The effect of magnetic resonance imagers on implanted neurostimulators.
This in-vitro study was designed to investigate the safety of various implanted neurostimulators in magnetic resonance (MR) imagers. The effects of the static and changing magnetic fields and the radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field generated by 0.35 and 1.5 T MR imagers on the voltage output of four models of implantable passive neurostimulators and two models of implantable self-powered neurostimulators was studied. The neurostimulators were mounted on a support and placed in the imagers. An oscilloscope monitored the voltages at the outputs of the neurostimulators. For an Avery single-channel stimulator, located at the isocenter, the amplitude of the output pulses induced by the 0.35 T imager was 6V; from a 1.5 T imager, it was 12 V. These amplitudes can cause discomfort and possible harm to a patient if the typical therapeutic value is 1-5 V. The amplitude of the stimulator receiver's output decreased to relatively safe values beyond 40 cm from the isocenter. By contrast, there was no significant voltage output from the Medtronic SE-4 receiver. For two models of self-powered neurostimulators, the Medtronic Itrel and the Cordis MK II, the programmed stimulus parameters were not affected by the pulsed magnetic fields of the MR imagers. However, the RF fields at the isocenter heated the metal case of the stimulators. The rotational and linear forces produced by the fixed magnet on the Cordis MK II were judged to be too strong for a patient with this implant to be scanned. The study showed that patients with certain types of implanted neurostimulators can be scanned safely under certain conditions.
Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco 94143.
C A
CA
Gleason
N F
NF
Kaula
H
H
Hricak
R A
RA
Schmidt
E A
EA
Tanagho
D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D008280:Magnetics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects