title: Evaluation of sexually abused and nonabused young girls for intravaginal human papillomavirus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of intravaginal human papillomavirus-associated disease in two groups of girls to develop information regarding the means of transmission of anal-genital human papillomavirus disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pair of parallel studies of prevalence of human papillomavirus infections in two populations of prospectively enrolled girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Index patients consisted of 15 consecutive girls aged 11 years or younger who were confirmed to have been sexually abused, had signs or symptoms of vaginal disease, and required generalized anesthesia for evaluation. Selection of nonabused control patients was based on negative findings from screening evaluations and physical examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalences of cervical-vaginal human papillomavirus infections in the two populations were compared. Vaginal wash samples from index and control patients were assayed for human papillomavirus 1, 2, 4, 6, 11, and 16 by reverse-blot and Southern transfer hybridization methods. Papanicolaou smears were examined from index patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaginal wash samples from five (33%) of 15 index patients were positive for human papillomavirus 6, 11, or 16, compared with none of 17 controls. The presence or absence of external anal-genital warts was not correlated with results from the assay of intravaginal samples. Blinded readings of vaginal exfoliative cytologic findings of the index patients showed koilocytosis, atypia, or inflammatory reactions in four of five human papillomavirus-positive girls, and normal cytologic findings in one human papillomavirus-positive girl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support other studies that indicate that sexual contact is a major route in the transmission of anal-genital human papillomavirus-related disease in children. Evaluation of intravaginal specimens was required to identify human papillomavirus-infected girls since the results of the wash samples were not correlated with the presence or absence of external anal-genital warts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Gutman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: St Claire
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Herman-Giddens
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Phelps
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D015995:Prevalence; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000635:transmission; D014623:Vaginal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral