title: Effectiveness of a pregnancy smoking cessation program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate two nursing approaches to promoting smoking cessation during initial antenatal visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental, with assignment to interventions using a random, alternate-day strategy and blind assessment of smoking at baseline, 1 month postintervention, 36 weeks' gestation, and 6 weeks postpartum.
  
  
  METHODS
  224 daily smokers, fewer than 31 weeks gestation, during first prenatal visit, at a teaching hospital antenatal clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  An evening class providing guidance on a self-help program for 2 hours on a group basis or 20 minutes on an individual basis during the prenatal appointment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking cessation, confirmed by urinary cotinine levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All women assigned to the referral intervention received a referral, but none attended the classes. In contrast, 93% assigned to the immediate intervention received the intervention. The group receiving immediate intervention had two to three times higher rates of cessation at all follow-up periods, with significant differences at the 1-month follow-up. There were certain similarities between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cessation interventions should be administered during the first prenatal visit.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Dulberg
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Buhler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nadon
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Benzie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009773:Obstetric Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine