title: Mediation of gonadotrophin-stimulated growth and differentiation of human granulosa cells by adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate: one molecule, two messages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how the second messenger adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is able to mediate divergent actions of FSH and LH on granulosa cell growth and differentiation in human ovaries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human granulosa cells were cultured for 96 hours in serum-free medium 199 containing increasing doses of either FSH, LH or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Extra and intra-cellular cyclic AMP levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Tritiated thymidine uptake and cell number were measured as indices of cell growth, and spent medium was assayed for steroids (oestradiol and progesterone) to reflect differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  'Mature' granulosa cells were aspirated from preovulatory follicles in the ovaries of clomiphene-stimulated patients undergoing laparoscopic sterilization; 'luteinized' granulosa cells were aspirated from periovulatory follicles in the ovaries of gonadotrophin-stimulated in-vitro fertilization patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LH consistently inhibited, whereas FSH maintained or stimulated, basal granulosa cell numbers. Steroidogenesis was dose-dependently increased by both gonadotrophins, with LH having the significantly greater effect over the entire dose-response range (1-100 micrograms/l). LH also induced significantly more cyclic AMP production than FSH, both intra and extra-cellularly, providing a basis for differential post-receptor signalling via a common second messenger. Addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP, at low concentrations (10-250 mumol/l) to the cultured cells in the absence of gonadotrophins mimicked FSH effects with stimulation/maintenance of cell numbers and moderate steroidogenesis. High concentrations of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (500-1000 mumol/l) caused a significant inhibition of cell numbers together with maximal steroidogenesis, simulating LH action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that granulosa cell maturation in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (controlled by FSH) is associated with a low cyclic AMP tone that favours cell growth and expression of aromatase activity in the developing preovulatory follicle. During the early luteal phase (dominated by LH), the intracellular cycle AMP tone increases to allow maximal progesterone production and inhibition of cell growth in the corpus luteum. Thereby one second messenger can mediate divergent gonadotrophic effects on granulosa cell growth and differentiation in the human ovary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Biology, Scotland.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hillier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000502:physiology*; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000502:physiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015290:Second Messenger Systems
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D003994:Bucladesine; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D000242:Cyclic AMP