Macrophage-induced cytotoxicity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor positive neurons involves excitatory amino acids rather than reactive oxygen intermediates and cytokines.
The co-localization of activated macrophages and damaged neurons observed in brain injury and degenerative brain diseases may hint to macrophage-induced neuronal cytotoxicity. Recently, macrophages have been found to secrete neurotoxic molecules such as radical oxygen intermediates and glutamate, the latter interacting with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. As shown in the present study, brain macrophages termed microglial cells co-cultured with differentiated cerebellar neurons excert potent neurotoxic effects. Neurotoxicity is unlikely to be due to cytokines since tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6 and interferon (IFN)-alpha/IFN-beta/IFN-gamma had no such effects. In contrast, when treating neurons with H2O2 or oxygen radical-generating systems cytotoxicity was induced. Furthermore, microglia were found to produce O2- and H2O2 when triggered with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. However, in co-cultures of neurons and microglia, oxygen-radical scavengers catalase and superoxide dismutase, failed to protect neurons from microglia-induced killing. Moreover, when using undifferentiated neurons which are susceptible to H2O2 but not to NMDA receptor-dependent killing, microglia did not destroy the neurons. Thus, the amount of reactive oxygen intermediates produced by microglia in co-culture do not reach the critical concentrations required for neurotoxicity. As dibenzocyclohepteneimide, an antagonist to NMDA receptors neutralized neurotoxicity in microglia-neuronal co-cultures, excitatory amino acids released by microglia are suggested to compose the major determinant of neurotoxicity.
Piani
D
D
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
Spranger
M
M
Frei
K
K
Schaffner
A
A
Fontana
A
A
D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005971:Glutamates / Q000633:toxicity*; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000502:physiology*
D016207:Cytokines; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005971:Glutamates; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010100:Oxygen