title: Nucleocapsid zinc fingers detected in retroviruses: EXAFS studies of intact viruses and the solution-state structure of the nucleocapsid protein from HIV-1.
abstract: All retroviral nucleocapsid (NC) proteins contain one or two copies of an invariant 3Cys-1His array (CCHC = C-X2-C-X4-H-X4-C; C = Cys, H = His, X = variable amino acid) that are essential for RNA genome packaging and infectivity and have been proposed to function as zinc-binding domains. Although the arrays are capable of binding zinc in vitro, the physiological relevance of zinc coordination has not been firmly established. We have obtained zinc-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra for intact retroviruses in order to determine if virus-bound zinc, which is present in quantities nearly stoichiometric with the CCHC arrays (Bess, J.W., Jr., Powell, P.J., Issaq, H.J., Schumack, L.J., Grimes, M.K., Henderson, L.E., & Arthur, L.O., 1992, J. Virol. 66, 840-847), exists in a unique coordination environment. The viral EXAFS spectra obtained are remarkably similar to the spectrum of a model CCHC zinc finger peptide with known 3Cys-1His zinc coordination structure. This finding, combined with other biochemical results, indicates that the majority of the viral zinc is coordinated to the NC CCHC arrays in mature retroviruses. Based on these findings, we have extended our NMR studies of the HIV-1 NC protein and have determined its three-dimensional solution-state structure. The CCHC arrays of HIV-1 NC exist as independently folded, noninteracting domains on a flexible polypeptide chain, with conservatively substituted aromatic residues forming hydrophobic patches on the zinc finger surfaces. These residues are essential for RNA genome recognition, and fluorescence measurements indicate that at least one residue (Trp37) participates directly in binding to nucleic acids in vitro. The NC is only the third HIV-1 protein to be structurally characterized, and the combined EXAFS, structural, and nucleic acid-binding results provide a basis for the rational design of new NC-targeted antiviral agents and vaccines for the control of AIDS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County 21228.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Chance
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bess
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: South
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sagi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perez-Alvarado
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sowder
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hare
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000378:metabolism; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000737:chemistry*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012996:Solutions; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D014764:Viral Proteins; D016335:Zinc Fingers; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D015342:DNA Probes; D015683:Gene Products, gag; C071884:NCP7 protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D012996:Solutions; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus