title: Anticonvulsive properties of cinnarizine and flunarizine in rats and mice.
abstract: The anticonvulsive properties of orally administered cinnarizine [(E)-1-(diphenylmethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)-piperazine], its difluoro derivative flunarizine [(E)-1-(bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)-piperazine], diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital, were studied against maximal metrazol seizures (MMS) in rats and maximal electroshock seizures (MES) in mice. In rats (MMS), the lowest ED50 for protection against tonic extension of hindpaws was 4.10 mg/kg (1 h 35 min after treatment) with sodium phenobarbital, 6.04 mg/kg (5 h 45 min) with flunarizine dihydrochloride, 9.84 mg/kg (2 h 34 min) with cinnarizine and 19.30 mg/kg (3 h 38 min) with diphenylhydantoin. In mice (MES), protection against tonic extension of hindpaws was (2 h after treatment) 7.0 mg/kg with diphenylhydantoin, 13.2 mg/kg with sodium phenobarbital, 20.9 mg/kg with flunarizine kihydrochloride and 49.0 mg/kg with cinnarizine. Except at subtoxic doses no side effects were observed in rats and mice given cinnarizine, flunarizine kihydrochloride or kiphenylhydantoin. Phenobarbital induced ataxia in rats and mice at 22 mg/kg and 42.7 mg/kg, respectively, and loss of righting reflex at 112.8 mg/kg and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Flunarizine is the longest-acting drug and has the slowest onset. At a dose of twice the minimal ED50 flunarizine affords protection against tonic extension of hindpaws in rats (MMS) for 23 h 30 min dephenylhydantoin for 11 h 38 min, phenobarbital for 8 h 22 min and cinnarizine for 8 h 16 min. Peak effect was reached with flunarizine at 5 h 45 min, with diphenylhydantoin at 3 h 38 min, with cinnarizine at 2 h 34 min and with phenobarbital at 1 h 35 min. The anti-MMS profiles of cinnarizine and flunarizine resemble that of dephenylhydantoin as all three compounds are selective blockers of tonic extension of hindpaws. Phenobarbital antagonized the whole MMS-pattern, i.e., tremors, clonic convulsions and tonic extension of fore- and hindpaws. However, the effects of phenobarbital against tremors, clonic convulsions and tonic extension of forepaws may reflect more a general CNS-depressant effect than a specific anticonvulsive activity since neurotoxic effects (ataxia and loss of righting reflex) appear at the same doses.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D002936:Cinnarizine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004597:Electroshock; D005260:Female; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010879:Piperazines; D002936:Cinnarizine; D010672:Phenytoin; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole; D010634:Phenobarbital