title: Nutrition in the Australian aborginines--effects of the fortification of white flour.
abstract: The nutritional status of 66 part Aborginines was re-examined in 1974--with particular reference to blood levels of haemoglobin and vitamins--after white bread fortified with iron and the vitamins B1 and PP (niacin) had been available for six and half months to the population of Bourke, New South Wales.  The results found in 1971 and 1974 are compared.  A significant improvement from deficient to acceptable blood levels of vitamins B1 and B6 was found in 44% and 52% of the subjects respectively.  This attributed to the comsumption of fortified bread since the levels of the other vitamins had remained either unchanged or worsened.  The biochemical improvement in vitamin B6 is attributed to the sparing effect of vitamin PP on vitamin B6 requirement because the conversion of tryptophan to niacin is impaired in vitamin B6 deficiency.  Iron deficiency anaemia in children had decreased by 50% but this could have been due to many other factors besides the iron which had been added to the bread.  Clinically there was a marked decrease in angular stomatitis and skin xerosis which could be related to the biochemical improvement of the two B-vitamins and a decrease in active trachoma and suppurative otitis media probably due to intensive treatment received since 1971.  The results of this study and the extent of biochemical vitamin B1 and B6 deficiency found in other groups, indicate that fortification of bread may be of benefit to the community as a whole.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005433:Flour; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009539:Nicotinic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D013831:Thiamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood; D000095283:Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; D014815:Vitamins; D007501:Iron; D013831:Thiamine