title: Failure effects on outerdirectedness: a failure to replicate.
abstract: A replication was conducted of part of Turnure and Zigler's (1964) experiment in which they assessed whether outerdirectedness was a function of failure experiences. Thirty nonretarded and 30 retarded children, matched on MA, experienced either failure games administered with positive or negative comments followed by an imitative assessment task or received only the imitation task. The results did not support Zigler's hypothesis concerning the antecedents of outerdirectedness, as no short-term effects of failure were found. The findings refuted Turnure and Zigler's hypothesis that outerdirectedness is a function of situational social reinforcement. Differences in tasks presented, methods of analysis, and/or school populations may have contributed to the lack of correspondence with the Turnure and Zigler findings.
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001076:Aptitude; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D004495:Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D012056:Reinforcement, Social