title: The unique C-termini of the thyroid hormone receptor variant, c-erbA alpha 2, and thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 mediate different DNA-binding and heterodimerization properties.
abstract: Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) mediate the regulation of gene transcription by thyroid hormone (T3) by binding to T3-responsive elements (TREs) in target genes. c-erbA alpha 2 is a C-terminal TR variant which does not bind T3 and is a dominant inhibitor of T3 action. When synthesized in Escherichia Coli, alpha 2 formed two TRE-binding complexes similar to the monomeric and homodimeric forms of TR alpha 1. However, alpha 2 did not bind nearly as well as TR alpha 1. Furthermore, alpha 2 failed to bind DNA with proteins that heterodimerized with TR alpha 1. TR alpha 1 and alpha 2 also did not bind DNA as heterodimers with one another. The differences between TR alpha 1 and alpha 2 were further analyzed by studying a variety of C-terminal mutants synthesized in reticulocyte lysates. Deletion of the last 20 of the 122 unique amino acids (aa) of alpha 2 increased its DNA binding to approximately the level of TR alpha 1, indicating that the C-terminus of alpha 2 is an inhibitory domain. This alpha 2 mutant (alpha 2 delta C) was still unable to heterodimerize with nuclear proteins, as were C-terminal deletion mutants of TR alpha 1. We hypothesized that fusion of TR alpha 1-specific sequences to the C-terminus of alpha 2 delta C would transfer the property of heterodimerization. Indeed, although alpha 2/alpha 1 chimeras containing the last 40 and 70 aa of TR alpha 1 failed to heterodimerize with nuclear proteins, addition of the last 100 or 150 aa of TR alpha 1 did render alpha 2 delta C heterodimerization competent. Thus, TR alpha 1 contains a C-terminal structure which is necessary for heterodimerization and can confer this property on alpha 2, which lacks this domain. The effects of the unique C-termini of TR alpha 1 and alpha 2 on their in vitro DNA binding have important implications for their mechanisms of action in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Berrodin
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lazar
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone