title: Incidence of c-Ki-ras activation in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas in pituitary-isografted mice.
abstract: We found previously that mouse mammary epithelial cells cultured in the presence of the mammogenic hormones progesterone and prolactin and treated with the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea produced a high frequency of hyperplastic alveolar nodules and carcinomas with squamous metaplasia upon transplantation to syngeneic mice. The majority of these mammary transformants had an activated c-Ki-ras proto-oncogene with a specific point mutation in codon 12 (G35 to A35). To determine whether these in vitro findings parallel mammary carcinogenesis in vivo, virgin female mice were pituitary isografted to increase their circulating levels of progesterone and prolactin. The pituitary isograft results in an increase in proliferation, leading to lobulo-alveolar development and differentiation of the mammary epithelial cells. Five weeks after pituitary isografting, the mice were treated with a single injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (50 micrograms/g body weight). Greater than 90% of the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated mice developed mammary carcinomas between 3 and 7 months after treatment. The majority (75%) of the carcinomas had histopathology identical to that of tumors induced in vitro in the presence of progesterone and prolactin. A number of the mammary cancers (17%) induced in pituitary-isografted mice also had the identical point mutation in the c-Ki-ras proto-oncogene found in the in vitro studies. These results suggest that the hormonal milieu around the time of carcinogen exposure affects not only the incidence and phenotype of the mammary transformants but also the molecular events associated with mammary carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Osborn
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakthivel
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nandi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008770:Methylnitrosourea; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010903:Pituitary Gland, Anterior / Q000637:transplantation*; D013370:Subrenal Capsule Assay; D014185:Transplantation, Isogeneic
chemical_list: D008770:Methylnitrosourea