title: Right ventricular apexangiography for precise placement of transvenous electrode catheters.
abstract: A simple angiographic technique (right ventricular apexangiography) for positioning permanent transvenous pacemakers is described. With this technique, electrode failure occurred in only five (3%) of 186 patients followed for more than two years, as compared to an average failure rate of 23% in 11 reported series. Right ventricular apexangiography should be particularly useful in those patients in whom problems arise during insertion of a permanent transvenous electrode catheter.
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007702:Kinetocardiography; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011859:Radiography