title: Detection of HIV antibodies in saliva as a tool for epidemiological studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of saliva specimens for the detection of HIV antibodies among high-risk groups in epidemiological studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Testing of saliva specimens collected by different methods from individuals with known HIV status. The most reliable method was examined for its usefulness in a field study among a high-risk group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saliva samples were obtained either by using a cotton-wool roll ('Salivette') or as 'whole saliva'. HIV antibodies were determined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Confirmation was performed using a line immunoassay or an immunoblot assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 'Salivette' samples, HIV antibodies were detected by ELISA in seven out of 22 seropositive individuals. In contrast, testing of 'whole saliva' samples from 79 HIV-seropositive and 115 HIV-seronegative individuals resulted in a 100% correlation with HIV serum status. The positive reaction of 20 'whole saliva' specimens was confirmed in a line immunoassay, whereas in an immunoblot assay only seven specimens were positive, one negative, and 12 indeterminate. In an HIV prevalence study among drug users, 395 'whole saliva' samples were tested in two different ELISA. Both assays showed complete agreement in detecting 58 positive and 337 negative samples. All positive samples were confirmed by the line immunoassay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that 'whole saliva' specimens are a good alternative to blood samples in epidemiological studies of HIV prevalence in high-risk groups.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van den Akker
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van den Hoek
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: van den Akker
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kooy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vijge
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roosendaal
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Loon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000032:analysis*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies