title: Antifibrinolytic activities of alpha-N-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, and tranexamic acid. Importance of kringle interactions and active site inhibition.
abstract: alpha-N-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester (NALME) is a lysine analogue that reportedly binds to low-affinity lysine binding sites in plasmin(ogen) and miniplasmin(ogen). In the studies presented here, we show that NALME has antifibrinolytic activity; however, unlike the therapeutic agents epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid (epsilon ACA) and tranexamic acid (TEA), the activity of NALME is based on inhibition of the plasmin active site. NALME (0.1-10 mM) significantly inhibited the amidase activity of plasmin, miniplasmin, and streptokinase-plasmin complex without affecting alpha-thrombin or tissue plasminogen activator. epsilon ACA and TEA (0.1-10 mM) did not affect the amidase activity of plasmin or miniplasmin. A kinetic analysis showed that NALME is a competitive inhibitor of D-Val-L-Lys-p-nitroanilide HCl (S-2251) hydrolysis by plasmin; NALME binding to plasmin completely prevented S-2251 binding. The Kl for the plasmin-NALME interaction was 0.4 mM. epsilon ACA and TEA inhibited fibrin monomer digestion by plasmin and miniplasmin without binding to the active site of either enzyme. This result suggests that epsilon ACA and TEA function as antifibrinolytics by disrupting the noncovalent association of fibrin monomer with a domain common to both plasmin and miniplasmin (probably kringle 5). NALME inhibited fibrin monomer digestion principally by decreasing amidase activity. NALME was the only lysine analogue that prevented fragment X formation; TEA and epsilon ACA primarily inhibited the formation of fragments Y and D. When plasmin was incubated simultaneously with alpha 2-antiplasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin, epsilon ACA increased the fraction of plasmin reacting with alpha 2-macroglobulin; NALME had no effect on the plasmin distribution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Anonick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vasudevan
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gonias
mesh_terms: D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015119:Aminocaproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000187:drug effects; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012712:Serum Globulins / Q000378:metabolism; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D012712:Serum Globulins; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; C019493:miniplasmin; C024668:plasmin-alpha(2)-macroglobulin complex; C069694:alpha-acetyllysine methyl ester; D014148:Tranexamic Acid; D005341:Fibrinolysin; D000581:Amidohydrolases; C019665:amidase; D008239:Lysine; D015119:Aminocaproic Acid