title: Substance use in rural Midwestern pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the rate of prenatal use of cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, opiates, and cigarettes in rural midwestern women by analysis of reported use of cigarettes, maternal urine drug screening at admission to labor and delivery, and newborn meconium screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort of all women presenting to labor and delivery and their newborns were screened by urine and meconium analysis. Demographic information was also collected and matched to the urine and meconium samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four primary care hospitals in rural Minnesota. Hospitals range in size from 66 to 140 beds, with 400 to 780 deliveries each year.
  
  
  METHODS
  All women presenting to labor and delivery for evaluation of term or preterm labor between April 4, 1991, and October 4, 1991.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, drugs not administered during labor were found in a mean (+/- SD) of 3.2% +/- 1.1% of all urine screens. Cannabis was found in 1.2% +/- 0.7% of maternal urine samples, amphetamines in 0.8% +/- 0.58%, opiates in 1.2% +/- 0.7%, and cocaine in 0% +/- 0.3%. Meconium samples were positive in 1.8% +/- 0.9% of cases. Cannabis was found in 1.1% +/- 0.7% of meconium samples, opiates in 0.6% +/- 0.5%, and cocaine in 0.1% +/- 0.1%. No urine samples were positive for more than one drug. One meconium sample tested positive for both cocaine and cannabis. Nearly 4% of patients had either a positive urine specimen or a positive meconium specimen. By history, 24.5% of women admitted to smoking during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of cocaine, cannabis, opiates, and amphetamines was uncommon in this rural population. However, one quarter of the women admitted to smoking during pregnancy, exposing their fetuses to a dangerous substance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota.
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Yawn
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yawn
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Uden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012424:Rural Population; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine