title: Teratogenesis.
abstract: In this presentation the scope of the problem of teratogenesis and the essentials of teratology are briefly reviewed. The teratogenicity of any compound is a reflection of a complex interaction of the compound with both the maternal and fetal tissues, the genetic background of the fetus, and the time sequence of gestational events. Under such circumstances the implication of a single compound as a teratogen is difficult, a fact reflected in the high percentage of congenital morphologic abnormalities for which no cause can be ascribed. Four compounds--thalidomide, anticonvulsants, alcohol, and folic acid antagonists--with a known teratogenetic effect on the musculoskeletal system are discussed, as is the role of the orthopedic surgeon in teratology.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000196:embryology / Q000209:etiology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D000630:Aminopterin / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008954:Models, Biological; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D013723:Teratogens / Q000009:adverse effects; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D013723:Teratogens; D013792:Thalidomide; D000630:Aminopterin