title: Evaluation of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) torso phantom by bone densitometry and x-ray.
abstract: The recent Workshop on Standard Phantoms recommended that the LLNL torso phantom be adopted as a calibration standard for the quantitation of in vivo radioactivity. This phantom was designed for the calibration of systems for the detection of x-rays of less than 20 keV. The anthropomorphic characteristics and tissue substitute composition of the phantom were assessed with techniques using photons of higher energy. Dual photon absorptometry at 42 and 100 keV showed that the phantom was representative of in vivo tissue composition. Chest radiography showed that the phantom was representative of a human even though the stomach, GI tract and the scapulae were not present and air gaps were observed at organ boundaries.
authors.affiliation: Human Monitoring Laboratory, BRMD, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Webber
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D002138:Calibration; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008961:Models, Structural; D014965:X-Rays