title: Sister chromatid separation in frog egg extracts requires DNA topoisomerase II activity during anaphase.
abstract: We have produced metaphase spindles and induced them to enter anaphase in vitro. Sperm nuclei were added to frog egg extracts, allowed to replicate their DNA, and driven into metaphase by the addition of cytoplasm containing active maturation promoting factor (MPF) and cytostatic factor (CSF), an activity that stabilizes MPF. Addition of calcium induces the inactivation of MPF, sister chromatid separation and anaphase chromosome movement. DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors prevent chromosome segregation at anaphase, demonstrating that the chromatids are catenated at metaphase and that decatenation occurs at the start of anaphase. Topoisomerase II activity towards exogenous substrates does not increase at the metaphase to anaphase transition, showing that chromosome separation at anaphase is not triggered by a bulk activation of topoisomerase II.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94143.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Shamu
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000705:Anaphase / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D016590:Aphidicolin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002457:Cell Extracts; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D002842:Chromatids / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000502:physiology; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D016200:Maturation-Promoting Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010063:Ovum / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D016590:Aphidicolin; D005047:Etoposide; D016200:Maturation-Promoting Factor; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II; D002118:Calcium