title: Range of motion of the foot as a function of age.
abstract: Movement of the foot is essential for human locomotion. The purpose of this paper was to quantify the range of motion of the foot as a function of age and to compare the rage of motion measurements for the foot in a laboratory coordinate system and a coordinate system fixed to the tibia. The measurements were taken in vivo using a range of motion instrument developed by Allinger (University of Calgary, Canada, 1990) from 121 subjects. The results suggest that: (1) the range of motion in general is greater for women than for men in the young adult group; (2) the range of motion in general is in the same order of magnitude for women and men in the oldest age group; and (3) the range of motion is about 8 degrees smaller in dorsiflexion and about 8 degrees higher in plantarflexion for women than for men in the oldest age group. It is speculated that physical activity and common shoe wear are factors influencing the age- and gender-dependent differences in range of motion. Furthermore, it has been shown that the range of motion values measured in a laboratory coordinate system and in a coordinate system fixed in the tibia are different in all directions except inversion. The differences in plantarflexion and dorsiflexion and inversion and eversion are relatively small. However, they are substantial for adduction and abduction. In all cases, the results were bigger for measurements in the laboratory coordinate system compared with the tibia coordinate system, because the movement of the lower leg was included in the measurements in the laboratory coordinate system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Nigg
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Allinger
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ronsky
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Engsberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors