title: Designing animals: ethical issues for genetic engineers.
abstract: Two general philosophical approaches to ethical issues in property rights are described. Instrumental approaches take property rights to be means for achieving goals such as social efficiency or economic growth. Labor approaches take property rights to be fundamental human rights that protect liberty or that assign ownership of goods based on criteria of desert. A thought experiment is used to illustrate the relevance of these theories to intellectual property. Alternative strategies for application of ethical theory to animal biotechnology are surveyed. The choice of an approach determines a burden of proof that must be met before property claims can be ethically sanctioned, but the question of which approach should be applied to animal biotechnology remains open. Ethical issues raised by unwanted consequences of biotechnology and religious objections to gene transfer are briefly summarized with emphasis on how these issues have influenced public debate on animal patents.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology Policy and Ethics, Texas A&M University, College Station 77840-4355.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001709:Biotechnology; D004989:Ethics; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D010330:Patents as Topic; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D012067:Religion; D014162:Transfection