title: Steroid hormones and CNS sexual dimorphisms modulate symptom expression in Tourette's syndrome.
abstract: We present our hypothesis that various steroid hormones play an important role in the symptom expression of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (TS) and that androgenic hormones, in particular, are likely to exacerbate symptoms of the disorder. We review the clinical evidence supporting our hypothesis. Sex steroids establish brain sexual dimorphisms early in CNS development, and we suggest mechanisms whereby androgenic and other hormonal changes later in human development might act at dimorphic brain regions to influence the natural history of TS. Finally, we discuss the various ways in which neuroendocrine studies might assist in genetic and neurobiologic research programs in TS.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Leckman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scahill
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naftolin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Charest
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones