title: Diet and calcium stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current literature on the dietary modification of urinary risk factors as a means of reducing the likelihood of recurrent stone formation and to develop practical dietary recommendations that might be useful to this end.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE was searched for English-language articles published from 1983 to 1990. Additional references were selected from the bibliographies of identified articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonrandomized trials and retrospective reviews were included because of a paucity of randomized controlled trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Information on the dietary intake of calcium, oxalate, protein, sodium and fibre and on alcohol and fluid intake was used to develop practical guidelines on dietary modification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary modification plays an important role in the reduction of urinary risk factors in patients with calcium stone disease of the urinary tract. As an initial form of prevention attention should be directed toward moderating the intake of calcium, oxalate, protein, sodium and alcohol and increasing the intake of fibre and water. Future research should include an assessment of the long-term reduction of dietary and urinary risk factors and the rates of recurrence of calcium stones.
authors.affiliation: Stone Clinic, Camp Hill Medical Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Norman
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004326:Drinking; D006801:Humans; D010070:Oxalates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010070:Oxalates; D012982:Sodium, Dietary