title: Involvement of cysteine residues in catalysis and inhibition of human aldose reductase. Site-directed mutagenesis of Cys-80, -298, and -303.
abstract: In order to study the potential role of cysteinyl residues in catalysis and inhibition of human aldose reductase, mutants containing cysteine to serine substitution at positions 80 (ALR2:C80S), 298 (ALR2:C298S), and 303 (ALR2:C303S) were constructed. Mutation of Cys298 resulted in the most profound changes, as ALR2:C298S displayed 4- to 5-fold elevation in K'm(NADPH), K'm(DL-glyceraldehyde), and kcat(DL-glyceraldehyde) relative to wild type aldose reductase as well as a 10-fold higher Ki for the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil. Wild type and mutant reductases were equally sensitive to tolrestat, a structurally different reductase inhibitor. Carboxymethylation of the wild type enzyme or the C80S and C303S mutants led to a modest decrease in kcat as well as an increase in K'm(DL-glyceraldehyde) and Ki(sorbinil). These parameters were not significantly changed when ALR2:C298S was subjected to carboxymethylation. Lithium sulfate caused activation of ALR2:WT, C80S, and C303S but did not significantly affect the activity of ALR2:C298S. The differential sensitivity of wild type and mutant reductases to inhibition by sorbinil and tolrestat, before and after carboxymethylation, indicates that these inhibitors bind at different sites. These results suggest that Cys-298 is present near the active site and constitutes a regulatory group which controls the catalytic activity and inhibitor sensitivity of the enzyme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Petrash
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Harter
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Olins
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002845:Chromatography; D003545:Cysteine; D017886:Durapatite; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D007700:Kinetics; D008433:Mathematics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D017886:Durapatite; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D003545:Cysteine