title: Predictive assay for rodent carcinogenicity using in vivo biochemical parameters: operational characteristics and complementarity.
abstract: 111 chemicals of known rodent carcinogenicity (49 carcinogens, 62 noncarcinogens), including many promoters of carcinogenesis, nongenotoxic carcinogens, hepatocarcinogens, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were selected for study. The chemicals were administered by gavage in two dose levels to female Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects of these 111 chemicals on 4 biochemical assays (hepatic DNA damage by alkaline elution (DD), hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC), serum alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), and hepatic cytochrome P-450 content (P450)) were determined. Composite parameters are defined as follows: CP = [ODC and P450), CT = [ALT and ODC), and TS = [DD or CP or CT]. The operational characteristics of TS for predicting rodent cancer were sensitivity 55%, specificity 87%, positive predictivity 77%, negative predictivity 71%, and concordance 73%. For these chemicals, the 73% concordance of this study was superior to the concordance obtained from published data from other laboratories on the Ames test (53%), structural alerts (SA) (46%), chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells (ABS) (48%), cell mutation in mouse lymphoma 15178Y cells (MOLY) (52%), and sister-chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary cells (SCE) (60%). The 4 in vivo biochemical assays were complementary to each other. The composite parameter TS also shows complementarity to all 5 other predictors of rodent cancer examined in this paper. For example, the Ames test alone has a concordance of only 53%. In combination with TS, the concordance is increased to 62% (Ames or TS) or to 63% (Ames and TS). For the 67 chemicals with data available for SA, the concordance for predicting rodent carcinogenicity was 47% (for SA alone), 54% (for SA or TS), and 66% (for SA and TS). These biochemical assays will be useful: (1) to predict rodent carcinogenicity per se, (2) to 'confirm' the results of short-term mutagenicity tests by the high specificity mode of the biochemical assays (the specificity and positive predictivity are both 100%), and (3) to be a component of future complementary batteries of tests for predicting rodent carcinogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Carcinogenesis and Metabolism Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kitchin
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000032:analysis; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase