title: Management of children with urinary tract infections: the Stanford experience.
abstract: Two hundred seventy-eight female children with urinary tract infections have been evaluated at Stanford division of urology. All children were followed up for a period of not less than twelve months. Age of onset of infection, clinical presentation, and nature of infecting organisms were observed. The group consisted of 144 children without ureteral reflux and 134 children with ureteral reflux. Sixty-one of the female children with ureteral reflux had ureteral reimplantation, while 73 received medical treatment alone. A study of infection rates in each of the three groups of children indicated a similar infection rate, although those children with reflux experienced a higher incidence of clinical pyelonephritis. Correction of ureteral reflux did not alter the infection rate; however, infections after surgical correction were generally of a type usually associated with children without reflux. Twenty-nine children had urethral dilatation, and the infection rate prior to and following urethral dilatation indicated a similar rate of infection pre- and posturethral dilatation. One hundred nonrefluxing kidneys were observed radiologically: 97 were normal and 3 showed clubbing and scarring. Of 110 refluxing renal units observed, 62 were clubbed and scarred and 48 were normal. Following surgical correction of reflux, renal clubbing and scarring were not observed in previously normal renal units. Of those renal units found to be abnormal at time of surgery, 66 per cent showed progression of clubbing and scarring after surgical correction of reflux. It was observed that the greater the degree of reflux present, the higher the incidence of renal damage. This study suggests that children who experience recurrent urinary tract infections who do not have ureteral reflux are seldom at renal risk; similar children who do have ureteral reflux are at risk unless the infections are controlled or the reflux either disappears or is corrected surgically.
mesh_terms: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012092:Replantation / Q000379:methods; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000601:surgery; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary