title: Tachycardia, contractility and volume loading alter conventional indexes of coronary flow reserve, but not the instantaneous hyperemic flow versus pressure slope index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because measurements of flow reserve are often made in the setting of fluctuating hemodynamic variables that cause alterations in basal or hyperemic coronary blood flow, traditional flow reserve indexes may be difficult to interpret. Prior work in this laboratory has suggested that the instantaneous hyperemic flow versus pressure slope index is a more hemodynamically stable alternative to measures of flow reserve. Although this index has no hemodynamic dependence on changes in aortic pressure, the extent to which it is affected by other factors that alter myocardial work is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to analyze the effects of tachycardia (induced by atrial pacing at 10 beats/min above the basal heart rate), dobutamine infusion (10 micrograms/kg per min) and saline solution volume loading (500 ml) on measurements of traditional coronary flow reserve, the resistance reserve ratio and the instantaneous hyperemic flow versus pressure slope index.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine open chest anesthetized dogs were studied in four sequential stages: baseline, tachycardia, dobutamine infusion and saline solution volume loading. Traditional coronary flow reserve was defined as the ratio of hyperemic coronary blood flow to basal coronary blood flow, the resistance reserve ratio as the ratio of basal coronary resistance to hyperemic coronary resistance and the instantaneous hyperemic flow versus pressure slope index as the slope of the instantaneous relation between diastolic hyperemic coronary blood flow and diastolic aortic pressure normalized by perfusion bed weight. Hyperemia was induced by intravenous adenosine infusion (1 mg/kg per min). Mean aortic pressure was kept nearly constant during the interventions by manipulation of an aortic clamp or a vena caval snare.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final study group comprised 18 open chest dogs. Coronary flow reserve was significantly decreased by tachycardia (3.7 +/- 1.2 to 3.0 +/- 1.2, p < 0.0001), decreased by saline solution volume loading (3.2 +/- 1.3 vs. 2.7 +/- 0.8, p = 0.06) and significantly increased by dobutamine infusion (3.2 +/- 1.3 to 4.3 +/- 1.5, p < 0.0005). In contrast, the instantaneous hyperemic flow versus pressure slope index was not affected by the three interventions (7.4 +/- 3.1 vs. 7.3 +/- 3.3, 7.4 +/- 3.2 vs. 7.4 +/- 3.4 and 7.5 +/- 3.1 vs. 7.3 +/- 3.4, respectively, all p = NS). The changes observed in the resistance reserve ratio were of similar or greater magnitude and significance to the changes in coronary flow reserve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The instantaneous hyperemic flow versus pressure slope index offers a hemodynamically stable alternative to measures of vascular reserve because it is independent of moderate changes in heart rate, contractility and volume loading that may occur commonly in clinical situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ayon
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: DeBoe
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mancini
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004280:Dobutamine; D012965:Sodium Chloride