title: Dietary intake and thiamin, iron, and zinc status in elite Nordic skiers during different training periods.
abstract: This study evaluated how different training periods affect dietary intake and biochemical indices of thiamin, iron, and zinc status in elite Nordic skiers. Subjects were 17 skiers and 39 controls, ages 18-38 yrs. Dietary data were collected by 7-day food records at 3-month intervals. Coefficient of variation (CV) was used to indicate magnitude of seasonal changes. Energy intake for the year (28 food record days) was 3,802 kcal/day (CV 19.1%) in male skiers, 2,754 kcal/day (CV 3.7%) in male controls, 2,812 kcal/day (CV 9.1%) in female skiers, and 2,013 kcal/day (CV 5.9%) in female controls. CVs for thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc intake were 14.1-23.9% (male skiers), 2.9-15.0% (male controls), 4.8-24.5% (female skiers), and 4.3-11.5% (female controls). Seasonal changes in energy, carbohydrate, and micronutrient intakes reflected energy expenditure in male endurance athletes particularly. Erythrocyte transketolase activation coefficients and serum ferritin and zinc concentrations did not differ between skiers and controls. Seasonal variations in these biochemical indices of nutritional status were of the same magnitude in skiers and controls, despite large changes in skiers' physical activity.
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Dept of Nutrition, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fogelholm
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehunen
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Gref
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruokonen
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Himberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012621:Seasons; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*; D013831:Thiamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc; D013831:Thiamine