Monitoring of patients with head injuries.
A practical protocol for evaluating and monitoring head injured patients has been presented. It has been stressed that monitoring is an ongoing process which begins with the initial evaluation and continues throughout the patient's hospital stay. The level of monitoring and thus the parameters to be monitored are determined on an individualized basis according to the patient's clinical status and his level of stupor and coma. It has been suggested that for mild head injuries, adequate monitoring includes periodic evaluation of the neurological status and vital signs; but the more severely injured patients require extensive and frequent monitoring of a large number of clinical and physiological parameters. Among the many parameters, the continuous monitoring of ICP and the respiratory system are perhaps the most useful indicators of the patient's condition. Several methods for continuous ICP monitoring which are readily adaptable to most neurosurgical practices have been discussed. These include the intraventricular catheter, subarachnoid screw, and the closed Rickham reservoir connected to a ventricular catheter. In our institution, the Rickham reservoir has been used to monitor ICP and at the time of this report, satisfactory ICP recordings have been obtained in 27 of 30 head injury patients. Although this method requires a small surgical procedure, we believe that the decreased incidence of infection, the rapid access to ventricular fluid, and its potential for long term monitoring justify its use. Suggestions for monitoring other physiological parameters have also been presented. Particular emphasis has been placed on the management of infants and children with head injuries. The clinical entity of chronic subdural hematoma in infants and children has been used to illustrate the value of ICP monitoring as a guide to further treatment. Finally, we have briefly discussed the place of computers in day to day patient care, research, and monitoring.
D001794:Blood Pressure; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D014695:Cerebral Ventriculography; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000209:etiology; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D004453:Echoencephalography; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008722:Methods; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012119:Respiration; D012886:Skull / Q000293:injuries; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance