title: The United Kingdom: effective, efficient, equitable?
abstract: The British National Health Service (NHS) has, since its inception, aimed to make health care available to all regardless of income, and it has managed to achieve this goal while keeping costs lower as a proportion of the gross domestic product than many Western countries and at the same time assuring equitable distribution of resources regionally. Until the reforms introduced by the 1989 White Paper, the NHS was characterized by centralized financing and regulation; despite some problems in the delivery and management of care, the system was a popular one. The new reforms hope to enhance efficiency in the NHS by stimulating competition and further decentralizing the management of health care. However, it is not at all certain that in practice the reforms will have the desired effect. Initial costs will be high, people may not respond to incentives as predicted, and the quality of care and access to it could well deteriorate. Nations planning to use the U.K. system as a model are advised to use caution.
authors.affiliation: University of York.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Culyer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meads
mesh_terms: D003153:Community Health Services; D003363:Cost Control; D004465:Economic Competition; D005381:Financing, Organized; D015276:Health Care Rationing; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006291:Health Policy; D006295:Health Resources; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006739:Hospital Administration; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011331:Private Practice; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D012041:Regional Medical Programs; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D006113:United Kingdom