title: Intensive combination chemotherapy, concurrent chest irradiation, and warfarin for the treatment of limited-disease small-cell lung cancer: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In prior Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) studies, combined chemotherapy and thoracic irradiation was superior to chemotherapy alone in limited-disease (LD) small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). A combined modality pilot study was performed to test the feasibility of adding warfarin to aggressive chemoradiotherapy for LD SCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin 45 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) on day 1, cyclophosphamide 800 mg/m2 IV on day 1, and etoposide (ACE) 80 mg/m2 on days 1 to 3 was given every 21 days for the first three courses. The fourth and fifth courses substituted cisplatin 33 mg/m2 IV on days 1 to 3 for the doxorubicin, with concurrent chest irradiation to a total of 4,000 cGy given in 20 fractions during a 4-week period followed by a boost of 1,000 cGy in five fractions during a 1-week period. Prophylactic cranial irradiation, 3,000 cGy was given concurrently in 10 fractions during a 2-week period. Courses 6 to 8 again used ACE chemotherapy, but courses 4 to 8 were given on a 28-day schedule with dose adjustment for hematologic or renal toxicity. Warfarin was given throughout the treatment period titrated to achieve a prothrombin time (PT) of 1.5 to 2 times the control. Patients with histologically proven limited-stage SCLC, good performance status, and normal renal, hematologic, and hepatic functions were eligible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one of 66 patients entered onto the study were eligible and assessable. Fifty-four (89%) (95%) confidence interval [CI], 78% to 95%) experienced an objective response, 35 (57%) achieved a complete response (CR) (95% CI, 44% to 70%), and 17 (28%) achieved a partial response (95% CI, 16% to 39%). Median durations were CR, 26.3 months; failure-free survival, 11.8 months; and survival, 18 months. Forty-one percent of the patients were alive at 2 years, 33% were alive at 3 years, and 25% were alive at 4 or more years. Median follow-up for survivors is 5 years (range, 3.5 to 5.9 years). Severe or life-threatening myelosuppression occurred in 90%, infection occurred in 34%, fever without documented infection occurred in 26%, and pulmonary toxicity occurred in 6%. Another 6% of patients experienced severe or life-threatening hemorrhages. There were four treatment-related fatalities. The pulmonary toxicities have been associated with the resumption of ACE chemotherapy after chest irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These highly encouraging response and survival results compare favorably with any prior CALGB group study. Although they are somewhat more toxic, they are comparable to the best published results. A randomized study that examines the role of warfarin is underway.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Cancer Center, Baltimore 21201.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aisner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goutsou
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chahinian
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skarin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Slawson
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin