title: Expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, a homologue of the nm23 gene product.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expression of nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase, which is highly homologous to the nm23 gene product in a variety of species, has been found to be inversely associated with metastatic potential in human breast cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted to clarify the association of NDP kinase expression with metastatic potential in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The immunohistochemical expression of NDP kinase was analyzed in 30 patients with histopathologically proven hepatocellular carcinoma. These patients included nine with distant metastases and 21 without distant metastases. Tissue specimens were reacted with rabbit anti-rat NDP kinase antibody and stained by the biotin-streptavidin complex method. The relative staining intensities were evaluated by comparing primary tumor sites with adjacent nontumorous liver tissue or with metastatic sites,
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of NDP kinase in primary sites in patients with distant metastases was significantly less intense than that in patients without distant metastases (P = .018). NDP kinase was expressed significantly less intensely in metastatic sites than in primary sites (P = .005). The intensity of NDP kinase expression did not statistically correlate with tumor size or number of lesions in the liver, histopathological classification of tumor, associated liver diseases, hepatitis virus markers, or tumor markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the reduced expression of NDP kinase is closely associated with distant metastatic potential in hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible that both NDP kinase and the nm23 gene product may be active in the progression and differentiation of tumor cells and that their reduced expression induces a high metastatic potential in tumor cells. Studies using Northern blotting or in situ hybridization should be planned to confirm our findings.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohtsuru
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagataki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000556:secondary; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins; D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase / Q000737:chemistry*; D011506:Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; D011506:Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C517938:NME1 protein, human; D009701:Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins