title: Central effects of clonidine 2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride in fowls.
abstract: 1 The effects of clonidine infused into the IIIrd cerebral ventricle, the hypothalamus or intravenously were studied on behaviour, electrocortical activity, body, comb and leg temperatures, respiration and carbon dioxide elimination in adult and young fowls (Gallus domesticus). 2 Behavioural and electrocortical slow wave sleep were induced by clonidine infused into IIIrd cerebral ventricle, the hypothalamus or intravenously. Suprisingly, sleep elicited by intravenous clonidine was much longer-lasting than that induced by an identical dose given intraventricularly. 3 Body temperature was lowered by clonidine given intraventricularly or infused into the hypothalamus. Depending on initial comb temperature and ambient temperature, comb temperature was elevated, unaffected or lowered as body temperature fell; temperature of the unfeathered legs also rose as body temperature declined after clonidine. 4 Following clonidine, but before any considerable decline of body temperature, tachypnoea and wing abduction developed; during recovery of body temperature, the wings were lowered and applied closely to the trunk and the feathers partly erected. 5 CO2 elimination fell more swiftly than body temperature following intrahypothalamic clonidine in young chicks; initial recovery developed sooner than that of body temperature, but eventual recovery was delayed compared to that for body temperature. The effects of clonidine were much more marked in young chicks studied at an ambient temperature below thermoneutrality as compared to thermoneutrality. 6 The soporific effects of clonidine were attenuated by intraventricular phentolamine; its hypothermic effects were prevented by phenoxybenzamine and prevented or attenuated by phentolamine. Intraventricular atropine, haloperidol, methysergide and propranolol were ineffective. 7 Larger doses of intraventricular phentolamine elicited shivering, tachypnoea and wing abduction; body temperature was elevated, to the extent even of lethal hyperthermia. Intraventricular atropine also elevated body temperature. 8 Clonidine infused intravenously, intraventricularly or into the hypothalamus, replaced the behavioural and electrocortical arousal evoked with dexamphetamine, by sleep associated with slow wave electrocortical activity.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003129:Comb and Wattles / Q000187:drug effects; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D007031:Hypothalamus; D007267:Injections; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D003000:Clonidine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine; D009638:Norepinephrine