title: Butorphanol for the relief of shivering associated with extradural anesthesia in parturients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of butorphanol for the relief of shivering following the epidural administration of 2% lidocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Labor and delivery department of a university-affiliated hospital inpatient facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one healthy labor patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who had sustained shivering associated with lidocaine epidural anesthesia were given normal saline or butorphanol 1 mg. Patients were observed for 20 minutes following the administration of a study solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shivering ceased within a mean time of 12.9 +/- 3.8 minutes in approximately 81% of the patients who received epidural butorphanol (p < 0.01), while 3% of the patients in the placebo group had no shivering following the administration of epidural saline. No sedation or changes in fetal heart rate were associated with epidural butorphanol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural butorphanol is effective in the treatment of postepidural shivering associated with epidural lidocaine. Epidural agonist opioids have been reported to be efficacious in the management of postepidural shivering. This study demonstrated that a partial agonist opioid also is effective in the treatment of postepidural shivering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juneja
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cases-Cristobal
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Urella
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rigor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001831:Body Temperature; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012768:Shivering / Q000187:drug effects*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine; D002077:Butorphanol