title: Ultrastructure of the joint receptors of the tortoise (Testudo graeca. Emys orbicularis).
abstract: The ultrastructure of the spray-like ramified encapsulated corpuscles with the primitive inner core from the joint capsules of the large limb joints of the tortoise (Testudo graeca and Emys orbicularis) was examined. Each of the branches of the receptor consists of three components. Through the middle of the receptor branche runs the nerve terminal, containing in the receptor matrix numerous mitochondria, tiny light vesicles and neurofilaments and neurotubules running in the axial way. The nerve terminal gives off on some places among the inner core cells tiny finger-like processes. The axon is surrounded by the inner core cells and their irregular plasmatic processes. Among the inner core cells and their irregular plasmatic processes there is a labyrinth of spaces, connected centrally with the periaxonal space and with the boundary space on the periphery. The inner core cells are covered on the surface, turning to the boundary space by the basal membrane. The inner core has a very primitive structure, it still lacks the typical lamellar structure. The capsule of the receptor is formed by flat cells, which surround the inner core in 1--3 layers. Between the capsule of the receptor and the inner core is the boundary space, containihg sporadical collagenous fibrils. The structure of the spray-like ramified encapsulated corpuscles with the primitive inner core from the joint capsules of the tortoise is analogous to the simple lamellar receptors from the skin of some reptiles (Von Düring 1973, 1974). The primitive structure of the inner core of the joint receptors in the tortoise reminds of the structure of the inner core of the developing simple (paciniform) corpuscles (Poláĉek and Halata 1970) and Pacinian corpuscles (Malinovský 1974). The observed nerve endings represent a primitive, early stage in phylogeny development of the lamellar mechanoreceptors.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005121:Extremities; D007596:Joints / Q000294:innervation*; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010802:Phylogeny; D014426:Turtles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*