title: A controlled trial of a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although inactivated hepatitis A vaccine is known to be well tolerated and immunogenic in healthy children and adults, its efficacy has yet to be established.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the efficacy of the hepatitis A vaccine in protecting against clinically apparent disease, we conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in an Hasidic Jewish community in upstate New York that has had recurrent outbreaks of hepatitis A. At the beginning of a summer outbreak, 1037 healthy seronegative children 2 to 16 years of age were randomly assigned to receive one intramuscular injection of a highly purified, formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine or placebo. A case was defined by the presence of typical signs and symptoms, a diagnostic increase in IgM antibody to hepatitis A, and a serum concentration of alanine aminotransferase at least twice the upper limit of normal. Cases occurring greater than or equal to 50 days after the injection were included in the evaluation of efficacy. The children were followed for a mean of 103 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 519 children received vaccine, and 518 received placebo. The vaccine was well tolerated, with no serious adverse reactions. From day 50 after the injection, 25 cases of clinically apparent hepatitis A occurred in the placebo group and none in the vaccine group (P less than 0.001), confirming that the vaccine had 100 percent protective efficacy. Before day 21, seven cases occurred in the vaccine group and three cases in the placebo group. After that time, there were no cases among vaccine recipients and 34 cases among placebo recipients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inactivated purified hepatitis A vaccine that we tested is well tolerated, and a single dose is highly protective against clinically apparent hepatitis A.
authors.affiliation: Kiryas Joel Institute of Medicine, Monroe, N.Y. 10950.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Werzberger
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mensch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuter
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sitrin
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shouval
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiens
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calandra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000517:prevention & control; D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006507:Hepatovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D014761:Viral Hepatitis Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014761:Viral Hepatitis Vaccines; D005557:Formaldehyde; D000410:Alanine Transaminase