title: Phantom evaluation of imaging modalities for silicone breast implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent concern regarding possible adverse effects from silicone breast implants has increased the role of radiologists in assessing augmented breasts. The authors compare the commonly available imaging modalities in evaluating the intact silicone implant as well as free silicone in the adjacent tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  A contrast resolution phantom and breast of veal phantom were tested. Fat was used as a reference material. The phantoms were imaged with xeromammography, film-screen mammography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Proton MRI spectroscopy also was performed on fat, silicone, water, and water/gelatin samples. The consensus of two radiologists determined whether free silicone was present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT and MRI provided the best images of the implant and the free silicone. Several features of MRI were useful: spin-density scans and the fast low-angle shot (FLASH) and fast imaging with steady-state precision (FISP) techniques provided excellent resolution, a consistent chemical shift artifact appeared around the silicone, and frequency selective pre-saturation techniques resulted in marked suppression of the silicone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional testing in a more realistic setting, breast coil design, and improvement of various MRI techniques, particularly the frequency selective pre-saturation techniques, all appear promising in evaluating breast implants, the presence of free silicone, and the adjacent tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0374.
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hiskes
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fitzsimmons
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lanier
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects; D008327:Mammography; D008961:Models, Structural; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D012828:Silicones / Q000009:adverse effects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary; D014984:Xeromammography
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones