A quantitative assessment of lung cancer risk and occupational cadmium exposure.
We have performed a quantitative assessment of the risk of lung cancer from exposure to cadmium based on a retrospective cohort mortality study of cadmium-exposed workers. The findings were analysed using a life-table analysis to estimate standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), and various functional forms of Poisson and Cox proportionate hazards models to examine dose-response relationships. An excess mortality from lung cancer was observed for the entire cohort (SMR = 149,95% CI = 95-222). Lung cancer mortality was significantly elevated among non-hispanic workers, among those in the highest cadmium-exposure group, and among workers with 20 or more years since first exposure. A statistically significant dose-response relationship was evident in nearly all of the regression analyses. Based on our analyses, the lifetime excess lung cancer risk at the current OSHA standard for cadmium fumes of 100 micrograms/m3 is approximately 50-111 lung cancer deaths per 1000 workers exposed to cadmium for 45 years.
Stayner
L
L
Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC.
Smith
R
R
Thun
M
M
Schnorr
T
T
Lemen
R
R
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
D002104:Cadmium