title: Sudden death in patients with congestive heart failure: future directions.
abstract: Sudden, unexpected cardiac death continues to be a major clinical problem in patients with congestive heat failure. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the identification and management of these patients. The roles of ambulatory ECG monitoring, electrophysiological testing, signal-averaged ECG, and other methods of predicting increased risk of sudden death are discussed. The modes of sudden cardiac death and the potential mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias in congestive heart failure are reviewed. Current therapeutic options including antiarrhythmic drugs, neurohormonal blockade, and automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators are discussed. Finally, future directions and ongoing clinical investigations of the management of these complex patients are considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Stambler
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ellenbogen
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans