title: Divergent kinetics of 201Tl and 99mTc-SESTAMIBI in cultured chick ventricular myocytes during ATP depletion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thallous chloride (201Tl) and hexakis(2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile) technetium (I) (99mTc-SESTAMIBI) are myocardial perfusion imaging agents with biological properties that also reflect tissue viability. Initial myocellular uptake rates of 201Tl reflect activity of Na,K-ATPase, whereas those of 99mTc-SESTAMIBI reflect mean plasma membrane potential.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To better understand the mechanistic responses of these tracers to myocellular injury, cultured chick embryo cardiac myocytes were metabolically inhibited in iodoacetate (1 mM) and rotenone (10 microM) for up to 2 hours, and initial uptake rates of each agent were determined at successive intervals along with correlative cellular contents of ATP, sodium, and potassium and lactate dehydrogenase release. ATP content fell from 30.5 +/- 1.4 to 2.7 +/- 0.9 nmol.(mg protein)-1 within 2 minutes, whereas sodium and potassium contents ran down their thermodynamic gradients more slowly (t 1/2 approximately 60 minutes). Modestly severe cell injury was produced at 2 hours as estimated by lactate dehydrogenase release (18% of total). Initial uptake rates of 201Tl declined from 6.9 +/- 0.8 to 4.0 +/- 0.4 fmol.(mg protein)-1.(nMo)-1.(min)-1 by 20 minutes and remained depressed and ouabain (100 microM)-insensitive at 30 +/- 13% of control. Conversely, initial uptake rates of 99mTc-SESTAMIBI increased from 10.6 +/- 0.8 to 15.0 +/- 0.6 fmol.(mg protein)-1.(nMo)-1.(min)-1 within 10 minutes, remained elevated for 40-60 minutes, and later declined to low values. Injury-induced enhancement of initial uptake rates of 99mTc-SESTAMIBI were insensitive to ouabain (100 microM), carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (5 microM), and valinomycin (1 microgram/ml) but were significantly inhibited by 130 mM Ko buffer, Ba2+ (1 mM), glybenclamide (100 microM), and quinacrine (10 microM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uptake rates of 201Tl monotonically decline, correlating with Na-K pump inhibition from ATP depletion. Conversely, uptake rates of 99mTc-SESTAMIBI at first increase above control for 40-60 minutes, indicating a mean plasma membrane hyperpolarization possibly resulting from opening of ATP-sensitive and arachidonic acid-activated potassium channels, before declining to low values with more severe cell injury. Correlative non-flow-dependent relations between 201Tl and 99mTc-SESTAMIBI contain information regarding the degree of myocellular injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piwnica-Worms
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kronauge
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D002642:Chick Embryo; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; D013794:Thallium Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D009570:Nitriles; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D015221:Potassium Channels; D013794:Thallium Radioisotopes; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D017256:Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase