title: Adverse reactions associated with norepinephrine in dental local anesthesia.
abstract: Two cases are presented in which a 40-yr-old woman and a 20-yr-old woman developed severe headaches after injection of the local anesthetic Xylestesin-F (3% lidocaine with 1:25,000 norepinephrine). It is suggested that these severe headaches may have been associated with acute transient hypertensive episodes following injection of the local anesthetic. A review of the literature indicates that norepinephrine, at least at a concentration of 1:25,000, should be avoided because of its potential for cardiovascular disturbances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Bijl
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Victor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D009638:Norepinephrine