title: Release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from bovine alveolar macrophages stimulated with bovine respiratory viruses and bacterial endotoxins.
abstract: The release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from cultured bovine alveolar macrophages (BAM) was evaluated following stimulation of BAM with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Escherichia coli 0111:B4 endotoxin, Pasteurella haemolytica type 1 endotoxin, Pasteurella multocida endotoxin, and virus/endotoxin combinations. A cytotoxic assay system using Georgia bovine kidney cells as targets was used to measure TNF-alpha activity. The cytotoxic activity was neutralized by an anti-human TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody. Stimulation of BAM with 1 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) of live or ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated PI-3 virus/cell resulted in release of TNF-alpha in significantly (P less than 0.05) higher amounts than sham-induced BAM. The quantities of TNF-alpha released after live or UV-inactivated BHV-1 or BRSV induction were not significantly higher than sham-induced BAM. E. coli 0111:B4, P. haemolytica type 1 and P. multocida endotoxins stimulated TNF-alpha release in a dose-dependent manner. Sequential exposure of BAM to 1 TCID50 per cell of either live BHV-1, PI-3 virus or BRSV and then 5 micrograms ml-1 of either E. coli 0111:B4, P. haemolytica type 1 or P. multocida endotoxin caused a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction in detectable TNF-alpha in seven of nine virus/endotoxin combinations tested, when compared with 5 micrograms ml-1 of endotoxin alone. Parainfluenza-3 virus/endotoxin combinations stimulated higher TNF-alpha release when compared with other virus/endotoxin combinations. Five out of six test animals had serum-neutralizing antibodies to PI-3 virus, one out of six had serum-neutralizing antibodies to BHV-1, and two out of six had serum-neutralizing antibodies to BRSV, suggesting a possible relationship between serum neutralizing antibodies and TNF-alpha release from in vitro cultivated BAM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65203.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bienhoff
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004731:Endotoxins; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000276:immunology; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D010224:Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human / Q000276:immunology; D010325:Pasteurella / Q000276:immunology; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000276:immunology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004731:Endotoxins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha