L-glutamic acid as the sole nitrogen source for dispensable amino acids in the diet increased two-week weight gain proportionately over a range from 0 to 10%. When 10% of L-glutamic acid was included in the amino acid diet, growth rate was equivalent to that with a practical diet up to two weeks of age. The mixture of leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine and arginine produced little growth promotion as a nitrogen source for dispensable amino acids. L-aspartic acid, L-alanine and the mixture of dispensable amino acids devoid of L-glutamic acid were found not as effective as L-glutamic acid. The estimate of effectiveness of L-aspartic acid, L-alanine and the mixture was approximately 80%, 60%, and 80%, respectively, of that of L-glutamic acid during first two weeks. Utilization of diammonium citrate for growth promotion varied with the amount used and the age of chicks. A combination of dispensable amino acids plus nominal levels of DAC was not as effective as glutamic acid during the first week but shortly after that, produced good gains. Even during the 3rd week or 4th week high levels of DAC alone did not produce normal gains of chicks. The activities and the subcellular distribution of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in the liver of young chicks were measured. GOT activity was considerably higher than GPT activity. Initially, GOT activity was found primarily in cytosol, but the mitochondrial activity increased to 57% of total activity by day 10, whereas GPT activity was exclusively in mitochondria regardless of the age.
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000378:metabolism; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000097:blood; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D005969:Glutamate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D005971:Glutamates / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005971:Glutamates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D005969:Glutamate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000409:Alanine