title: The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: a selective cytostatic agent in small-cell lung cancer cell lines with neuroendocrine properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a common malignancy that is usually fatal, since it metastasizes and recurs even after aggressive chemotherapy. While the cellular origin of this cancer is not well established, the cells of certain tumors exhibit neuroendocrine markers, including L-dopa decarboxylase.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We designed in vitro and in vivo studies to investigate whether the neuroendocrine features in classic SCLC cell lines were sufficient to make them sensitive to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a known neurotoxin that destroys nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both classic SCLC cell lines (NCI-H345, NCI-H510, NCI-H187, and NCI-H146) and variant SCLC cell lines (NCI-H417, NCI-H82, NCI-H446, and NCI-H524) were exposed to MPP+ (0-512 microM) for 3 days. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation assays. In a related experiment, MPP+ was removed from the classic cell line culture, and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine was determined. In the in vivo study, male athymic nude mice received subcutaneous injections of 0.5 mL tumor cells with matrigel for 10 days to enhance tumor growth, followed by MPP+ at doses of 100-400 micrograms/d given intraperitoneally for 2 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four classic SCLC cell lines showed great sensitivity to MPP+, with detachment from laminin substrates and inhibition of DNA synthesis. MPP+ interfered with [3H]thymidine incorporation and, thus, with DNA synthesis in classic SCLC cell lines at low doses (median +/- SD, 12 +/- 4 microM), whereas much higher doses (median, > 512 microM) were required to inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation in the variant lines. Treated cells excluded trypan blue dye, showing that inhibition of DNA synthesis was not due to cytotoxicity, and the cells incorporated [3H]thymidine when MPP+ was removed from the culture medium, demonstrating that the inhibition was reversible. MPP+ inhibited the growth of the classic NCI-H187 and variant NCI-H417 cell lines implanted in nude mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that MPP+ differentially interferes with DNA synthesis in SCLC cell lines in vitro; the selective inhibitory effect on classic cell lines suggests that the neuroendocrine properties expressed by classic SCLC cells may be responsible for the differential effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MPP+ exerts a cytostatic effect on these cell lines, and the differential sensitivity observed in vitro is maintained in vivo, suggesting that MPP+ or other pyridinium compounds may be of therapeutic value in SCLC.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fridman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanemoto
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Passaniti
mesh_terms: D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D015655:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; D013936:Thymidine