title: A procedure to produce gnotobiotic calves by cesarean section.
abstract: An effective and economical method was developed for procuring and rearing calves in gnotobiotic conditions. To evaluate apparatuses and surgical techniques, three calves, 1 to 3, welf 1 was weak and pale at delivery and died within 5 hours after delivery. Calf 2 was delivered alive, but died from a human error at 3 days of age. It was free from demonstrable bacteria and fungi at that time. Calf 3 was also successfully delivered and raised. It was killed at 10 days of age, since fungi were isolated from the feces and waste materials from it.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D006799:Housing, Animal; D011247:Pregnancy