title: Interferon-induced Mx proteins form oligomers and contain a putative leucine zipper.
abstract: Interferons induce a number of different proteins that mediate the antiproliferative, antiviral, and immunomodulatory functions of interferons. At least three different proteins mediate the antiviral response, and one of them, Mx protein, specifically inhibits the replication of influenza virus and (vesicular stomatitis virus). Mouse and rat Mx1 proteins are nuclear, whereas other presently known Mx proteins are cytoplasmic. The cellular functions of Mx proteins are unknown, but all of them contain a consensus GTP binding site. Very little information is available on the structure and characteristics of the mouse Mx1 protein itself. For biochemical characterization, we expressed mouse Mx1 protein in a baculovirus system and purified it to homogeneity. The purified protein as well as the authentic murine cellular Mx1 protein exists in dimers and trimers in the presence of dissociating solvents, whereas in physiological buffers they form aggregates. Cross-linking experiments done on Mx-expressing cells from various species revealed that mouse, rat, and human Mx proteins exist predominantly in trimers. Amino acid sequence analysis shows that all known Mx proteins have conserved leucine repeats typical for a leucine zipper at their COOH-terminal end. In vitro translation of chimeric catechol O-methyltransferase-Mx1 gene constructs revealed that the leucine zipper domain of Mx1 protein is responsible for the oligomerization. The COOH terminus also functions as a nuclear localization signal. Microinjection of purified oligomers into the cell cytoplasm resulted in a fast accumulation of the protein in the resulted in a fast accumulation of the protein in the nucleus. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that nuclear murine Mx1 protein exists in distinct, electron-dense structures separate from nuclear membrane, and chromatin, or nucleolus. These observations reveal that a COOH-terminal leucine zipper domain is an important structural element of all Mx proteins. Its relevance to the biology and functions of Mx proteins is presently not known.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002460:Cell Line; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D007372:Interferons / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016350:Leucine Zippers / Q000235:genetics*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D051379:Mice; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010957:Plasmids; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051381:Rats; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; C579070:Mx1 protein, mouse; C579069:Mx1 protein, rat; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D011506:Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D007372:Interferons; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins