title: The laws of cell energetics.
abstract: Recent progress in membrane bioenergetics studies has resulted in the important discovery that Na+ can effectively substitute for H+ as the energy coupling ion. This means that living cells can possess three convertible energy currencies, i.e. ATP, protonic and sodium potentials. Analysis of interrelations of these components in various types of living cells allows bioenergetic laws of universal applicability to be inferred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioenergetics, A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Russia.
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Skulachev
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D011522:Protons; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D012964:Sodium