title: Muscle activity and postural behaviour in newborn infants. A polymyographic study.
abstract: In a group of 9 healthy newborns, spontaneous activity of different muscles was studied for 6 or 8 hours by means of surface electromyography on the 5th or 6th day of life. According to the local nursing routine the infants were placed in alternating left and right side positions. Averaged EMG activities were analysed with respect to behavioural states and observed postural behaviour. An improved recording technique and the logarithmic presentation of averaged EMG activities allowed the study of characteristics of tonic activity in state 1. The chin muscles showed the most specific EMG pattern in state 1. Chin muscle quiescence was observed during only 15% of that state. Lack of tonic activity was observed more in the beginning than at the end, but never in the middle of state 1. By visual analysis of 41 patterns of averaged EMG activities from the chin muscle it was found that increases of tonic activity only happen stepwise following concomitant phasic activities. Relaxation of tonic activity is either asymptotic or abrupt or by steps. The latter two are especially characteristic for the transition to state 2. Long periods of sustained tonic activity and low motility were characteristic for a long lasting state 1. The interval between the beginning of state 1 and the first increase of tonic activity varied more than the interval between the end of state 1 and the final drop of tonic activity back to the noise level. Other muscles showed less tonic activity in state 1: the neck area (sterncleidomastoid muscle 48% of state 1 time, trapezius m. 32%) was followed by the muscles of the forearm (extensor carpi m. 18%, flexor carpi m. 16%). These muscles also lead the rank order of the modulation of tonic activity. Tonic activity sustained for more than 30 sec. was not observed in state 2, except during transitions. In state 2 as in state 1 the muscles from chin, neck and upper extremities were more active than the muscles from the lower extremities. Durations of activities ranged from 28% (chin) to 13% (ant. tibialis) of state 2 time. No dominance of flexor muscles, which might account for the observed flexed posture, was found. Systematically changed side positions during the recording had no consistent effect on either motility or presence of tonic activity when corresponding muscles from the upper- and the lower-lying body side were compared during state 1. Likewise in state 2 no consistent effect on the total duration of phasic activity was observed. The results are discussed in relation to other known state dependent motor phenomena. It is suggested that sustained tonic activity results from an increased gain of the gamma-loop which may also contribute to the regularity of respiration. Differences between muscles probably reflect maturational and functional differences.
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D002680:Chin; D004576:Electromyography; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009055:Mouth / Q000502:physiology; D009129:Muscle Tonus; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D009333:Neck; D011187:Posture; D012119:Respiration