title: Drowning and near drowning in children in the United Kingdom: lessons for prevention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pattern of drowning and near drowning of children in Britain and identify means of prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study of drowned and nearly drowned children under 15 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  United Kingdom, 1988 and 1989.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children under 15 years either drowning or admitted to hospital after a submersion incident.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of nearly drowned children, obtained from consultant paediatricians returning monthly notification cards through the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit. Number of drowned children notified by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys and other national epidemiological offices; information from coroners.
  
  
  RESULTS
  306 children had confirmed submersion incidents: 149 died and 157 survived after near drowning. The annual incidence in England and Wales was 1.5/100,000, and mortality 0.7/100,000. Mortality was lowest in public pools 6% (2/32) and highest in rivers, canals, and lakes (78%, 56/73). Most of the children (263, 83%) were unsupervised at the time of the accident. 208 (68%) children were under 5 years old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drowning and near drowning of children are problems in the British Isles. Appropriate supervision and safety barriers seem important for preventing such accidents. Improving information on dangers of drowning given to parents through the child surveillance programmes, encouraging fencing or draining of garden ponds and domestic swimming pools, and increasing supervision of swimming in lakes, rivers, and beaches should reduce the number of accidents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, University of Wales College of Medicine, Lansdowne Hospital, Cardiff.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sibert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004332:Drowning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015701:Near Drowning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012449:Safety; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology