title: The repetitive calcium waves in the fertilized ascidian egg are initiated near the vegetal pole by a cortical pacemaker.
abstract: Ascidian eggs respond to fertilization with a series of repetitive calcium waves that originate mostly from the vegetal/contraction pole region (J. E. Speksnijder, C. Sardet, and L. F. Jaffe, 1990, Dev. Biol. 142, 246-249), where the myoplasm is concentrated during the first phase of ooplasmic segregation. This suggests that the myoplasm may be involved in initiating these calcium waves. To test this possibility, the starting position of the calcium waves was determined in eggs that had the subcortical, mitochondria-rich part of the myoplasm displaced by centrifugation. Such centrifuged eggs display four cytoplasmic layers: a large centrifugal yolk zone, a narrow clear zone, a mitochondria-rich layer, and a small clear zone at the centripetal pole. Imaging of the cytosolic calcium in centrifuged eggs that were injected with the calcium-specific photoprotein aequorin reveals a series of repetitive calcium waves after fertilization. About 70% of these waves start in the vegetal/contraction pole area, which is similar to the number of waves previously found to start in this area in uncentrifuged eggs. In contrast, only about 25% of the waves start close to the displaced mitochondria-rich layer. From this result it is concluded that the main wave initiation site is not displaced by the centrifugal forces that displace the subcortical, mitochondria-rich part of the myoplasm. Moreover, the observation that the animal-vegetal polarity of cortical components such as actin filaments and the endoplasmic reticulum has been retained after centrifugation further suggests that a cortical component located in the vegetal hemisphere--most likely the endoplasmic reticulum network in the cortical region of the myoplasm--is involved in initiating the repetitive calcium waves in the fertilized ascidian egg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Zoology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Speksnijder
mesh_terms: D000331:Aequorin; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D010507:Periodicity; D014561:Urochordata / Q000196:embryology*; D015053:Zygote / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000331:Aequorin; D002118:Calcium