title: Comparative efficacy of alternative hand-washing agents in reducing nosocomial infections in intensive care units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective hand-washing can prevent nosocomial infections, particularly in high-risk areas of the hospital. There are few clinical studies of the efficacy of specific hand-cleansing agents in preventing the transmission of pathogens from health care workers to patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  For eight months, we conducted a prospective multiple-crossover trial involving 1894 adult patients in three intensive care units (ICUs). In a given month, the ICU used a hand-washing system involving either chlorhexidine, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, or 60 percent isopropyl alcohol with the optional use of a nonmedicated soap; in alternate months the other system was used. Rates of nosocomial infection and hand-washing compliance were monitored prospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When chlorhexidine was used, there were 152 nosocomial infections, as compared with 202 when the combination of alcohol and soap was used (adjusted incidence-density ratio [IDR], 0.73; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.59 to 0.90). The largest reduction with chlorhexidine was in gastrointestinal infections (IDR, 0.19; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.64). When chlorhexidine was available, the rates of nosocomial infection declined in each of the ICUs, and health care workers washed their hands more often than when alcohol and soap were used (relative risk, 1.28; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.60). The total volume of alcohol and soap used was 46 percent that of chlorhexidine (P less than 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A hand-disinfection system using an antimicrobial agent (chlorhexidine) reduces the rate of nosocomial infections more effectively than one using alcohol and soap. The improvement may be explained at least in part by better compliance with hand-washing instructions when chlorhexidine was used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242.
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Doebbeling
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Sheetz
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pfaller
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Annis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wenzel
mesh_terms: D000433:1-Propanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003187:Compliance; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D004203:Disinfection; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012915:Soaps
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D012915:Soaps; D000433:1-Propanol; D002710:Chlorhexidine