title: A low-cost gradient system for high-performance liquid chromatography. Quantitation of complex pharmaceutical raw materials.
abstract: A device is described that makes use of an eight-port motor valve to generate step gradients on the low-pressure side of a piston pump with a low dead volume. Such a gradient device with an automatic control unit, which also permits repetition of previous steps, can be built for about half the cost of a gradient system with two pumps. Applications of this gradient unit to the separation of complex mixtures of glycosides and alkaloids are discussed and compared with separations systems using two high-pressure pumps. The gradients that are used on reversed-phase material with solvent mixtures of water and completely miscible organic solvents are suitable for quantitative routine control of pharmaceutical products. The reproducibility of retention data is excellent over several months and, with the use of loop injectors, major components can be determined quantitatively with a reproducibility of better than 2% (relative standard deviation). The step gradient selector valve can also be used as an introduction system for very large sample volumes. Up to 11 can be injected and samples with concentrations of less than 1 ppb can be determined with good reproducibilities.
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004876:Ergot Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis*; D004878:Ergotamine / Q000032:analysis; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis*; D008238:Lysergic Acid Diethylamide / Q000032:analysis; D008722:Methods; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D004876:Ergot Alkaloids; D006027:Glycosides; D012997:Solvents; D008238:Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; D004878:Ergotamine