title: A novel myoblast enhancer element mediates MyoD transcription.
abstract: The MyoD gene can orchestrate the expression of the skeletal muscle differentiation program. We have identified the regions of the gene necessary to reproduce transcription specific to skeletal myoblasts and myotubes. A proximal regulatory region (PRR) contains a conserved TATA box, a CCAAT box, and a GC-rich region that includes a consensus SP1 binding site. The PRR is sufficient for high levels of skeletal muscle-specific activity in avian muscle cells. In murine cells the PRR alone has only low levels of activity and requires an additional distal regulatory region to achieve high levels of muscle-specific activity. The distal regulatory region differs from a conventional enhancer in that chromosomal integration appears necessary for productive interactions with the PRR. While the Moloney leukemia virus long terminal repeat can enhance transcription from the MyoD PRR in both transient and stable assays, the simian virus 40 enhancer cannot, suggesting that specific enhancer-promoter interactions are necessary for PRR function.
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratory, Seattle, Washington 98104.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tapscott
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lassar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weintraub
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002642:Chick Embryo; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D017570:MyoD Protein; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D017570:MyoD Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA