title: The measurement and recording of vision at near test distances.
abstract: Confusion and misconception characterize the designation of near visual acuities because of the numerous systems in use. Most of these systems do not lend themselves to accurate or easy usage or to comparison with other test distances. Use of the M system, with the actual test distances recorded in meters, is suggested as a simplified system for standardization.
mesh_terms: D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008722:Methods; D008792:Metric System; D009907:Optometry / Q000592:standards; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D014481:United States; D014792:Visual Acuity