Craniofacial surgery: present and future.
The possibilities for radical craniofacial restructuring have increased dramatically in the past 6 years with the development of craniofacial surgery. The field developed from a background of patients with major craniofacial birth defects allowing orderly planning and expansion to correction of a multitude of other craniofacial structural problems. The procedures concentrate upon changing the skeletal structures using extensive subperiostial dissection of soft tissue, and adding bone to fill in areas of deficiency. There are three grades of complexity in craniofacial procedures. After extensive soft tissue sub-periostial stripping about the orbits and upper face, the simplest form consists of onlay bone grafts. The next most complicated involves osteotomies to shift the face into a more normal position. In its most complicated form, abnormal proportions of bone are removed and the orbits or cranium are shifted into a new or normal position. We have had experience with 69 patients since September, 1972. Thirty-six have had intracranial procedures. Infection has been the most serious problem, and there have been no instances of death or blindness. A number of lesser problems occur. Future applications of craniofacial surgery are appearing with great frequency as more experience is gained with its uses. It has particular application in acute and late reconstruction of patients with traumatic defects about the face. Preventive osteotomies are an area with great potential, by releasing stenotic areas of bone and allowing the developing brain to mold the upper face and orbits. There is also applicability in surgery of tumors about the craniofacial structure and in cosmetic surgery.
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003394:Craniofacial Dysostosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000601:surgery*; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods*