title: Oral contraceptives and cancer of the cervix uteri. A meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because the findings of epidemiologic studies of the relationship between oral contraceptive use and cervical cancer have not been consistent, we reanalyzed the relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis of studies published to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  Papers were located by searching the MEDLINE data base, supplemented by a hand search of all the references in the articles recovered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were graded as to quality. Two meta-analyses were performed: one including all the studies gathered and one including methodologically acceptable studies only. The method of Woolf was used to combine relative risks. Heterogeneity of the effect was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one published studies were collected: 21 case-control, 18 cross-sectional, and 12 cohort designs. Twenty-one of these were considered as methodologically acceptable, but only 18 could be pooled. The main results observed were: relative risks was 1.52 (1.3-1.8) for dysplasia, 1.52 (1.3-1.8) for carcinoma in situ, and 1.21 (1.1-1.4) for invasive cancer. A significant linear dose-response effect was observed in dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive cervical cancer. Heterogeneity of the effect was present in some of the former estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral contraceptive use may be a risk factor for all stages of the natural history of cervical cancer, which may imply an initiator effect. Limitations to this research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, General Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delgado-Rodriguez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sillero-Arenas
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martin-Moreno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galvez-Vargas
mesh_terms: D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000139:chemically induced; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D012306:Risk; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral