title: Role of increases in heart rate in determining the occurrence and frequency of myocardial ischemia during daily life in patients with stable coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the role of increases in heart rate in the development of ischemic episodes recorded during ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring in patients with stable coronary artery disease and to establish the importance of such increases in determining the frequency of ambulatory myocardial ischemia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The factors that determine the occurrence and frequency of episodes of myocardial ischemia that patients with stable coronary artery disease experience during daily life have not been clearly defined. In particular, the role of increases in heart rate in the development of myocardial ischemia is controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address these issues, 54 patients (42 men and 12 women, mean age 60.5 +/- 8 years) with proved coronary artery disease who had > or = 1 mm ST segment depression during exercise testing underwent an exercise treadmill test with use of the National Institutes of Health combined protocol and a 48-h period of ambulatory ECG monitoring. The exercise ischemic threshold was determined as the heart rate at the onset of ST segment depression during exercise testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During monitoring, 48 (89%) of the 54 patients had at least one episode of ST segment depression (mean +/- SD 6.6 +/- 5 episodes, range 0 to 22). The majority (320 of 359 or 89%) of ischemic episodes were preceded by an increase in heart rate > or = 10 beats/min; the most significant increase (22.3 +/- 10 beats/min) occurred during the 5-min period before the onset of the episode. An ischemic episode occurred 80% of the times the heart rate reached the exercise ischemic threshold. A strong correlation was observed between the number of times the exercise ischemic threshold was reached during monitoring and both the number and the duration of ischemic episodes (r = 0.90 and 0.71, respectively, p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in heart rate that exceed the exercise ischemic threshold are commonly observed before the onset of episodes of ambulatory myocardial ischemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Moreover, such increases constitute an important determinant of the frequency of myocardial ischemia during daily life. These findings may explain the variability observed in the number of ischemic episodes and may have important implications for the mechanisms that contribute to myocardial ischemia in daily life and for the clinical evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Panza
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Diodati
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Quyyumi
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors