title: [Echocardiography-guided temporary implantation of electrode catheters: an alternative with reliable results even during prolonged use].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-ECO) evaluation as an alternative guidance technique during temporary pacing wire placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective evaluation of implantation and pacing parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Admission from the Emergency Room and patients studied in the Cardiology Department of the Hospital Distrital in Faro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with indication for temporary cardiac pacing during, at least, twelve hours (H). Fluoroscopy equipment shouldn't be readily available for implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mean ages of the 20 pts. (14 men and 6 women) were 71.90 +/- 2.12 years. All pts. had a temporary pacing lead implantation under 2D-ECO guidance. Indications for cardiac pacing were: second or complete atrioventricular block (17 pts.), new onset bifascicular bundle branch block during anterior acute myocardial infarction (1 patient) and sick sinus syndrome (2 pts.). The transvenous route of approach has been the right internal jugular in all the cases and venipuncture time accounts for the calculation of total implantation time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ventricular capture was achieved in all pts., with stable stimulation thresholds. The mean implantation time was +/- 9.21 minutes and the mean acute stimulation threshold 0.33 +/- 0.20 V and 0.65 +/- 0.35 mA. The mean voltage of the intracavitary QRS was 11.15 +/- 2.95 mV and the mean lead resistance was 851.33 +/- 194.04 Ohms. The mean utilization time of the pacing leads was 95.15 +/- 87.49 H and the mean stimulation threshold during lead explanation was 0.85 +/- 0.47 mA. The only complication appearing during our study has been one lead dislodgment (5%), 72 h after implantation, placed again with the guidance of 2D-ECO and used during 216 H without further complications. Subcostal 2D-ECO window alone was used in 85% of the pts. but in the remaining (15%), it was insufficient and an apical window was needed too.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2D-ECO was an efficient alternative technique of guidance during temporary lead placement, ensuring satisfactory longterm pacing and sensing. Our results indicate that 2D-ECO may be the best alternative control for urgent lead implantation whenever fluoroscopic facilities are remote or logistically not convenient.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital Distrital de Faro.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jesus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leiria
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors