title: Prevalence of psychopathology in drug-addicted Dutch.
abstract: In Dutch samples of treated heroin addicts, high prevalences of a heterogeneous psychiatric co-morbidity can be found with regard to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (third edition) (DSM-III) classifications, Zung Depression Inventory, and sum scores of a 90-item Symptom Checklist (SCL-90). A high-threshold (N = 87) and a low-threshold (N = 116) program are compared with regard to psychopathology and severity of psychopathology. A consecutive admissions design was used. More than 50% of the respondents suffered from a lifetime DSM-III Axis I disorder (70% with antisocial personality disorder included), and 40% were still suffering from one of the disorders in the year preceding the interview. Schizophrenia was diagnosed five times as much as in normal population samples (5%). The most frequently diagnosed disorders were recurrent major depression, phobic disorders, alcohol abuse and dependence, dysthymic disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. The prevalences of DSM-III disorders, the total number of symptoms, and the score on the Zung Depression Inventory and 90-item Symptom Checklist were all significantly higher in treatment-seeking drug addicts entering the high-threshold program. Within each program, three clinically meaningful subgroups can be distinguished: one group with DSM-III Axis I lifetime or current psychopathology and/or antisocial personality disorder, one with antisocial personality disorder only, and one with neither DSM-III psychopathology nor antisocial personality disorder. Possibly, self-selection results in patients with more serious conditions entering more treatment-oriented facilities. Odds ratios show that schizophrenia and mood disorders and especially associated on a lifetime and current basis.
authors.affiliation: Subdivision of Social and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Municipal Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: von Limbeek
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Geerlings
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: von Alem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers
chemical_list: D008691:Methadone