title: Repression of myogenin function by TGF-beta 1 is targeted at the basic helix-loop-helix motif and is independent of E2A products.
abstract: The muscle-specific helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins myogenin, MyoD, myf5, and MRF4 form hetero-oligomers with ubiquitous HLH proteins encoded by the E2A gene and activate muscle transcription by binding to a DNA sequence known as an E-box (CANNTG). Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) can inhibit muscle differentiation by silencing the transcription-activating potential of myogenic HLH proteins without affecting their ability to bind DNA. We show that repression by TGF-beta is directed at the basic-HLH motif of myogenin and is independent of E2A products. Using a series of reporter genes as targets for trans-activation by myogenin, transcriptional repression by TGF-beta is also shown to map to the E-box motif and to not require heterologous DNA sequence elements. These results demonstrate that TGF-beta represses muscle-specific transcription through a post-translational mechanism that renders the basic-HLH regions of the myogenic regulators nonfunctional. The selective repression of myogenic HLH proteins by TGF-beta indicates that the TGF-beta signaling system can discriminate between different classes of HLH proteins and implies that myogenic HLH proteins activate muscle-specific transcription through a unique mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D017570:MyoD Protein; D018008:Myogenin; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; D058125:Transcription Factor 7-Like 1 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D017570:MyoD Protein; D018008:Myogenin; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; D058125:Transcription Factor 7-Like 1 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D004247:DNA; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase