title: Activity of topotecan, a new topoisomerase I inhibitor, against human tumor colony-forming units in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Topotecan [(S)-9-dimethylaminomethyl(10-hydroxy-camptothecin), NSC 609699, SK&F 104864A], a semisynthetic analogue of the natural product camptothecin, is a cell cycle-specific drug that exerts antineoplastic activity through inhibition of topoisomerase I. Currently, topotecan is undergoing phase I and early phase II clinical trials. The dose-limiting toxicity for topotecan is myelosuppression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to determine plasma concentrations and exposure times necessary for optimal clinical activity and tumor types that may be responsive in phase II clinical studies of topotecan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A soft-agar cloning system assay was used to determine the in vitro effects of topotecan against cells from biopsy specimens of colorectal, breast, lung, ovarian, renal cell, and gastric cancers and cancers of unknown primary origin. We studied 141 freshly explanted tumor specimens, using 1-hour exposure to topotecan, and 80 were studied using continuous exposure. A decrease in tumor colony formation resulting from drug exposure was considered an in vitro response if survival of colonies was up to 50% of that in controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With 1-hour exposure, in vitro responses were seen in 10% and 25% of assessable tumor specimens at final topotecan concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 micrograms/mL, respectively. With continuous exposures at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 micrograms/mL, in vitro response rates were 34% and 76%, respectively. Specific activity was seen against colorectal, breast, non-small-cell lung, ovarian, and renal cell cancers, with responses observed in 27%, 25%, 32%, 39%, and 83%, respectively, of assessable tumor specimens after continuous exposure to 0.1 micrograms/mL topotecan. A subset of tumor specimens resistant to doxorubicin or fluorouracil was sensitive to topotecan, and the difference in sensitivity was statistically significant. In addition, some of the tumor specimens resistant to cyclophosphamide and etoposide were also sensitive to topotecan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topotecan appears to be active in vitro against a variety of human tumors, including a subgroup resistant in vitro to standard antineoplastic agents. If plasma levels of 0.1 micrograms/mL can be achieved for prolonged periods of time in ongoing clinical trials, topotecan should have substantial clinical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further clinical development of topotecan is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Hematology-Oncology Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Burris
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hanauske
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hilsenbeck
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Von Hoff
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002999:Clone Cells; D006801:Humans; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D019772:Topotecan; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D019772:Topotecan; D002166:Camptothecin