title: Effects of essential hypertension and antihypertensive medications on sweat formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sweat volume and ionic composition depend to a large extent upon the cytosolic free calcium level in secretory sweat cells and sodium and potassium transport in the reabsorptive sweat duct. Since essential hypertension and its treatment with antihypertensive drugs is likely to be associated with altered cellular ionic regulation, the objective of this research was to explore sweat formation and sweat parameters in hypertensive and normotensive subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Black and white hypertensive and normotensive subjects of both genders were studied. Essential hypertensives were on or off antihypertensive medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pilocarpine iontophoresis was used to induce sweat in a 5-cm2 area of the middle forearm. Sweat was analyzed for volume, sodium and potassium concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females demonstrated lower sweat volumes after pilocarpine stimulation than males. Untreated hypertensive white males exhibited a higher pilocarpine-induced sweat volume and sweat sodium excretion than normotensive white males, whilst hypertensive white males on antihypertensive medication showed a lower sweat volume and sweat sodium excretion than both normotensive white males and untreated essential hypertensive white males. Although untreated hypertensive white females did not show significant alterations in sweat parameters, treated hypertensive white females exhibited lower sweat volume and sweat sodium excretion than both the normotensive and untreated essential hypertensive white females. These hypertension and drug related alterations were not present in hypertensive black males and females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are consistent with the heterogeneous nature of essential hypertension and the diversity of the response to antihypertensive therapy. They suggest that the effect of antihypertensive medication on sweat formation is mediated through cytosolic free calcium.
authors.affiliation: Assaf Harofe Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aladjem
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lasker
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bogden
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aviv
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044383:Black People; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis; D013542:Sweat / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013545:Sweat Glands / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium