title: Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in emergency department patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are common in inner-city populations, but their frequency and interrelations are not well established.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a six-week period, excess serum samples were collected, along with information on risk factors, from all adult patients presenting to an inner-city emergency department. The samples were assayed for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to HCV and HIV-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2523 patients tested, 612 (24 percent) were infected with at least one of the three viruses. Five percent were seropositive for HBV, 18 percent for HCV, and 6 percent for HIV-1. HCV was found in 145 of the 175 intravenous drug users (83 percent), 36 of the 171 transfusion recipients (21 percent), and 5 of the 24 homosexual men (21 percent). Among black men 35 to 44 years of age, the seroprevalence of HCV was 51 percent. HBsAg was present in 9 percent of those whose only identifiable risk was possible heterosexual exposure. At least one viral marker was found in about 30 percent of the patients who were actively bleeding or in whom procedures were performed. Testing for HIV-1 alone would have failed to identify 87 percent of the patients infected with HBV and 80 percent of those infected with HCV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a population of patients in an inner-city emergency room, HBV, HCV, and HIV-1 are all highly prevalent. However, routine screening for HIV-1 alone would identify only a small fraction of the patients who pose risks of severe viral infections, including HBV and HCV, to providers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kelen
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Qaqish
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Sivertson
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Quinn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006282:Health Personnel; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D006716:Homosexuality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D065227:Transfusion Reaction
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies