title: The United States: breakthroughs and waste.
abstract: The health system of the United States is in a paradoxical position. At its best, the system is a magnet for those seeking the latest technical breakthroughs. It can offer that excellence because there have never been effective financial constraints on the imagination; the system has become a major economic frontier, at which professional and other entrepreneurs successfully seek their fortune. At the same time, the system is leaving increasing numbers of Americans frustrated and disillusioned. It is beset by excess capacity in many areas, is needlessly expensive, and often bestows unnecessary health services. Yet only the experts are aware of these flaws; most Americans still express high satisfaction with the quality of the services they receive from their doctors and hospitals. The public's major misgivings arise over the awkward and inequitable way in which American health care is financed. The typical private health insurance policy, for example, is tied to a particular job. If the job is lost, so is the health insurance. Furthermore, these policies are priced on actuarially "fair" principles, so sick individuals are forced to pay higher insurance premiums than relatively healthy ones and chronically ill persons often cannot obtain health insurance coverage at any price. Although there are public programs to catch many persons not privately insured, the coverage tends to be insufficiently extensive and deep. Some 35 million Americans, mostly poor, have no health insurance whatsoever. Unfortunately, at this time there is no political force in the United States strong enough to reform the American health system toward greater social equity and economic efficiency, whereas there are numerous groups powerful enough to block whatever reform might harm their own narrow economic interests. Other nations can learn from America's clinical and organizational innovations in health care delivery. They can also learn what not to do by studying the unseemly way in which American health care is financed.
authors.affiliation: Princeton University.
authors.forename: U E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
mesh_terms: D003363:Cost Control / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D004465:Economic Competition; D005249:Fees and Charges; D005382:Financing, Personal; D006076:Government; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006291:Health Policy; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006739:Hospital Administration; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D010820:Physicians; D011153:Population; D011364:Professional Practice; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D013219:State Government; D014481:United States