title: Identification of cis- and trans-acting factors regulating the expression of the human insulin receptor gene.
abstract: The functional organization of the human insulin receptor (hIR) promoter was analyzed by deletion mutagenesis and protein-DNA interaction studies. A series of deletion mutants was expressed transiently in two human hepatocytes, HepG2 and PLC. The results revealed that the promoter region between -692 and -345 is essential for efficient transcription of the hIR gene. Multiple trans-acting factors were identified by band shift and footprinting analyses. Sp1 binds to a cluster of GC boxes and two GGGAGG hexamers locating at -637 to -594. Adjacent to GC boxes, there are two regions, from -550 to -530 and from -522 to -503, which bind to two novel factors, IRNF-I and IRNF-II. These two factors are distributed differentially in different cell lines. Linker scanning mutations on GC, GA boxes, or the IRNF-I binding site significantly decreased the transcriptional activity, indicating that IRNF-I and Sp1 are important for hIR promoter activity. In addition, we demonstrated that glucocorticoid-dependent transcriptional induction of hIR mRNA in vivo is conferred by a glucocorticoid response element in the hIR promoter. Taken together, these results imply that transcription of the human insulin receptor gene is regulated by multiple protein-DNA interactions occurring within the defined promoter region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D008745:Methylation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010957:Plasmids; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase; D011972:Receptor, Insulin