title: Clinical trial with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine and recommendations for its use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in two different immunisation schedules.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  One London teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  104 healthy adult volunteers (71 men, 33 women aged 19-60).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatitis A vaccine to group 1 (54 volunteers) at 0, 1, and 2 months and to group 2 (50) at 0, 1, and 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptoms at and after each dose; liver function, hepatitis A virus specific serum immune response; and responses in saliva and parotid fluid in immunised volunteers and subjects with natural immunity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vaccine was well tolerated; 97% (96/99) and 100% of those immunised developed serum antibody after one and two doses of vaccine respectively. Geometric mean titres increased progressively after each dose and were significantly higher in men but not women in group 2 after the third dose (ratio between geometric mean titres 0.265, 95% confidence interval 0.18 to 0.39; p less than 0.001). At one year this group-sex interaction was absent; geometric mean titres for both sexes were significantly higher in group 2 (ratio 0.330, 0.227 to 0.478; p less than 0.0001). Antibody responses were not significantly different between the groups at two years. Compared with naturally infected subjects immunised volunteers developed poor or undetectable virus specific IgG and IgA responses in saliva and parotid fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vaccine was safe and highly immunogenic, and the differences in the immune responses in saliva and parotid fluid are unlikely to affect its efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tilzey
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barrow
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Safary
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Banatvala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000276:immunology; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006507:Hepatovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D012737:Sex Factors; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014761:Viral Hepatitis Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014761:Viral Hepatitis Vaccines