title: Current approach to hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Palliation, transplantation, or both?
abstract: Over the past 3 years, 35 newborn infants have been referred for surgical management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Surgical palliation (first-stage Norwood) or cardiac transplantation was offered. Twenty-four families (68%) chose palliation and 11 families (32%) chose cardiac transplantation. Of the 11 infants listed for cardiac transplantation, five underwent transplantation. Because of a lack of donors after an average wait of 25 days (19 to 31), the remaining six infants underwent palliation, with no perioperative deaths. Of the 30 infants undergoing palliation, including crossovers, 20 (67%) survived the first operative stage. Among the last 19 infants undergoing palliation in 1990, the early survival was 84%. Risk factors determined for poor outcome were year of operation (p less than 0.001) and circulatory arrest time greater than 50 minutes (p less than 0.001). Among the 13 infants undergoing palliation with a circulatory arrest time of less than 50 minutes, there were 12 survivors (92%); among 12 having a circulatory arrest time of more than 50 minutes, there were four survivors (33%). At intermediate follow-up, six infants have undergone second-stage procedures (Glenn), with five survivors. There were eight late deaths, four caused by respiratory infections and four caused by cardiac problems, including a thrombosed shunt in one infant. Three of five infants are alive and doing well after cardiac transplantation. Size of aorta, tricuspid regurgitation, and ventricular wall thickness did not prove to be risk factors. Given the existing data, we believe these infants should be managed selectively on the basis of donor availability and family wishes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Calif.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Starnes
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Pitlick
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ivens
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Shumway
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D010358:Patient Participation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome