title: Tired blood and rusty livers.
abstract: Iron deficiency is one of the most serious nutritional problems confronting the United States and the world today. An understanding of the mechanisms operative in the control of uptake and utilization of iron is essential to develop suitable prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Iron excess can also be a serious health hazard. Studies on Bantu siderosis, hemochromatosis and other overload pathologies also provide insight into the intake and storage of this metal. Several models for iron transport across the mucosal membrane are developed. The most satisfactory seems to involve chelation of the iron to provide solubility diffusion passively across the gut membrane, and equilibrium binding to various storage sites within the tissue. Both ferric and ferrous forms are available. The solution chemistry of iron governs its biological behavior. Low-molecular-weight compounds present in normal dietary foodstuffs, as well as those prepared synthetically, can enhance the uptake of oral iron. Suitable application of complexes of iron with fructose, nitrilotriacetate, citrate and other molecules should be efficacious in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Potential dangers of food fortification with iron are acknowledged, and application of immunoassay techniques for measuring circulating ferritin suggest it as a rapid and inexpensive monitor for overload.
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000378:metabolism; D000747:Anemia, Hypochromic / Q000378:metabolism*; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000506:poisoning / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006486:Hemosiderosis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D012806:Siderosis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D007501:Iron