title: Compliance with universal precautions in a medical practice with a high rate of HIV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Universal precautions have been recommended to limit occupational exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other infectious agents, but whether these recommendations have been incorporated into routine practice has not been demonstrated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a one-group, before-after design, we assessed the knowledge and attitudes concerning universal precautions and the level of compliance with these recommendations. The health care professionals had various levels of training and worked in an ambulatory practice with a high rate of HIV. A total of 195 procedures involving potential exposure to various body fluids were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No improvement in compliance with recommended precautions was observed following a didactic educational program for either latex glove use (44 percent versus 49 percent, chi 2 less than 1, P greater than 0.2) or appropriate use of hand washing (34 percent versus 47 percent, chi 2 = 3.38, P = 0.07). Faculty demonstrated the lowest levels of adherence to universal precautions. While knowledge of precautions was high, staff members at all levels overestimated their own compliance with these recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the number of observations limits the conclusions, the results suggest that the basic protective measures included in universal precautions are not being routinely applied in ambulatory medical practice. Furthermore, didactic educational programs might not be sufficient to improve compliance. Finally, faculty in training programs should monitor their own compliance with universal precautions because of their responsibilities as role models for physicians in training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010821:Physicians, Family; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States