title: Intraosseous infusion of resuscitative fluids and drugs: long-term effect on linear bone growth in pigs.
abstract: We studied the effects of intraosseous (IO) infusion of a standard fluid bolus and resuscitative drugs on long-term bone growth and epiphyseal closure in the "pediatric" swine model. Eighteen weanling pigs were randomly assigned to six groups as follows: three animals received two normal saline boluses, 20 mL/kg IO over 20 minutes; three received sodium bicarbonate, 1 mEq/kg IO; three received a 10% sodium bicarbonate infusion IO at maintenance rate over 1 hour; three received epinephrine 1:10,000, 0.1 mL/kg IO; three received an epinephrine infusion IO at 1 microgram/kg/min for 1 hour; and three received a dopamine infusion IO at 10 micrograms/kg/min for 1 hour. All infusions were given in the left hindleg; the right hindleg was used as a control. Lateral radiographs of the hind extremities were obtained at the beginning of the study and at 1 and 3 months after infusion. Linear radiographic measurements of the infused and control tibias were compared. At 6 months after infusion, the tibias were harvested, measured directly, and radiographed to determine the degree of epiphyseal closure. Analysis of variance for the first 3 months' data yielded a nonsignificant time-by-treatment interaction (P = .84) and a nonsignificant main effect for time (P = .22). Separate analysis of the direct measurements taken at 6 months revealed no difference in growth between experimental and control tibias. In addition, no radiographic difference in epiphyseal closure was noted between the two groups at the conclusion of the study, nor were any structural defects discovered. Intraosseous infusion of fluids and resuscitative drugs does not adversely affect subsequent bone growth and development in the swine model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505.
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Woodall
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Pender
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Tubbs
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Andrew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001846:Bone Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral / Q000379:methods*; D012964:Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D013552:Swine; D013977:Tibia
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D012964:Sodium; D004298:Dopamine; D004837:Epinephrine