title: Myocardial metabolism and adaptation during extreme hemodilution in humans after coronary revascularization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the oxygen transport adjustments and myocardial metabolic adaptation that occurs with different levels of hemodilution during normothermia after cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, nonrandomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating room in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with ejection fractions (> 40%) undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass, blood was withdrawn from patients to a target hematocrit of 15%. After coronary artery bypass grafting, a catheter was inserted directly into the coronary sinus. After the patients were rewarmed to 37 degrees C, they were weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. Hemodynamic indices were measured, as well as measurements of myocardial oxygen consumption (VO2) and myocardial metabolism (lactate extraction and coronary sinus hypoxanthine). Measurements were made at three different hematocrit values: 15%, 20%, and 25%. Hematocrit was increased by autologous blood transfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three levels of hemodilution (hematocrit: 17.4 +/- 3.4%; 23.0 +/- 3.7%; 27.8 +/- 4.8%) were significantly different from baseline (hematocrit 37 +/- 2.6%; p < .05). Oxygen delivery, which increased with autologous transfusion, exceeded 350 mL/min/m2 at each level of dilution. The myocardial VO2 increased significantly after autologous transfusion compared with the most dilute condition (7.0 +/- 3.7 mL/min at hematocrit 17.4% vs. 11.2 +/- 4.8 mL/min at hematocrit 23.0% and 12.4 +/- 4.0 mL/min at hematocrit 27.8%). This transfusion-induced increase was also true of myocardial oxygen extraction. Lactate extraction and hypoxanthine release were normal and unchanged at each level of hemodilution. Systemic oxygen extraction ratio increased with hemodilution and decreased with autologous transfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodilution to a hematocrit of approximately 15% is tolerated in anesthetized humans after coronary artery bypass surgery. There was no evidence of myocardial ischemia, as demonstrated by absence of S-T depression on the electrocardiogram, lactate extraction, or hypoxanthine release. In selected patients, postoperative transfusion may be based on systemic physiologic end-points, such as oxygen extraction ratio, rather than set hematocrit values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathru
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blakeman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Dries
mesh_terms: D001804:Blood Transfusion, Autologous; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006400:Hematocrit; D006438:Hemodilution / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D019271:Hypoxanthine; D007042:Hypoxanthines / Q000097:blood; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D007042:Hypoxanthines; D007773:Lactates; D019271:Hypoxanthine; D019344:Lactic Acid