title: Soft-tissue alterations associated with acute, extended open reduction and internal fixation or orbital fractures.
abstract: Soft-tissue alterations associated with radical degloving of the overlying soft tissues during extended open reduction and rigid internal fixation of facial fractures involving 51 orbits in 36 patients were studied. In all patients, the blepharoplasty skin muscle flap incision was employed in conjunction with, as necessary, a gingivobuccal sulcus and coronary incisions. Patients were evaluated between 6 and 20 months after surgery. Physical examination and standardized photographs were used for assessment. Ectropion developed in 2 lids (4%), and 10 lids (20%) had increased scleral show. Thirteen of the 51 lids (25%) revealed lateral canthal displacement; all 13 lids underwent canthal stripping. Cheek pad displacement developed in 8 patients (22%), all of whom had complete maxillary degloving without soft-tissue resuspension. No patient had frontal nerve palsy. Depression in the temporal area was noted in all patients in whom the temporalis was mobilized. Remote incisions and soft-tissue degloving used for extended open reduction and internal fixation are associated with morbidity that can be minimized by meticulous technique and soft-tissue repositioning at closure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yaremchuk
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002610:Cheek / Q000473:pathology; D004483:Ectropion / Q000209:etiology; D005143:Eyelids / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods