title: Effects of yohimbine as a reversing agent for ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in budgerigars.
abstract: Fourteen adult budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were anesthetized with a combination of ketamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Forty-five minutes after ketamine-xylazine injection, one of four yohimbine hydrochloride doses (0.0, 0.11, 0.275, or 0.44 mg/kg, IM) was administered in a 0.7% saline vehicle. Latencies were recorded in minutes from yohimbine injection until subjects' behavior indicated three different points of recovery: 1) lifting the head, 2) standing unaided without ataxia, and 3) perching. Means for all three recovery point latencies were significantly reduced by 0.275 mg/kg of yohimbine compared with saline vehicle alone. Mean latencies among treatment groups for each of the three recovery points were not significantly different, other than control versus treated groups. Based on these results, we recommend a yohimbine dose of 0.275 mg/kg as an effective reversing agent for ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in budgerigars.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4411.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brauth
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D007649:Ketamine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D010311:Parrots; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D014991:Xylazine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D014991:Xylazine; D015016:Yohimbine; D007649:Ketamine