title: The empty sella: results of treatment in 76 successive cases and high frequency of endocrine and neurological disturbances.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the frequency of endocrine or neurological disturbances and the results of surgery in patients with empty sella, diagnosed with cisternography and/or computerized tomography scanning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of hospital records of 76 successive patients (73 primary, three secondary empty sella) from a single institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and neuro-ophthalmological evaluation. Serum PRL, GH, TSH, LH, FSH, T4, T3 by radioimmunoassay. Diagnosis of empty sella with cisternography and/or computerized tomography scanning (n = 69), or discovered at surgery (n = 7).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with empty sella had: headache (69.7%), visual disturbances (34.2%), cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea (11.8%), endocrine disturbances (51.4%, including hyperprolactinaemia, acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome). A pituitary tumour was discovered in two patients, in seven other ones it was suspected but not found at surgery. Transsphenoidal packing of empty sellas was done in 56 cases, with 7.1% post-operative complications. With surgery there was improvement of headache in 71%, of visual disturbances in 46%. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea (discovered at surgery in four other patients) was not resolved by the first operation in six out of 13 patients. In 20 patients without surgery, headache improved in 64.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The empty sella is frequently associated with a variety of neurological and endocrine disturbances, which is contrary to conventional belief. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea is not a rare complication and it may be difficult to treat. Some cases of empty sella may be due to partial pituitary apoplexy. Autoimmunity may have existed in other cases. Surgery may be useful in many patients, but a judicious selection is needed because it entails complications and non-operated patients may improve spontaneously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital del Salvador, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gallardo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schächter
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cáceres
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Colin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henríquez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D004652:Empty Sella Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009192:Myelography; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D010907:Pituitary Hormones; D011388:Prolactin