title: Low birth weight and preterm delivery in relation to early-gestation vaginal bleeding and elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether early-gestation vaginal bleeding and elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) are independent risk factors for adverse infant outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cohort study of 201 women with an elevated MSAFP (at least 2.0 multiples of the median [MOM]) and a second-trimester ultrasound evaluation at Swedish Hospital Medical Center between January 1989 and March 1991, and 211 women with MSAFP levels below 2.0 MOM who had also undergone ultrasound evaluations during the same period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stratified analyses demonstrated that early-gestation bleeding and elevated MSAFP were independent risk factors for the delivery of both preterm and low birth weight infants. Compared with women with no history of early-gestation bleeding or elevated MSAFP, women with early-gestation bleeding alone had a relative risk (RR) of preterm delivery of 4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-12.1); non-bleeders with elevated MSAFP had an RR of 4.6 (95% CI 1.9-10.9). A combined history of early-gestation bleeding and elevated MSAFP was associated with an almost sixfold increased risk of preterm delivery (RR 5.8; 95% CI 2.2-15.6). Analyses restricted to women with normal-appearing appearing placentas by second-trimester ultrasound evaluations yielded similar results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support an earlier report documenting the independence of early-gestation bleeding and elevated MSAFP as predictors of adverse infant outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Hospital Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hickok
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Zingheim
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mittendorf
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kimelman
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Mahony
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins