title: Three essential promoter elements mediate tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 activation of the granulocyte-colony stimulating factor gene.
abstract: Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a haemopoietic growth factor produced by mesenchymal cells but not T lymphocytes after stimulation with specific cytokines or mitogens. A 330 bp promoter fragment of the human G-CSF gene induced reporter gene expression in human embryonic lung fibroblasts in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). The same promoter fragment was not active in Jurkat T cells nor did it respond to phorbol ester in either cell type. At least three distinct elements, the CK-1 sequence, a decanucleotide present in haemopoietic growth factor genes, an NF-IL-6 consensus sequence and a consensus octamer sequence, were essential in the G-CSF promoter for TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta response. Mutation of any of these sequences abolished promoter function. In contrast, mutation of two other consensus protein binding sequences, i.e. a Pu-1 site and a CK-2-like sequence, did not eliminate promoter function. Both the CK-1 and octamer sequences acted independently as TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta responsive elements upstream of a heterologous promoter. The response of the octamer sequence and the 330 bp promoter but not the CK-1 sequence was greater with IL-1 beta than TNF-alpha reflecting a similar response of the endogenous gene.
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002051:Burkitt Lymphoma; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008168:Lung; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D010957:Plasmids; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D012313:RNA; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase