title: Predicting mortality from cervical cancer after negative smear test results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relative protection against death from cervical cancer after two or more negative smear test results and compare it with the protection against invasive cancer estimated by an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) working group in an analysis of data from 10 large screening programmes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of risk of death from cervical cancer after two or more negative smear results with the risk in unscreened women by using a model constructed with data from the British Columbia screening programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality from and incidence of invasive cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In women with two negative smear results estimates of protection against cervical cancer were about 50% higher when lethal invasive cancer was used as the criterion rather than all invasive cancer. This difference was due to these women being more likely to attend for further tests at which invasive cancer could be detected: screen detected cancer has a better prognosis than clinically diagnosed cancer. Screening intervals could be longer than three years: screening women aged 35-64 every five years was predicted to result in a 90% reduction in mortality from cervical cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because protection from mortality is higher than protection from disease and because of the high costs and negative side effects of frequent screening, screening intervals should be longer than three years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van Oortmarssen
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Habbema
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Ballegooijen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D013997:Time Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014626:Vaginal Smears