title: Discomfort and pain during mammography: description, prediction, and prevention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the nature of pain and discomfort experienced during mammography and how it can be ameliorated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire survey before invitation for mammography and immediately after mammography. Responses before screening were related to experience of discomfort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health district in South East Thames region.
  
  
  METHODS
  1160 women aged 50-64 invited routinely for screening; 774 completed first questionnaire, of whom 617 had mammography. 597 completed the second questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reported discomfort and pain, comparisons of discomfort with that experienced during other medical procedures, qualitative description of pain with adjective checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  35% (206/597) of the women reported discomfort and 6% (37/595) pain. 10 minutes after mammography these figures were 4% (24/595) and 0.7% (4/595) respectively. More than two thirds of women ranked having a tooth drilled, having a smear test, and giving blood as more uncomfortable than mammography. The most important predictor of discomfort was previous expectation of pain (discomfort was reported by 21/32 (66%) women who expected pain and 186/531 (35%) who did not). Discomfort had little effect on satisfaction or intention to reattend.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low levels of reported pain and discomfort shortly after mammography and the favourable comparisons with other investigations suggest that current procedures are acceptable. Since two thirds of the women experienced less pain than expected health education and promotion must ensure that accurate information is made available and publicized.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Health Behaviour, University of Kent, Canterbury.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Rutter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calnan
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vaile
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Wade
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D013997:Time Factors