title: Methods of spread of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus in the southern Californian epidemic of 1971-1973.
abstract: Data collected during the velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) epidemic that occurred in southern California from 1971 to 1973 were analyzed to determine the methods of spread of the disease. Spread between chicken flocks was extensive and due mainly to the movement of live birds and mechanical transport of virus by man, especially by vaccination and poultry service crews. Spread to exotic birds was from contact with infected imported stock. Spread to other species was most probably through contact with infected chickens. Infection persisted in commercial chicken flocks because of intensive vaccination programs, heavy traffic and contact between layer operations, and the maintenance of multi-age flocks. These foci of infection probably led to spread of the disease to areas from which VVND had been eradicated several months before. There was no evidence of significant wind-borne spread of virus between flocks.
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D002140:California; D002645:Chickens; D010856:Columbidae; D004199:Disease Vectors; D004372:Ducks; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005777:Geese; D006801:Humans; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D014422:Turkeys; D014919:Wind