title: Influence of topical anesthesia on tear dynamics and ocular drug bioavailability in albino rabbits.
abstract: The bioavailability of topically applied ocular drugs is very poor, due largely to drug loss through drainage and tear turnover. The use of high viscosity solutions or solid matrixes to delay or eliminate drainage is the usual approach for decreasing drug loss but the alternative approach of chemically reducing tear turnover and/or solution drainage has not been investigated. By means of a simple isotopic dilution technique, using radioactive technetium sulfur colloid, the quantitative influence of topical anesthetics on tear production and instilled solution drainage was determined. The reduction in the rate of tear turnover and solution drainage varies for different anesthetics and is dose dependent. The implication of these results for some long accepted clinical procedures is discussed, and questions are raised regarding the present understanding of the mechanisms of tear production. Quantitation of precorneal drug loss through instilled solution drainage and tear turnover permits the establishment of a baseline for ocular drug bioavailability. Aqueous humor drug concentration versus time profiles of radioactive pilocarpine nitrate were obtained, both in the presence and absence of topical anesthesia. The results verify the importance of tear turnover and instilled solution drainage as a major route of drug loss in the eye. Moreover, the success of the present study in improving ocular drug bioavailability by the chemical approach of repressing solution drainage and tear turnover suggests that this approach is viable for improving drug bioavailability.
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism; D001682:Biological Availability; D007700:Kinetics; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D013666:Tears / Q000187:drug effects*; D013667:Technetium; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010862:Pilocarpine; D013748:Tetracaine; D013667:Technetium; D008012:Lidocaine