title: Alpha-noradrenergic modulation of hypothalamic self-stimulation: studies employing clonidine, 1-phenylephrine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine.
abstract: An alpha-noradrenergic substrate of rewarding intracranial stimulation (ICS) has been hypothesized based on the observation that the alpha-antagonist phentolamine produced an inhibition of self-stimulation. The present experiment investigated the effects on hypothalamic self-stimulation of the alpha agonist clonidine in normal and in catecholamine-depleted rats. Using a shuttle-box technique that provides a rate-independent index of the rewarding and aversive components of ICS, it was demonstrated that clonidine produces a dose-dependent inhibition of reward that is clearly dissociable from any non-specific effects of the drug. The ineffectiveness of the peripheral alpha-agonist 1-phenylephrine indicates that the inhibition of reward produced by clonidine is mediated centrally. Clonidine and the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine act together in a synergistic manner to greatly increase the magnitude and prolong the duration of the inhibition of reward while leaving the aversive component unaffected. These data are interpreted as supporting an alpha-noradrenergic basis of ICS reward while indicating that the aversive component of ICS is essentially independent of noradrenergic transmission.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008781:Methyltyrosines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology*; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012653:Self Stimulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008781:Methyltyrosines; D010656:Phenylephrine; D003000:Clonidine; D009638:Norepinephrine