title: Retinoic acid induces secretion of latent transforming growth factor beta 1 and beta 2 in normal and human papillomavirus type 16-immortalized human keratinocytes.
abstract: Similar cellular responses are elicited by retinoic acid (RA) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). We investigated the ability of RA to modulate the production of TGF-beta in normal human keratinocytes (HKc) and HKc lines immortalized by transfection with human papillomavirus type 16 DNA (HKc/HPV16). RA treatment of both normal HKc and HKc/HPV16 resulted in a 2-3-fold induction in secreted levels of latent TGF-beta. The induction in TGF-beta secretion by RA was dose dependent, with significant increases observed with RA concentrations as low as 1-10 nM, and time dependent, with maximal induction occurring about 3 days after initiation of RA exposure. In addition, RA induced intracellular levels of TGF-beta almost 5-fold. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to specifically quantify TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 secreted by normal HKc and HKc/HPV16 cultured in the absence or presence of RA. RA increased the secreted levels of latent TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 an average of 2- and 5-fold, respectively, with no major differences in the fold induction between normal HKc and HKc/HPV16. Northern blot analysis of mRNA isolated from HKc/HPV16 demonstrated that RA treatment induced specific transcripts for TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 about 3- and 50-fold, respectively. RA treatment of HKc had no significant effect on the binding affinity of TGF-beta for its receptors or receptor number. Normal HKc and HKc/HPV16 displayed similar dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation by TGF-beta 1. These studies indicate that RA may regulate growth control in both normal HKc and HKc/HPV16 by enhancing TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 production, which, after activation at the cell surface, could inhibit cellular proliferation in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Batova
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Danielpour
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pirisi
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Creek
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002472:Cell Transformation, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014212:Tretinoin