title: Liver releases galanin during sympathetic nerve stimulation.
abstract: To determine whether the gut or liver releases galanin during sympathetic neural activation, we performed bilateral thoracic splanchnic nerve stimulation (BTSNS) in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Using experimentally determined galanin extraction rates of 60% for gut and no extraction by liver, calculations demonstrated a minor increase in gut spillover during BTSNS (delta = +4.8 +/- 1.8 pmol/min), whereas liver spillover of galanin-like immunoreactivity (GLIR) increased markedly (delta = +27.9 +/- 9.5 pmol/min). To confirm the finding of liver galanin release, GLIR was measured in femoral artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein during hepatic nerve stimulation (HNS). GLIR spillover from gut was not increased by HNS (delta = +1.9 +/- 6.3 pmol/min). In contrast, liver GLIR spillover was greatly increased during HNS (delta = +53.3 +/- 16.4 pmol/min). Extracts of canine liver contained 2.7 +/- 0.4 pmol GLIR/g tissue. We conclude that, despite the known significant galanin content of the gut, little galanin is released from this organ during sympathetic activation. In contrast, the liver, heretofore not described to contain galanin, contains and releases significant amounts of the peptide during sympathetic activation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kowalyk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Taborsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D019004:Galanin; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism*; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D013153:Splanchnic Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; D010455:Peptides; D019004:Galanin; D009638:Norepinephrine