title: Lack of involvement of reactive oxygen in the cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone, CI941 and ametantrone in MCF-7 cells: comparison with doxorubicin.
abstract: The MCF-7 cell S9 fraction and whole MCF-7 cells can mediate one-electron-redox cycling of doxorubicin, giving rise to concomitant oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), formation of a drug semiquinone free radical, consumption of molecular oxygen and formation of superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. Doxorubicin redox cycling was consistent with DNA strand breakage and cell kill in MCF-7 cells. In contrast, no evidence for redox cycling was found for mitoxantrone (MIT), CI941 or ametantrone (AMET) in MCF-7 cells. Despite the absence of redox cycling, the CI941, MIT, and AMET concentrations resulting in 50% mortality (LC50; 1.5 x 10(-10), 5.2 x 10(-9) and 1.2 x 10(-6) M, respectively) of MCF-7 cells were lower than that of DOX (3.0 x 10(-6) M). Furthermore, the higher cytotoxicity of MIT and CI941 as compared with AMET or DOX was associated with greater efficiency in inducing DNA strand breakage in MCF-7 cells as determined by alkaline elution. Since MIT and CI941 proved to be the most potent DNA-damaging and cytotoxic agents in this study, the ability of DOX to undergo redox cycling does not appear to confer increased cytotoxic potential on this agent. The present study revealed several important aspects with regards to the structural modification of anthraquinone antitumour agents. Firstly, the C1 and C4 positioning of the hydroxyethylamino side chains on MIT, CI941 and AMET is associated with a lack of flavin reductase-mediated activation of these agents. Secondly, the possession of a C5 or C8 aromatic hydroxyl group appears to be intimately involved in the enhanced DNA strand breakage and cytotoxic potency of MIT and CI941, since AMET does not possess these groups. These findings indicate that future development of quinone antitumour agents should concentrate on compounds that do not undergo redox cycling but do possess aromatic hydroxyl groups, since the latter appear to be responsible for the enhanced cytotoxicity of MIT and CI941.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, U.K.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047069:Pyrazolones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D011720:Pyrazoles; D047069:Pyrazolones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C050637:losoxantrone; D004317:Doxorubicin; D008942:Mitoxantrone