title: Alpha-oxidation of 3-methyl-substituted fatty acids in rat liver.
abstract: 3-Methyl-substituted fatty acids are first oxidatively decarboxylated (alpha-oxidation) before they are degraded further via beta-oxidation. We synthesized [1-14C]phytanic and 3-[1-14C]methylmargaric acids in order to study their alpha-oxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes, rat liver homogenates and subcellular fractions. alpha-Oxidation was measured as the production of radioactive CO2. In isolated hepatocytes, maximal rates of alpha-oxidation amounted to 7 and 10 nmol/min x 10(8) cells with phytanic acid and 3-methylmargaric acid, respectively. At equimolar substrate concentrations, alpha-oxidation of branched fatty acids was approximately 10- to 15-fold slower than the beta-oxidation of the straight chain palmitate. In whole liver homogenates, rates of alpha-oxidation that equaled 60 to 70% of those observed in the hepatocytes were obtained. Optimum rates required O2, NADPH, Fe3+, and ATP. Fe3+ could be replaced by Fe2+ and ATP could be replaced by a number of other phosphorylated nucleosides and even inorganic phosphate without loss of activity. NADH could substitute for NADPH but not always with full restoration of activity. A variety of other cofactors and metal ions was either inhibitory or without effect. Scavengers of reactive oxygen species, known to be formed during the NADPH-dependent microsomal reduction of ferric-phosphate complexes, were without effect on alpha-oxidation. No evidence was found for the accumulation of NADPH-dependent or Fe(3+)-dependent reaction intermediates. Subcellular fractionation of liver homogenates demonstrated that alpha-oxidation was located predominantly, if not exclusively, in the endoplasmic reticulum. alpha-Oxidation, measured in microsomal fractions, was not inhibited by CO, cytochrome c, or ferricyanide, indicating that NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450 are not involved in alpha-oxidation. Our results indicate that, contrary to current belief, alpha-oxidation is catalyzed by the endoplasmic reticulum. The cofactor requirements suggest that alpha-oxidation involves the reduction of Fe3+ by electrons from NADPH and that it is stimulated by phosphate ions and nucleotides.
authors.affiliation: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Afdeling Farmacologie, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Van Veldhoven
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vanhoutte
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parmentier
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Eyssen
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Mannaerts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010831:Phytanic Acid / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011865:Radioisotope Dilution Technique; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D011756:Diphosphates; D005227:Fatty Acids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D012265:Ribonucleotides; D010831:Phytanic Acid