title: Hemodynamic responses to noxious stimuli in brain-dead organ donors.
abstract: The case report presents evidence for the spinal origin of the marked hypertensive responses to noxious stimuli that may occur in organ donors who fulfill the commonly accepted criteria of brain death. Cardiovascular spinal reflex activity does not invalidate these criteria. For the first time, the catecholamine plasma concentrations have been determined during spinal pressor reflex activity. Circulating epinephrine increased more markedly than norepinephrine in both cases, rising to 4.7 and 44 times the baseline concentration respectively. The relation between plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine suggests involvement of the adrenal medulla in the reflex arc. The literature on spinal hemodynamic reflexes is reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Steglitz Medical Center, Free University of Berlin, FRG.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gramm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meinhold
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dennhardt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Voigt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001926:Brain Death / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines