title: Interleukin 1 and its relationship to endotoxin tolerance.
abstract: Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS])-induced cytokine release has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Sublethal doses of LPS induce tolerance to a septic insult. This study evaluated pretreatment with interleukin 1 (IL-1) against an LPS challenge and examined its relationship to endotoxin tolerance. C3H/HeN mice (N = 100) were injected intraperitoneally with phosphate-buffered saline (control group), IL-1 (200 micrograms/kg), or LPS (1 mg/kg) for 3 days. On day 5, peritoneal macrophages were harvested and assayed for antimicrobial activity (superoxide anion production and Candida albicans phagocytosis). Serum cytokine levels and survival after an LPS challenge on day 5 were also assessed. Pretreatment with IL-1 or LPS significantly increased superoxide anion production, C albicans phagocytosis, and survival compared with pretreatment with phosphate-buffered solution. Interleukin 6 levels significantly decreased in the IL-1 and LPS groups. Peak levels of tumor necrosis factor significantly decreased only in the LPS group. Thus, pretreatment with IL-1 or low doses of LPS may exert protective effects by decreasing levels of interleukin 6 while increasing antimicrobial activity. Mice pretreated with IL-1 were protected from endotoxin despite elevated peak levels of tumor necrosis factor, suggesting a different mechanism for endotoxin tolerance than for tolerance to tumor necrosis factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shou
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Daly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D013481:Superoxides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013481:Superoxides