title: Experimental macroscopic dosimetry for extremely-low-frequency electric and magnetic fields.
abstract: Environmental and laboratory exposure to electric and magnetic fields (EMF) in the extremely-low-frequency range (ELF) produces electrical quantities that interact directly with the exposed biological system on a scale small compared to the size of the human body but large with respect to cellular dimensions. The purpose of this paper is to describe these macroscopic electrical quantities and their characterization through measurements on living systems and experimental models. Electric field exposure results in a total induced current, surface electric fields, internal electric fields, and internal currents. Magnetic field exposure results in internal magnetic field, internal electric fields, and internal currents. Basic properties of fields and matter determine the methods by which these quantities can be measured. Quantification or dosimetry for these parameters on a macroscopic basis can be directed to the whole body, a cross section across the body, a local surface area, or a local volume. Models of varying degrees of sophistication have been used to establish spatial distributions of external fields and internal fields and currents.
authors.affiliation: T. Dan Bracken, Inc., Portland, Oregon.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Bracken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods