title: Phase I trial of etoposide with cyclosporine as a modulator of multidrug resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of cyclosporine (CsA) infusion administered with etoposide for 3 days in patients with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 72 registered patients, 26 were treated initially with CsA and etoposide. Forty-six received etoposide alone until disease progression, and 31 of these proceeded to CsA and etoposide. CsA was administered as a 2-hour loading dose (LD) and as a 3-day continuous infusion (CI); doses were escalated from 2 to 8 mg/kg LD and 5 to 24 mg/kg/d CI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven patients were treated with 113 cycles of CsA with etoposide. Steady-state serum CsA levels (nonspecific immunoassay) more than 2,000 ng/mL were achieved in 91% of the cycles at CsA doses > or = 5 mg/kg LD and > or = 15 mg/kg/d CI. The major dose-related toxicity of CsA was reversible hyperbilirubinemia, which occurred in 78% of the courses with CsA levels > 2,000 ng/mL. Myelosuppression and nausea were more severe with CsA and etoposide. Other CsA toxicities included hypomagnesemia, 60%; hypertension, 29%; and headache, 21%. Nephrotoxicity was mild in 12% and severe in 2% of the cycles. Tumor regressions occurred in four patients after the addition of CsA (one non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, one Hodgkin's disease, and two ovarian carcinomas). Biopsy procedures for tumors from three of the four patients who responded were performed, and the results were positive for mdr1 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum CsA levels of up to 4 mumol/L (4,800 ng/mL) are achievable during a short-term administration with acceptable toxicities when administered in combination with etoposide. The CsA dose that is recommended in adults is a LD of 5 to 6 mg/kg, followed by a CI of 15 to 18 mg/kg/d for 60 hours. CsA blood levels should be monitored and the doses should be adjusted to achieve CsA levels of 2.5 to 4 mumol/L (3,000 to 4,800 ng/mL). Reversible hyperbilirubinemia may be a useful marker of inhibition by CsA of P-glycoprotein function. When used with high-dose CsA, etoposide doses should be reduced by approximately 50% to compensate for the pharmacokinetic effects of CsA on etoposide (Lum et al, J Clin Oncol, 10:1635-1642, 1992).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Yahanda
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Alder
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Brophy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halsey
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gosland
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lum
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Sikic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005047:Etoposide; D016572:Cyclosporine