title: Warm retrograde cardioplegia. Protection of the right ventricle in mitral valve operations.
abstract: Hypothermia is believed to be the most important aspect of successful myocardial protection with retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia. Because nutritive capillary flow to the right ventricle and septum is thought to be diminished with retrograde perfusion, these areas of the myocardium are considered at higher risk for intraoperative deterioration without the added protection of hypothermia. Recently we introduced warm aerobic arrest as an alternative to conventional methods of myocardial protection. We present our clinical results in 37 patients with mitral valve disease (+/- aortic valve, aortic root, or coronary artery disease) who underwent various cardiac procedures for which warm blood cardioplegic solution was delivered continuously via the coronary sinus after antegrade arrest. Thirty-five of the patients were in New York Heart Association class III or IV, and 19 patients had grade 3 or grade 4 left ventricular function. Sixteen patients had pulmonary hypertension, three with suprasystemic pressures, and marked right ventricular hypertrophy. Two patients had associated left ventricular hypertrophy. Nearly all patients returned to normal sinus rhythm shortly after removal of the aortic crossclamp, and they were easily discontinued from cardiopulmonary bypass even with crossclamp times of 3 hours. The 30-day hospital mortality rate was 2.7%. The perioperative myocardial infarction rate was 5.4%, and the prevalence of low-output syndrome was 10.8%. The results suggest that retrograde coronary sinus perfusion of blood cardioplegic solution at 37 degrees C is an effective method of myocardial protection even in patients with pulmonary hypertension at high risk for right ventricular failure. Its efficacy in this circumstance does not reside in its ability to deliver hypothermia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Slutsky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001769:Blood; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000453:epidemiology; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions