title: Acquired protein S deficiency.
abstract: Hereditary deficiencies of coagulation inhibitors like antithrombin III, protein C and protein S lead to an enhanced incidence of thromboembolic complications. Recently, acquired deficiencies of protein S were described in several disease states in which thromboembolic complications frequently occur. These acquired protein S deficiencies reach--in part--the extent realised by hereditary protein S deficiency. Thus, acquired protein S deficiencies seem to be one source of thromboembolic complications occurring in nephrotic syndrome, acute phase reactions, malignancy and pregnancy. In this presentation disease states accompanied by acquired protein S deficiency and the mechanisms leading to these alterations are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Justus Liebig Universität Giessen.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kemkes-Matthes
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000172:deficiency*; D003095:Collagen Diseases / Q000097:blood; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000097:blood; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000097:blood; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood; D018455:Protein S Deficiency; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001798:Blood Proteins; D004967:Estrogens