title: Eardrum displacement following stapedius muscle contraction.
abstract: Simultaneous monitoring in human subjects on the same ear of eardrum displacement by tympanomanometry, and impedance with the electroacoustic bridge, provided information concerning contraction of the stapedius muscle and its effect on eardrum displacement. Extensive control procedures were employed to elicit only the stapedius reflex; lower intensity auditory stimulation, electrocutaneous stimulation of the homolateral external ear canal, and anesthetization of nerves leading to the tensor tympani. Following these procedures the following results were obtained: (1) Extremely small biphasic and monophasic eardrum movements were seen in the stapedius--only ear to auditory and electrocutaneous stimulation; the form of the response was much less predictable to auditory stimulation. (2) At high sound intensities relatively large inward and biphasic movements of the eardrum occurred in the normal ear, unquestionably due to contraction of the tensor tympani. These results were further validated in a group of stapedectomized ears, without the stapedius but with normal tensor tympani. (3) Biphasic responses did not occur in the tensor tympani--only ear, only monophasic inward responses. (4) Upon air-jet stimulation to the orbit of the eye, these subjects had an accentuated tensor response in that large inward movements of the eardrum occurred as compared with those in normal ears, suggesting that there is an alteration of the tensor response by the presence of the stapedius muscle. Estimates of the actual eardrum displacement were calculated based on a model of the external ear canal and eardrum.
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block; D003042:Cocaine; D004429:Ear Ossicles / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D013199:Stapes / Q000502:physiology*; D013201:Stapes Surgery; D013719:Tensor Tympani / Q000502:physiology; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine