title: Newer neuromuscular blocking drugs. An overview of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use.
abstract: Four new nondepolarising muscle relaxants, pipecuronium bromide, doxacurium chloride, mivacurium chloride and Org 9426 (rocuronium) offer alternatives to the established agents atracurium besilate and vecuronium bromide. Pipecuronium and Org 9426 are steroidal compounds, the latter being a monoquaternary agent, whereas doxacurium and mivacurium are bisquaternary benzylisoquinolinium compounds. Pipecuronium and doxacurium have a relatively slow onset and a long duration of action. Pipecuronium produces maximum block in 3 to 6 min when given in a dose of 45 to 80 micrograms/kg, and a duration of clinical relaxation of between 40 and 110 min. Doxacurium is more potent, but is the least rapid and the longest acting relaxant currently available. When administered in doses of 37 to 80 micrograms/kg, it produces maximum block within 3.5 to 10 min, with a duration of clinical relaxation of 77 to 164 min. The advantage of both pipecuronium and doxacurium is their cardiovascular stability. Both agents are primarily eliminated via the kidneys and both have now been licensed for use in the US. Mivacurium is a muscle relaxant with a short duration of action. When administered in doses of 0.1 to 0.25 mg/kg it produces maximum block in 2 to 4 min, but the duration of clinical relaxation is less than 20 min. Higher doses which could induce a faster neuromuscular block are unfortunately associated with some histamine liberation. The drug is metabolised by plasma cholinesterase. Mivacurium has also been licensed for use in the US. Org 9426 is an agent with a rapid onset but an intermediate duration of action. A dose of 0.5 to 0.6 mg/kg induces maximum block in about 1.5 min and has a duration of clinical relaxation of about 30 min. The rapid onset of effect could be useful for early intubation as an alternative to suxamethonium chloride. However, much more clinical experience is needed with this agent, particularly with regard to duration of action of larger doses and occurrence of side effects. The drug is mainly eliminated via the liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthetics, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mirakhur
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D015113:Androstane-3,17-diol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000732:Androstanols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006636:Histamine Release / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077590:Mivacurium; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects*; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017300:Pipecuronium; D010879:Piperazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077123:Rocuronium
chemical_list: D000732:Androstanols; D007546:Isoquinolines; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D010879:Piperazines; D017300:Pipecuronium; D015113:Androstane-3,17-diol; D000077590:Mivacurium; C049429:doxacurium; D000077123:Rocuronium