title: Isolation of polioviruses from sewage and their characteristics: experience over two decades in Sweden.
abstract: Indigenous polio ceased in Sweden in 1962 after 5 years' use of killed polio vaccine. In 1967, it was considered of interest to investigate whether poliovirus was present in the sewage. A method for selective isolation of poliovirus from sewage was developed. The method appeared to increase the yield. The studies were carried out at intervals up to 1990. In 1989-90, the virus isolates were characterized by the use of monoclonal antibodies differentiating between vaccine-like (Sabin-like) and non-vaccine-like strains. Polioviruses of both kinds were isolated throughout the period. Two periods were of special interest. The first was in 1977, when a single, paralytic, type-2 case occurred in Sweden in an unvaccinated sect. The second was in 1984-85 when a type-3 epidemic broke out in Finland, followed by vaccinations of the whole Finnish population with live oral polio vaccine. On both occasions the implicated viruses could be traced to a high degree in sewage in Sweden. The absence of poliovirus isolations from faecal specimens of patients and the isolation of live poliovirus vaccine virus, i.e. a vaccine not used in Sweden, indicate that the virus strains are imported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böttiger
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herrström
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D012722:Sewage; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013696:Temperature; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage