The associations of alcohol drinking and drinking cessation to measures of the immune system in middle-aged men.
To estimate the association between the immunologic responses of the cell-mediated and humoral systems and alcohol drinking, we used data from the Vietnam Experience Study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control. That study, conducted from 1985 to 1986, was based on a random sample of 4462 male, Vietnam-era, U.S. veterans. By using linear regression, we evaluated how (1) the number of alcoholic drinks the subjects consumed per month and (2) the drinking cessation of certain subjects were associated with their relative and absolute T, B, CD4, and CD8 lymphocyte counts and immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG levels. We used geometric means and percentage differences in geometric means of immune status to measure the associations and adjusted these values to account for the effect of covariates. The results indicated that measures of immune status differed among the drinking categories and that, generally, the differences changed after adjustment for covariates. These differences consisted, as alcohol consumption increased, of higher IgA and IgM levels, relative T and CD4 lymphocytes, and the ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells, and of lower IgG levels, relative B and CD8 lymphocytes, absolute lymphocyte, and lymphocyte subset counts after adjusting for other covariates. Among former drinkers, we found no clear-cut pattern in measures of immunity for a few years after cessation and then found that values of former drinkers tended to return toward values of nondrinkers as they continued to abstain.
Mili
F
F
Agent Orange Projects, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA.
Flanders
W D
WD
Boring
J R
JR
Annest
J L
JL
DeStefano
F
F
D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000276:immunology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000276:immunology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000378:metabolism; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D014728:Veterans; D014744:Vietnam
D007136:Immunoglobulins; D000431:Ethanol