title: Beta-thalassemia intermedia with exceptionally high hemoglobin A2: relationship to mutations in the beta-gene promoter.
abstract: Small deletions of the 5' portion of the beta-globin gene that remove the promoters but stop 3' to the delta-globin gene are recognized as the sole cause of beta-thalassemia with exceptionally high hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) levels. Two patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia and exceptionally high levels of HbA2 (10.4 and 12.0%) were examined. One patient was a combined heterozygote for the -88 C----T and a novel -87 C----A mutation, while the other was homozygous for the -29 A----G beta(+)-thalassemia mutation. The remainder of the beta genes were normal. There was no evidence for deletions involving the 5' portion of the beta gene or the region between the beta and delta genes. Gene mapping studies excluded the possibility of a beta delta-anti-Lepore hemoglobin gene with beta promoters and delta coding sequences. There were no mutations in the promoters of the G gamma or A gamma-globin genes that have been associated with the hereditary persistence of HbF phenotype. The delta-globin gene promoters were normal from codon 17 to position -145 relative to the mRNA capping site. There appears to be considerable heterogeneity of HbA2 and HbF levels in patients who are homozygous or mixed heterozygotes for mutations in the TATA box and other promoter elements of the beta-globin gene. The capacity for proteolysis within the erythrocyte may vary among individuals. The authors hypothesize that in the exceptionally high HbA2 beta-thalassemia intermedia phenotype, proteolysis of superfluous alpha-globin chains is less efficient than in patients with customary levels of HbA2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, VA Medical Center, Jackson 39216.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Plonczynski
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Harrell
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fairbanks
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001483:Base Sequence; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D003434:Crossing Over, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006443:Hemoglobin A2 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D013789:Thalassemia / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D005914:Globins; D006443:Hemoglobin A2; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin