title: The role of enoximone in cardiac surgery.
abstract: After cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), some patients may require circulatory support. This study examined the role of the phosphodiesterase-III inhibitor, enoximone, in cardiac surgery. Eighty patients selected by chance were allocated randomly to two groups: 40 patients received enoximone 1.0 mg kg-1 approximately 10 min before weaning from CPB and 40 served as a control group. Additional pharmacological therapy (adrenaline, noradrenaline, nitroglycerin) was given, when necessary, by anaesthetists who were not involved in the study. In addition to standard monitoring, skin capillary blood flow was assessed using a laser Doppler technique before, during and after CPB until 2 h after the end of the operation. In the period after bypass, cardiac index was always significantly greater in the enoximone than in the control group. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance were less in the enoximone-treated patients, indicating a reduction in right and left ventricular wall stress. Oxygen consumption in the enoximone patients was significantly greater after CPB, whereas intrapulmonary shunting was comparable in the two groups. In comparison with baseline values, skin capillary blood flow in the enoximone patients was always greater than that in the control group. In comparison with the control patients, significantly fewer enoximone patients needed adrenaline, and in a smaller dose, even 2 h after operation, whereas more enoximone patients required noradrenaline therapy for a short period. We conclude that the use of enoximone before weaning from CPB improved overall cardiac function, reduced the need of catecholaminergic inotropic support, and provided increased organ perfusion up to 2 h after operation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boldt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knothe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zickmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Russ
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dapper
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hempelmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017335:Enoximone; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D017335:Enoximone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine