Contraceptive efficacy of lactational amenorrhoea.
Pregnancy is rare among breastfeeding women with lactational amenorrhoea. The lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM) is the informed use of breastfeeding as a contraceptive method by a woman who is still amenorrhoeic, and who is not feeding her baby with supplements, for up to 6 months after delivery. Under these three conditions, LAM users are thought to have 98% protection from pregnancy. It can be difficult, however, to determine when supplementation of the baby's diet begins. We have analysed data from nine studies of the recovery of fertility in breastfeeding women to assess the effectiveness of lactational amenorrhoea alone, irrespective of whether supplements have been introduced, as a fertility regulation method post partum. Cumulative probabilities of ovulation during lactational amenorrhoea were 30.9 and 67.3 per 100 women at 6 and 12 months, respectively, compared with 27.2 at 6 months when all three criteria of the LAM were met. Cumulative pregnancy rates during lactational amenorrhoea were 2.9 and 5.9 per 100 women at 6 and 12 months, compared with 0.7 at 6 months for the LAM. The probability of pregnancy during lactational amenorrhoea calculated from these studies is similar to that of other modern contraceptive methods, and it seems reasonable for a woman to rely on lactational amenorrhoea without regard to whether she is fully or partly breastfeeding. So that amenorrhoea and fertility suppression can be maintained, counselling about good breastfeeding and weaning practices remains important.
Kennedy
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Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
Visness
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D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000568:Amenorrhea; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods*; D003376:Counseling; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D007774:Lactation; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D010060:Ovulation; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors