title: Developmental appearance, antigenic profile, and proliferation of glial cells of the human embryonic spinal cord: an immunocytochemical study using dissociated cultured cells.
abstract: We have investigated the time of appearance of the earliest differentiating glial cell types of human spinal cord using a panel of antigenic markers to identify them in cultures from 6- to 9-week-old human embryos. Immunolabeling performed at 14 h in vitro with the O4 mAb, an early oligodendrocyte marker, showed the presence of oligodendrocytes during the 7th week of age. At 8 weeks only a few of the O4+ cells expressed galactocerebroside (GalC), a marker of more differentiated oligodendrocytes. All the O4+ and GalC+ cells were vimentin+ and some of the GalC+ cells were A2B5+, GD3+ and SSEA-1+. During the first week in vitro many of the O4+ cells exhibiting a more immature, bi- or tri-polar morphology incorporated [3H]thymidine into their nuclei. Cells expressing the astrocyte-specific marker GFAP could be first observed at 8 weeks; almost all of these GFAP+ cells, which should correspond to radial glia on the basis of the current literature, were vimentin+, A2B5+, GD3+, and SSEA-1+. At 2 days in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine could be shown in a small fraction of these cells. The finding that radial glia and oligodendrocytes expressed similar antigenic features and the additional observation that a small, but consistent fraction of the cells were simultaneously labeled by O4 and anti-GFAP antibodies support the hypothesis that, in the human spinal cord, radial glial cells can give rise to both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes; in this respect, radial glial cells may be similar to the A2B5+, GD3+, vimentin+ bipotential glial progenitors previously identified in cultures from developing rat CNS, which also express A2B5, GD3, and vimentin.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology Section, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aloisi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giampaolo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peschle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Levi
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D001345:Autoradiography; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009993:Osmium Tetroxide; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000196:embryology / Q000276:immunology; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D009993:Osmium Tetroxide