title: Improved outcome with early blood administration in a near-fatal model of porcine hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: Current recommendations for the preoperative management of hemorrhagic shock include the initial infusion of 2 L of isotonic crystalloid regardless of the severity of hemorrhage. While this approach may be adequate for patients who experience only mild to moderate hemorrhagic insults, it has never been tested in a clinically relevant model of severe life-threatening hemorrhage. The authors used a porcine model of rapidly fatal hemorrhage with a reproducible and relevant physiologic end-point, the absence of vital signs, to test the hypothesis that even brief delays in blood replacement may result in higher mortality rates and worsen hemodynamic and metabolic responses to hemorrhage. Twenty-four immature swine (11-17 kg) were bled continuously at a decelerating rate until the following criteria were met: (1) respiratory arrest, (2) a pulse pressure of 0 and, (3) a slowing of cardiac electrical activity of 15% or more. Resuscitation was begun 1 minute later. The animals were randomly assigned to one of three resuscitation regimens. Group A (n = 8) received shed blood at a rate of 3 mL/kg/min for 10 minutes followed by normal saline (NS) at a rate of 3 mL/kg/min for 10 minutes. Group B (n = 8) received NS at a rate of 3 mL/kg/min for 10 minutes followed by shed blood at a rate of 3 mL/kg/min for 10 minutes. Group C, controls, (n = 8) received NS at a rate of 3 mL/kg/min for 20 minutes. Animals were observed for 30 minutes after resuscitation or until death. Mortality was 25%, 37.5%, and 100% for groups A, B, and C, respectively (P < .05 for group C versus group A or B).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267-0769.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Dronen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baldursson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Irvin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syverud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D012965:Sodium Chloride