title: The use of drugs in emergency airway management in pediatric trauma.
abstract: Most patients who require emergency airway control receive drugs to induce rapidly sufficient anesthesia for direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation, but there are no protocols that outline the use of specific drugs in general use. Drugs should safely and rapidly produce (1) unconsciousness; (2) paralysis; and (3) blunt intracranial pressure (ICP) responses to airway procedures. Consequences to be considered include increased ICP, hemorrhagic shock, and a full stomach. To refine the use of drugs used for airway procedures in pediatric trauma patients, the authors reviewed all cases of emergency endotracheal intubation over a recent 12-month period (1) to see whether medications used met the goals of producing unconsciousness and paralysis and blunting ICP responses were met safely; and (2) to identify potential drug-related complications. From July 1, 1990, to June 30, 1991, 60 of 791 children (7.6%) required endotracheal intubation at the scene of injury, at the referring hospital, or in our emergency department (15; 25%). Ten patients died (16.7%). Three fourths were younger than 9 years of age. All except one suffered blunt injuries. Nearly all (95%) suffered head injuries, isolated in 39 of 57 (68.4%) and combined with injuries in other regions in 18 (31.6%). Fifteen patients were in apnea (25%); seven were both apneic and pulseless. Three fourths (45 of 60) had diminished levels of consciousness; one fourth (15 of 60) were awake. Immediate endotracheal intubation proceeded appropriately without drugs in all seven patients in cardiopulmonary arrest. Only eight of the remaining 53 patients (15.1%) received an optimal medication regimen. Many patients with head injury were inadequately protected against increases in ICP. Thiopental, an effective anesthetic agent that effectively lowers intracranial pressure, was not used in 25 of 35 stable patients with isolated head injury (71.4%). Intravenous lidocaine was not used in 38 of 50 head-injured patients in whom it would have been an appropriate adjunct to control increases in ICP (76%). Eight patients received paralyzing agents alone, without sedatives or narcotics. Medications were thought inadequate to relieve the pain and discomfort of laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in 32 of the 53 patients who should have received them (60.4%). No paralyzing agents were used in 36 of the 53 instances where it would have been appropriate (67.9%). In two of 11 instances (18.3%) where succinylcholine was administered, no prior nondepolarizing agent was used. Complications of a full stomach at the time of emergency endotracheal intubation became evident in 10 patients (16.7%) who vomited during procedures to control the airway. Two patients (3.3%) aspirated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3417.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Waggoner
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Venkataraman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Orr
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000293:Adolescent; D000758:Anesthesia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003975:Diazepam; D004630:Emergencies; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008012:Lidocaine; D009294:Narcotics; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D013390:Succinylcholine; D013874:Thiopental; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D009294:Narcotics; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D013390:Succinylcholine; D013874:Thiopental; D003975:Diazepam