title: 9-cis retinoic acid is a high affinity ligand for the retinoid X receptor.
abstract: All-trans retinoic acid (RA) has previously been shown to modulate the transcriptional properties of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR). The inability of all-trans RA to bind to RXR suggests that it may be metabolized to a more active high affinity ligand. We report here an experimental approach that has identified 9-cis RA as an RXR ligand. It is up to 40-fold more potent than all-trans RA in transfection assays and binds with high affinity. The production of 9-cis RA in cultured cells and the identification of this molecule in liver and kidney demonstrates the existence of this molecule in living organisms. The discovery of this novel hormone points to the key role retinoid metabolism may have in generating new signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California 92121.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mangelsdorf
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dyck
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eichele
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thaller
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007700:Kinetics; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014212:Tretinoin; D004247:DNA; D008156:Luciferases