title: Calmidazolium is a potent stimulator of steroidogenesis via mechanisms not involving cyclic AMP, calcium or protein synthesis.
abstract: This study reports an unexpected effect of calmidazolium on steroidogenesis. In contrast with previous work, which established that calmidazolium inhibits hormone-stimulated testosterone production in rat Leydig cells, the present study demonstrates that this compound is a potent stimulator of steroidogenesis when added by itself; this stimulation (approx. 10-fold in a 2 h incubation), was obtained over a narrow dose range (e.g.1-10 microM) in mouse and rat Leydig cells and in rat adrenocortical cells. The same concentrations of calmidazolium decreased basal cyclic AMP to undetectable levels in rat Leydig cells. Also, cyclic AMP stimulated with luteinizing hormone (LH), cholera toxin and forskolin was inhibited by calmidazolium (ED50 2 microM). In contrast with the actions of LH and cyclic AMP analogues on steroidogenesis, the effect of calmidazolium was not inhibited by removal of extracellular Ca2+, or by the addition of La3+ (a Ca(2+)-entry blocker), or the addition of cycloheximide (an inhibitor of protein translation). However, like dibutyryl cyclic AMP, calmidazolium-stimulated steroidogenesis was inhibited by aminoglutethimide, an inhibitor of cholesterol side-chain cleavage. Another calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine, did not stimulate steroidogenesis. It is concluded that calmidazolium has a similar effect on steroidogenesis to LH, but by-passes the requirements for cyclic AMP, Ca2+, and protein synthesis. Calmidazolium is therefore a potentially important probe for elucidating the mechansims of control of steroidogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, University of London, U.K.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cooke
mesh_terms: D000302:Adrenal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000616:Aminoglutethimide / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology*; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000494:pharmacology; D007985:Leydig Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011284:Pregnenolone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013739:Testosterone / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D007093:Imidazoles; D000616:Aminoglutethimide; D005576:Colforsin; D013739:Testosterone; C031938:calmidazolium; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D003994:Bucladesine; D007811:Lanthanum; D011284:Pregnenolone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D002118:Calcium