title: Modulation of sprouting in organ culture after axotomy of an identified molluscan neuron.
abstract: We examined a variety of factors that might modulate the initiation of neurite outgrowth in an attempt to identify means by which its initiation might be accelerated. We examined this initiation from an identified molluscan neuron, Helisoma trivolvis buccal neuron B5 after axotomy, and determined whether the site of injury, temperature, ion channel blockers, pH, the second messenger cAMP, and protein synthesis affect the initiation of neurite outgrowth. Neurite outgrowth was assayed from axotomized neurons by filling the neurons intracellularly with Lucifer Yellow and examining the percentage of axons that extended (sprouted) new process after 9 or 24 h in organ culture. About one-third (31%) of axotomized neurons sprouted from the site of injury after 9 h (n = 22), and 88% (n = 20) sprouted after 24 h in saline at 22 degrees-24 degrees C when the injury was located 800 microns from the soma. Elevating the temperature to 32 degrees C or moving the lesion site to 400 or 1500 microns from the soma did not significantly alter the incidence of sprouting. Blocking sodium channels with tetrodotoxin [TTX (2 x 10(-5) M)] did not significantly reduce the incidence of sprouting, whereas the sodium channel agonist, veratridine (10(-5) M) did. The calcium channel blocker lanthanum (10(-6)-10(-4) M), stimulated neurite outgrowth; however, the organic calcium channel blocker verapamil (10(-3)-10(-5) M), and the calcium ionophore A23187 (10(-5) M), had no effect on sprouting. Exposure of neurons to the potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium [TEA (20 mM)], elevation of intracellular pH with NH4Cl (5 mM), or treatment with the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin (10(-5) M) reduced the incidence of sprouting, whereas dideoxy-forskolin (10(-5) M) had no effect. Inhibition of protein synthesis with anisomycin (2 x 10(-4) to 2 x 10(-6) M) did not significantly suppress sprouting 24 h after axotomy. Both D and L isomers of glutamate (300 microM) stimulated sprouting. The present results suggest that the initiation of sprouting is regulated locally at or near the site of injury, and that blocking specific ion channels may either inhibit or enhance the initiation of neurite outgrowth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Berdan
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Easaw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016501:Neurites / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D012908:Snails / Q000502:physiology*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D015221:Potassium Channels; D015222:Sodium Channels; D000242:Cyclic AMP