title: Hypercalcemia and neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate: a report of three cases and a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypercalcemia is a rare complication of prostate cancer, and no definite association with any histologic subtype of prostatic malignancy has been documented. We have recently seen three patients who developed hypercalcemia in the setting of prostate cancer. All had neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate (NCPs), which prompted an exploration of the potential association of hypercalcemia with NCP.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive review of literature published in the English-language was conducted to identify cases of hypercalcemia associated with prostate cancer and well-documented cases of NCP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 17 reported cases of hypercalcemia clearly associated with prostate cancer and a total of 61 cases of well-documented NCP. Including our cases, 11 of the 20 reported cases of hypercalcemia associated with prostate carcinoma were in patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypercalcemia in the setting of prostate cancer should prompt a search for unusual histologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Trump
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000556:secondary; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology