title: Dialysate calcium reduction in CAPD patients treated with calcium carbonate and alfacalcidol.
abstract: The use of oral calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder is often complicated by hypercalcaemia, particularly with concomitant use of vitamin D analogues. We previously found that stepwise reduction of dialysate calcium effectively countered this complication in haemodialysis patients, and have now assessed the strategy in CAPD patients. Seventeen patients underwent conversion from aluminium hydroxide to calcium carbonate and were followed for 5 months, with subsequent addition of alfacalcidol for a further 5 months. Standard CAPD dialysate (1.75 mM calcium) was used, reducing to 1.45 mM and, if necessary, to 1.00 mM in patients who became hypercalcaemic. While receiving calcium carbonate alone, 12 of the 17 patients became hypercalcaemic, this responding in four to dialysate calcium reduction to 1.45 mM. In the remaining eight patients, further reduction to 1.00 mM was required and in two patients even this failed to control hypercalcaemia adequately, necessitating reversion to aluminium hydroxide. Phosphate control remained unchanged, as did calcium x phosphorus product. There were transient increases of blood ionised calcium, and decreases of parathyroid hormone, with progressive reduction of serum aluminium and alkaline phosphatase. The addition of alfacalcidol (0.25 microgram/day) led to hypercalcaemia in six subjects, successfully countered by dialysate calcium reduction in four. The results show that standard CAPD dialysate calcium at 1.75 mM is too high for the majority of calcium carbonate treated patients and that substantial reductions of the dialysate calcium concentration are required if calcium carbonate is to be used effectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Royal London Hospital and Medical College, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Coldwell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Makin
mesh_terms: D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D002118:Calcium; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000009:adverse effects; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D006801:Humans; D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols / Q000009:adverse effects; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D002118:Calcium; C008088:alfacalcidol