title: Cushing's syndrome associated with ectopic corticotropin production and small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to review the clinical and laboratory features and response to treatment of patients with Cushing's syndrome associated with ectopic corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone; ACTH) production and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a retrospective chart review of 545 patients with SCLC seen at Toronto General Hospital between 1980 and 1990 and identified 23 patients (4.5%) with Cushing's syndrome and ectopic ACTH production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 17 male and six female patients, with a median age of 60 years. The syndrome was diagnosed at the time of initial presentation of SCLC in 13 patients and at relapse in 10 patients. Seven patients had limited disease and 16 had extensive disease at their initial diagnosis of SCLC, but 20 of 23 had extensive disease at the time of diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Ten patients had bone marrow involvement. The most frequent physical findings included edema (83%) and proximal myopathy (61%). All patients had elevated plasma and urinary free cortisol levels; 22 had a hypokalemic alkalosis, and 13 had hyperglycemia. Only one patient had a normal ACTH level. The response rate (complete plus partial) to chemotherapy for patients who had the syndrome diagnosed at initial presentation of SCLC was only 46%, and their median survival was only 3.57 months. Only two patients achieved complete normalization of all hormone parameters, and neither experienced hormone relapse at the time of SCLC relapse. Complications of therapy included gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration (six patients), GI bleeding (four), perforation of a duodenal ulcer (one), pneumonia (10), septic shock (three), and fungal infections (five).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ectopic ACTH production is associated with a low response to chemotherapy, short survival, and a high rate of complication to therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Toronto Hospital, Canada.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laskey
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khamsi
mesh_terms: D000182:ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007654:Ketoconazole