title: Preparation and characterization of crosslinked and polymerized hemoglobin solutions.
abstract: In 1982 we synthesized 2-Nor-2-formylpyridoxal 5'-phosphate (NFPLP) and subsequently showed that coupling of the beta chains of hemoglobin (Hb) by this organic phosphate compound according to Benesch et al. (1) lowers the oxygen affinity and prolongs the retention time in the circulation of rats and rabbits with a factor 3 by prevention of excretion via the kidneys. Optimal conditions for the purification of HbNFPLP either by ion-exchange chromatography or by heat treatment were established with recoveries of 70% and 85%, respectively. By extrapolation from the data in rats and rabbits a half life of about 8 hours can be expected in the circulation of humans. However, under some conditions a further prolongation is required. The aim of further modification of HbNFPLP was to achieve a retention time of about 24 hours. Polymerization with glutaraldehyde to polyHbNFPLP resulted in a mixture of polymers of different size. We determined the optimal degree of polymerization with respect to the effects on vascular retention time, oncotic activity, viscosity and oxygen affinity. Depending on the degree of polymerization we found in rats a 5- to 7- fold increase in vascular half-life compared to native Hb. The change in oxygen affinity was found to be independent of the polymer size (P50 = 18-22 mmHg). A limiting factor for polymerization is the increase in viscosity, which was dramatic when large polymers (greater than 300 kD) were present in the preparation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Berbers
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Bleeker
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: den Boer
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Biessels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010100:Oxygen; D011732:Pyridoxal Phosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D006454:Hemoglobins; C037158:polyhemoglobin; C045124:2-nor-2-formylpyridoxal-5'-phosphate; D011732:Pyridoxal Phosphate; D010100:Oxygen