title: The clastogenic potential in vitro of pyrrolizidine alkaloids employing hepatocyte metabolism.
abstract: Three pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), monocrotaline, retrorsine and isatidine, were tested for their clastogenic activity under different conditions of metabolic activation in vitro. All three compounds exhibited a weak activity when V79 cells were treated at very high concentrations for 18 h in the absence of a metabolizing system. Short-term (2 h) treatment with rat liver S9 mix led to a strong and concentration-dependent increase in chromosomal aberrations for retrorsine. Isatidine was not mutagenic with S9 mix and monocrotaline was positive at high concentrations only. In contrast, a prolonged treatment (18 h) in vitro under activation conditions in the presence of primary hepatocytes led to clear concentration-dependent positive responses for all three PAs investigated. Particularly the results with isatidine demonstrate that in vitro tests using S9 mix for metabolization can generate misleading results. It is not clear whether the results could be attributed to a better activation of the test compounds by intact hepatocytes in comparison to S9 mix or if the fact that only hepatocytes allow a treatment for the whole culture period under activation conditions was more important. Owing to its strong cytotoxicity the exposure to S9 mix is generally limited to 2-4 h, limiting also the exposure of the target cells to a test chemical as well as its metabolites. The results presented show significant differences in mutagenic potency of PAs due to variations in the activation system. This underlines the usefulness of primary hepatocytes, e.g., for the detection of pre-mutagens. The PAs investigated are present in plants which are used for phytotherapeutic medicinal products. They do not contribute to their efficacy and are, therefore, not to be tolerated in amounts that may impose a risk for the user.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drugs, Federal Health Administration (BGA), Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002460:Cell Line; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008110:Liver Extracts / Q000378:metabolism; D016686:Monocrotaline / Q000633:toxicity; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D008110:Liver Extracts; D009153:Mutagens; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; C013577:isatidine; D016686:Monocrotaline; C003300:retrorsine