title: Negative extrathoracic pressure ventilation for phrenic nerve palsy after paediatric cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility of negative extrathoracic pressure ventilation as a respiratory support following phrenic nerve palsy after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  An uncontrolled pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  14 patients aged one week to 30 months (median 5.3 months) with phrenic nerve palsy diagnosed by phrenic nerve conduction tests and diaphragmatic electromyograms. Four had bilateral and 10 unilateral palsy. Before treatment all required oxygen and 10 were receiving positive pressure ventilation. One of the patients with bilateral and four of the patients with unilateral palsies had undergone a plication before negative pressure ventilation was started.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment was started 6-65 days (median 23) after operation with a newly designed system which included a Perspex chamber, which gave easy access to the child, and an elastic latex neck seal. Continuous negative pressure was used in conjunction with intermittent positive pressure ventilation while continuous or intermittent negative pressure ventilation was used in extubated infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four patients with bilateral palsy survived with long-term intermittent negative pressure ventilation and did not require further surgery. Of the 10 with unilateral lesions, seven required no further surgery, two underwent plication, and one had a re-plication. Three patients with unilateral palsy died of non-respiratory causes. The duration of positive pressure ventilation after starting negative pressure ranged from 0 to 23 days (median 6). Treatment with negative pressure lasted for 3-241 days (median 32) and was predominantly administered off the intensive care unit, including at home.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Negative pressure ventilation may be an alternative to positive airway pressure ventilation in the management of phrenic nerve palsy. A multicentre randomised controlled trial is now required to assess further the role of negative pressure ventilation in phrenic nerve palsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton National Heart and Lung Hospital, London.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Shinebourne
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Southall
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000601:surgery; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000293:injuries*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*