title: Tumor angiogenesis: a new significant and independent prognostic indicator in early-stage breast carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Axillary lymph node status has been the most important prognostic factor in operable breast carcinoma, but it does not fully account for the varied disease outcome. More accurate prognostic indicators would help in selection of patients at high risk for disease recurrence and death who are candidates for systemic adjuvant therapy. Our recent findings indicated that microvessel density (count or grade) in invasive breast carcinoma (a measure of tumor angiogenesis) is associated with metastasis and thus may be a prognostic indicator.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to further define the relationship of microvessel density with overall and relapse-free survival and with other reported prognostic indicators in breast carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, blinded study of 165 consecutive patients, the microvessels within primary invasive breast carcinoma were highlighted by immunocytochemical staining to detect factor VIII-related antigen. Using light microscopy, we counted microvessels per 200x field in the most active areas of neovascularization and graded microvessel density. These findings were correlated, by univariate and multivariate analyses, with overall and relapse-free survival, axillary node status, and other prognostic indicators (median follow-up, 51 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a highly significant (P < or = .001) association of microvessel density with overall survival and relapse-free survival in all patients, including node-negative and node-positive subsets. All patients with breast carcinomas having more than 100 microvessels per 200x field experienced tumor recurrence within 33 months of diagnosis, compared with less than 5% of the patients with breast carcinoma having 33 or fewer microvessels per 200x field. Moreover, microvessel density was the only statistically significant predictor of overall survival among node-negative women (P < .001). Only microvessel density (P < .001) and histologic grade (P = .04) showed statistically significant correlations with relapse-free survival in the node-negative subset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microvessel density in the area of the most intense neovascularization in invasive breast carcinoma is an independent and highly significant prognostic indicator for overall and relapse-free survival in patients with early-stage breast carcinoma (I or II by International Union Against Cancer criteria).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such an indicator would be useful in selection of those node-negative patients with breast carcinoma who are at high risk for having occult metastasis at presentation. These patients could then be given systemic adjuvant therapy.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate