title: H-2RIIBP (RXR beta) heterodimerization provides a mechanism for combinatorial diversity in the regulation of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone responsive genes.
abstract: H-2RIIBP (RXR beta) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that activates transcription of MHC class I genes in response to retinoic acid (RA). Using chemical cross-linking, co-immunoprecipitation, gel mobility shift and streptavidin-biotin DNA precipitation assays, we show that H-2RIIBP formed heterodimers with thyroid hormone (T3) and RA receptors (T3R alpha and RAR alpha). H-2RIIBP heterodimer formation required a conserved sub-domain of its C-terminal region, occurred independently of target DNA and was much more efficient than either T3R alpha/RAR alpha heterodimer or H-2RIIBP homodimer formation. Heterodimers displayed enhanced binding to target DNA elements and contacted DNA in a manner distinct from that of homodimers. A functional role for heterodimers in vivo was demonstrated by synergistic enhancement of MHC class I transcription following co-transfection of H-2RIIBP with T3R alpha or RAR alpha. We provide biochemical evidence that H-2RIIBP formed heterodimers with several naturally occurring nuclear proteins. The results suggest that H-2RIIBP, by virtue of its ability to heterodimerize, enhances combinatorial diversity and versatility in gene regulation mediated by nuclear hormone receptors.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hallenbeck
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Segars
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Appella
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nikodem
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ozato
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D016367:Baculoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005805:Genes, MHC Class I; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D010957:Plasmids; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D014212:Tretinoin