title: Optical principles of loupes.
abstract: The use of magnification to improve precision in dental procedures goes back more than a century. However, inadequate understanding of the optical principles employed in the various types of dental loupes can lead to poor fit and adjustment and, eventually, unnecessary eye strain. Eye movement, depth of field, working distance, illumination, crossover point and exit pupil are defined and discussed relative to choosing dental loupes.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Shanelec
mesh_terms: D003762:Dental Instruments; D006801:Humans; D007909:Lenses; D055095:Optics and Photonics