title: Systemic lupus erythematosus valve disease by transesophageal echocardiography and the role of antiphospholipid antibodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to better characterize valve disease in systemic lupus erythematosus and to determine its association with antiphospholipid antibodies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Estimates of the prevalence of valve disease in systemic lupus erythematosus have been higher in autopsy series than in clinical studies using transthoracic echocardiography. Antiphospholipid antibodies have been suggested to be a primary pathogenetic factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transesophageal echocardiography was performed on 1) 54 patients with lupus erythematosus, 22 of them with (group I) and 32 without (group II) antiphospholipid antibody; 2) on 10 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (group III); and 3) on 35 normal subjects (group IV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in groups I and III had similar types and concentrations of antibodies. Leaflet thickening was found in 50% of group I, 47% of group II, 10% of group III and 9% of group IV patients (group I or II vs. group III or IV, p < 0.03). Leaflet thickening in patients with lupus erythematosus was diffuse; it usually involved the mitral and aortic valves and was associated with valve regurgitation (73%) or valve masses (50%). Valve masses were observed in 41% of group I, 25% of group II, 10% of group III and in none of group IV patients (group I or II vs. group IV, p < 0.002). Most valve masses in patients with lupus erythematosus were located near the base on the atrial side of the mitral valve or on the vessel side of the aortic valve, had variable size (0.2 to 0.85 cm2), shape and echodensity. Valve regurgitation was observed in 64% of group I, 59% of group II, 10% of group III and 20% of group IV patients (group I or II vs. group III or IV, p < 0.006). Moderate or severe regurgitant lesions were noted in 27% of group I and 25% of group II patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lupus erythematosus valve disease is frequent (74%) regardless of the presence or absence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Therefore antiphospholipid antibodies may not be a primary pathogenetic factor. The characteristic appearance of leaflet thickening and masses in patients with lupus erythematosus may be unique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Roldan
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Shively
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Gurule
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood*; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D015994:Incidence; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M