title: Abolition with chloramine-T of inactivation in barnacle muscle fibers results in stimulation of the ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux.
abstract: The hypothesis that chloramine-T stimulates the basal Na+ efflux in barnacle fibers as the result of the entry of trigger Ca2+ into the myoplasm from the bathing medium was examined in this study. Two reasons for doing so can be given. One is that the oxidant is known to abolish inactivation in sodium and potassium channels. The other is that L-type Ca2+ channels are present in barnacle fibers, and an increase in internal free Ca2+ in these fibers is known to stimulate the Na+ efflux, particularly in ouabain-poisoned fibers. The results of the experiments are as follows: (i) Chloramine-T exerts a biphasic effect on the Na+ efflux: inhibition is followed by stimulation, the threshold concentration being 10(-5) M. This is also found to be the threshold concentration for shortening of these fibers. (ii) The kinetics of the inhibitory effect resemble those of ouabain. (iii) Ouabain is without effect on the stimulatory phase caused by chloramine-T. (iv) Application of chloramine-T after the full effect of 10(-4) M-ouabain is reached elicits solely a stimulatory response. (v) The dose-response curves for the stimulatory action of chloramine-T in unpoisoned and ouabain-poisoned fibers are alike except that the threshold concentration is less than 10(-5) M in poisoned fibers. (vi) Basal light emission from unpoisoned and ouabain-poisoned fibers loaded with the photoprotein, aequorin, some 60 min beforehand increases as soon as they are exposed to 10(-4) M chloramine-T. The response recorded in unpoisoned fibers is monophasic and usually transitory, whereas it is multiphasic and usually sustained in ouabain-poisoned fibers. (vii) The dose-response curve for chloramine-T shows a shift to the left in poisoned fibers. (viii) The magnitude of the rise in light emission depends on the external Ca2+ concentration. A rise fails to take place in the nominal absence of external Ca2+. Taken together, these results support the above hypothesis that chloramine-T causes the entry of trigger Ca2+ into the myoplasm from the outside and provide evidence that stimulation of the Na+ efflux is associated not only with this event but also with a reduced Na+ gradient resulting from inhibition of the membrane Na+/K(+)-ATPase system by the oxidant. Thus, the suggestion put forward is that this oxidant promotes reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchange and is able to exert multiple effects on membrane transport.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Bittar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D002700:Chloramines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004336:Drug Antagonism; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D001468:Thoracica; D014105:Tosyl Compounds
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D002700:Chloramines; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; C016300:chloramine-T; D010042:Ouabain; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium