title: Differentiation and positioning of nuclei in eggs of the cecidomyid Heteropeza pygmaea.
abstract: During the first three cleavage divisions of the egg nuclei a precise sequence of spindle orientation and elongation parallel to the longitudinal axis of the egg is apparently involved in positioning one nucleus among the polar granules at the posterior pole of the egg. The size of this nucleus, and the position at which the egg cleaves when pole cell formation occurs, appear to constitute part of the mechanism which ensures that only one nucleus is included in the first pole cell. Blastoderm formation occurs without a well-defined migration of nuclei to the egg surface. Nuclei are so large in relation to the size of the egg that uniform spacing and distribution of nuclei ensures that a large proportion are situated near the egg surface. Those nuclei which are near the egg surface divide synchronously to form a layer of blastoderm nuclei, while membranous cleavage furrows invaginate from the egg surface between them. Nuclei in the central region of the egg chamber condense to form yolk nuclei before blastoderm nuclei have been separated from the rest of the egg by the completion of the cleavage membranes. Polar granules provide the only evidence of fine-structural differences in different regions of the egg chamber cytoplasm. They are found near the posterior pole of the egg from an early stage of oogenesis. They undergo a specific sequence of structural changes and increase in size as the egg grows. No microtubular or microfibrillar arrays have been found in the egg chamber which might form a cytoskeletal basis for spindle orientation or for the spatial differences which develop during differentiation of the uncleaved egg cytoplasm.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001756:Blastoderm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002455:Cell Division; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004175:Diptera / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D008870:Microtubules / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008938:Mitosis; D009940:Organoids / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010063:Ovum / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010312:Parthenogenesis