title: Histopathology of smokeless tobacco lesions in professional baseball players. Associations with different types of tobacco.
abstract: We examined 142 biopsy specimens of smokeless tobacco-associated oral mucosal lesions from 133 professional baseball players. Four types of epithelial change were observed in the specimens: hyperparakeratosis, hyperorthokeratosis, pale surface staining, and basal cell hyperplasia. These types of epithelial change were associated with the type of smokeless tobacco used (snuff or chewing tobacco) but not with the duration (years) or amount (hours per day) of use. The thickness of hyperkeratosis in a specimen correlated directly with the amount of smokeless tobacco use. The use of snuff was more frequently associated with development of oral mucosal lesions than was the use of chewing tobacco, and snuff appeared to cause a greater variety and severity of epithelial change than did chewing tobacco.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001484:Baseball; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007633:Keratins; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D013997:Time Factors; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007633:Keratins