title: Formaldehyde and hexamethylenetetramine as food additives: chemical interactions and toxicology.
abstract: Formaldehyde (FA) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) are used in cheese production to control gas-forming clostridia; FA also occurs naturally in some foods at levels of 1-20 mg/kg. The toxicology of FA and HMT are briefly discussed together with their reaction in foods. The most abundant end-product of FA in cheese is spinacine derived from the N-terminal histidine residue in gamma 2-casein. Acute and short term toxicological studies on spinacine enable a No Observed Effect Level of 300 mg/kg body weight/day to be determined, leading to an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for man of 3 mg/kg body weight/day. From these data a Tolerance Level (TL) of 1800 mg spinacine/kg cheese can be derived, leading to a Safety Margin (SM) of 12.9. It is concluded that there is no appreciable health risk from consumption of cheese made using formaldehyde (Grana Padano) or hexamethylenetetramine (Provolone).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Restani
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Restelli
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Galli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002611:Cheese; D005502:Food; D005503:Food Additives / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D008709:Methenamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D005557:Formaldehyde; D008709:Methenamine