title: Endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Effects on cerebral blood flow, pial artery diameter, and vascular morphology in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the effects of inhibiting the production of cerebral endothelium-derived nitric oxide on pial artery diameter, cortical blood flow, and vascular morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  An inhibitor of endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthesis, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), or an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline was infused into rats intra-arterially in a retrograde fashion via the right external carotid artery at a rate of 3 mg/kg/min to a total dose of 190 mg/kg or intravenously at 1 mg/kg/min to a total dose of 15 mg/kg. Large pial arteries were continuously visualized through an operating microscope, and cortical cerebral blood flow was monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry. To localize areas of morphological interest, the protein tracer horseradish peroxidase was injected 15 minutes before termination of the L-NAME infusion and the rats were perfusion-fixed 15 minutes later for light and electron microscopic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infusion of L-NAME significantly raised arterial blood pressure at both doses (for 190 mg/kg, from 103.2 +/- 3.4 to 135 +/- 3.4 mm Hg; for 15 mg/kg, from 125 +/- 2.8 to 144.4 +/- 4.0 mm Hg). Pial arteries constricted within 10 minutes after the start of the intracarotid infusion to 40% of the preinfusion diameter, while cortical cerebral blood flow decreased to an average of 72.5% of that at baseline. Morphological abnormalities in the experimental rats included microvascular stasis and focal areas of blood-brain barrier disruption to protein. Ultrastructural examination of cortical leaky sites revealed constricted arterioles with many endothelial pinocytotic vesicles and microvilli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthesis affects the relation between cerebral arterial diameter and cerebral blood flow and can lead to subtle cerebral vascular pathological changes consistent with focal brain ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuluz
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D010841:Pia Mater / Q000098:blood supply*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester