title: Absence of hepatitis B antigens from feces and sewage as a result of enzymatic destruction.
abstract: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) was not detected in sewage by means of a sensitive affinity chromatography method combined with radioimmunoassay. The antigen was also absent from the feces and urine of 23 patients with HBs Ag antigenemia; this observation indicates that HBs Ag is rarely discharged into sewage. The absence of HBs Ag from feces is ascribed to antagonists of an enzymatic nature or to carboxypeptidase A, which destroys the antigen. Antagonists with similar effects were produced by three species of Pseudomonas but were not produced by various other bacteria. HBs Ag was also destroyed by two subtilisin enzymes. When hepatitis B sera were incubated with these enzymes or with the antagonists, small spherical particles, tubules, and the coats of Dane particles disappeared first, and Dane cores disappeared later. Although sewage or activated sludge did not affect the stability of HBs Ag, the results indicate that even Dane cores are not excreted in feces and that sewage plays a negligible role in the spread of HBs Ag, Dane cores, and viral hepatitis type B.
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002268:Carboxypeptidases / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D002918:Chymotrypsin; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology; D005243:Feces / Q000276:immunology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000635:transmission*; D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011402:Pronase; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000201:enzymology; D012722:Sewage; D013381:Subtilisins
chemical_list: D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens; D012722:Sewage; D002268:Carboxypeptidases; D013381:Subtilisins; D002918:Chymotrypsin; D011402:Pronase