title: An evaluation of procedures used in staging carcinoma of the cervix.
abstract: A review of 227 cases of invasive carcinoma of the cervix was undertaken to determine the efficacy of procedures using in the staging of this disease. All patients had a pretreatment chest radiography and intravenous pyelogram. 96.5% had pretreatment cystoscopy, 98.6% had pretreatment proctoscopy, and 92% had a pretreatment barium enema. These patients were retrospectively staged on the findings of physical examination only. Each additional procedure was then evaluated by comparison with the initial staging. Cystoscopy and chest film findings each would have changed the clinical stage in fewer than 1% of cases, barium enema in 1.4%, and proctoscopy in 2.2%. No patient had a positive barium enema without a positive proctoscopy, while two patients had positive proctoscopies with negative barium enemas. The overall yield of positive findings by pretreatment intravenous pyelography was 7.3%. Lymphangiography, although inconsistently done, yielded positive findings in all stages. Chest radiographs, intravenous pyelography, proctoscopy, and lymphangiography are recommended as part of the pretreatment workup of patients with carcinoma of the cervix. Routine barium enema is no longer recommended, and cystoscopy is only recommended in patients with clinical stage IIB disease or greater.
mesh_terms: D001466:Barium Sulfate; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011351:Proctoscopy; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014567:Urography; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D001466:Barium Sulfate