title: Comparison of larkspur alkaloid extract and lithium chloride in maintaining cattle aversion to larkspur in the field.
abstract: Lithium chloride (LiCl) and larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) alkaloid extract were compared in their effect as an emetic to create taste aversions to fresh larkspur. They were further compared in the field to determine whether the indigenous larkspur alkaloids were more effective in maintaining the aversion when conditioned cattle were subjected to the social pressure (social facilitation) of control cattle eating larkspur. Taste aversions were produced in two groups of 1-yr-old cattle by offering fresh larkspur and then gavaging with either LiCl at 200 mg/kg of BW or larkspur alkaloid extract at 1.1 to 1.6 mL/kg of BW. The third group (control) was gavaged with water. The alkaloid group was slower to form an aversion than the lithium group, requiring four doses compared with two doses. All groups were then taken to larkspur-infested rangeland to test the aversion in the field. In the first field trial in which groups grazed separately, both aversion-induced groups generally abstained from eating larkspur. In the second trial in which all groups grazed together, both aversion-induced groups consumed less than half as much larkspur as the controls, but neither group abstained completely. Larkspur alkaloids did not maintain the aversion to larkspur to a greater degree than did LiCl when aversion-induced cattle were subjected to social facilitation.
authors.affiliation: Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture/ARS, Logan, UT 84321.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ralphs
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001348:Aversive Therapy; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000187:drug effects; D008094:Lithium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018021:Lithium Chloride; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010939:Plant Poisoning / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011897:Random Allocation; D012919:Social Behavior; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D002712:Chlorides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008094:Lithium; D018021:Lithium Chloride