title: Electrocardiographic manifestations of dual pathways of retrograde impulse conduction in the human heart.
abstract: Three cases are presented in which the electrocardiogram provided evidence for the functioning of two separate pathways of retrograde impulse conduction. In the first case, distinct points of entry of the impulses into the atria are inferred. In the second case, the origin of the retrograde impulses was created by the stimuli of an artificial pacemaker. In the third case, the operation of two pathways of retrograde conduction was evidenced by the demonstrated differences of the refractory periods and the conduction velocities. Each of the three cases reflects a particular aspect of the phenomenon.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000503:physiopathology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D013997:Time Factors