title: [Dyssymmetrical cytotomy and orientation of the spindles in early isolated blastomeres of gastropod molluscs].
abstract: While removing the vitelline membrane mechanically or by trypsinization, one or two blastomeres were isolated from two-, four- and eight-celled embryos Lymnaea stagnalis, Physa fontinalis and Ph. acuta. If a pair of blastomeres was isolated prior to the formation of the III and IV cleavage spindles, it became similar to a two-cell embryo; the spindles oriented in parallel to each other and the contact zone of blastomeres preserving the previous localization of the nuclei and the subsequent division was equal. If a pair of blastomeres was isolated in metaphase, the localization of spindles did not change and the relative size of sister blastomeres after the subsequent division resembled the normal size (in particular, the III division was unequal). In the course of division of isolated single blastomeres, as well as pairs of blastomeres with parallel spindles, mutual turns of sister cells along the plane of new furrow, always dexiotropic in Lymnaea and laetropic in Physa, were observed in all cycles. The ability of dissymmetrical invariant turns during cytotomy, shown earlier when studying the whole embryos, is, thus, inherent to each blastomere irrespective of the neighbour ones but is supressed during the normal development after the III division mechanically due to the dense cellular packing projected by the orientation of spindles.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology*; D001756:Blastoderm / Q000166:cytology*; D002455:Cell Division; D008938:Mitosis; D008974:Mollusca / Q000196:embryology*; D013997:Time Factors
vernacular_title: Dissimmetrichnaia tsitotomiia i orientatsiia vereten v rannikh izolirovannykh blastomerakh u briukhonogikh molliuskov.