title: Aspects on diagnosis and treatment of the foregut carcinoid syndrome.
abstract: Eight patients with the foregut carcinoid syndrome (two gastric and six bronchial primary tumors) are reported. The patients presented with complex clinical symptoms including ectopic production of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and growth hormone-releasing factors. The most alarming symptoms were facial flush and edema, accompanied by severe bronchoconstriction, which easily was misinterpreted as asthmatic attacks. Conventional bronchodilatory drugs may be potentially dangerous in these patients, in whom combined blockade of histamine receptors and treatment with cortisone and octreotide are recommended. Owing to the patients' age and general condition individualized long-term therapy was instituted. Surgical therapy under optimal protection by drugs can be of substantial value also in patients with advanced disease. One patient with life-threatening hormonal symptoms underwent hyperthermic perfusion of the liver with cytotoxic drugs, resulting in good palliation.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Surgery, University of Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahlman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wängberg
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grimelius
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Granérus
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Modlin
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stenqvist
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scherstén
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008303:Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D015282:Octreotide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013311:Streptozocin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013311:Streptozocin; D015282:Octreotide