title: Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine prospectively the association between dietary intake of vitamins C and E, carotene, and riboflavin and cataract extraction in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study beginning in 1980 with eight years of follow up.
  
  
  METHODS
  11 states of the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female registered nurses who were 45 to 67 years of age. 50,828 women were included in 1980 and others were added as they became 45 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of extraction of senile cataracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  493 cataracts were extracted during 470,302 person years of follow up. Intake of carotene and vitamin A was inversely associated with cataract: in multivariate analyses, women in the highest fifth of total vitamin A intake (excluding supplements) had a 39% lower risk of cataract relative to women in the lowest fifth (relative risk 0.61; 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.81). Neither riboflavin nor dietary vitamins E or C were associated with cataract in a multivariate analysis. Among specific food items spinach (rather than carrots, the greatest source of beta carotene) was most consistently associated with a lower relative risk. The risk of cataract was 45% lower among women who used vitamin C supplements for 10 or more years(relative risk 0.55 (0.32 to 0.96)), but no association was noted for multivitamin intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary carotenoids, although not necessarily beta carotene, and long term vitamin C supplementation may decrease the risk of cataracts severe enough to require extraction.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hankinson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Seddon
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Speizer
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D012256:Riboflavin