A survey of snakebit in the Johannesburg area.
Case records of persons with snakebite treated at the Johannesburg General Hospital and the Transvaal Memorial Children's Hospital during the 10-year period 1963-1972 were investigated. It was concluded that (i) snakebites were rare, since only 39 cases were recorded, none of which ended fatally; (ii) 86% of patients were men (mean age was 24 years); (iii) 80% of bites were on the hand and arm; (iv) 28% of patients had had previous snakebites; and (v) 60% of bites were 'illegitimate', i.e. they occurred in snake handlers. Apart from occasional bites by exotic snakes in collections, the venomous snakes responsible for the majority of bites were, in order; ringhals, puff adder, and burrowing adder. The first two snakes are common in the region, while amateur herpetologists are at particular risk of being bitten by burrowing adders because of the snake's ability to bite even when held by the back of the neck. Ringhals bites, although the most common, caused virtually no morbidity. Bites  by other venomous snakes showed considerable variation in morbidity, suggesting that many different factors must be taken into account when the nature and effects of snakebite are assessed. Eighty-five per cent of snakes were positively identified, mostly by the snake fanciers they had bitten. This permitted specific treatment.
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D013019:South Africa