title: Urinary excretion of citrate, glycosaminoglycans, magnesium and zinc in relation to age and sex in normal subjects and in patients who form calcium stones.
abstract: One hundred and ninety-seven healthy subjects and 104 patients with idiopathic calcium stone disease had their urinary excretion of citrate, glycosaminoglycans, magnesium, and zinc measured and the results correlated with sex and age. In normal subjects the daily excretion of citrate, magnesium, and zinc increased with age to a maximum during the fifth decade and remained relatively constant until the eighth decade when they decreased. The daily excretion of magnesium and zinc were higher in men than in women, which was attributed to the higher body weights of the men. The urinary excretion of citrate, magnesium, and zinc related to creatinine remained relatively constant with age in adult life; analyses of magnesium and zinc excretion rates divided by urine creatinine did not distinguish men from women. There was no significant difference between men and women for citrate excretion in 24 hour urine, but the citrate:creatinine ratio was significantly higher in women than men. The higher citrate excretion in women may explain the lower incidence of calcium stones in women. The highest glycosaminoglycan excretion rates were seen during the first two decades which is why children and teenagers are less prone to develop calcium stones in spite of high urinary calcium concentrations. Urinary citrate and magnesium excretion were lower, and glycosaminoglycan and zinc excretion were higher, in stone formers than in controls. It seems that a decreased excretion of citrate and magnesium together with an increased excretion of calcium, may contribute to the formation of calcium stones. The role of urinary glycosaminoglycans and zinc in the formation of calcium stones remains uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology, Ospedale Maggiore di Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trinchieri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mandressi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luongo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rovera
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Longo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002951:Citrates / Q000652:urine*; D019343:Citric Acid; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000652:urine*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015032:Zinc / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D019343:Citric Acid; D003404:Creatinine; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium