Potassium channel activation in vascular smooth muscle.
1. Numerous compounds and changes in physical state functions shift the membrane potential of vascular smooth muscle to more negative values. The consequence is a vasodilatation because Ca2+ channels are closed. K+ channel opening frequently causes the hyperpolarization. 2. Acidification of the blood substitute solution and a fall in O2 partial pressure dilate arterial vessels. Acidosis is associated with a rise in K+ permeability and a simultaneous fall in Na+ permeability. Prostacyclin has a 20-30% share, and EDHF a 70-80% share, in hypoxic vasodilatation. Experiments with iloprost (PGI2 analogue) confirmed the K+ channel opening properties of this drug. A voltage-dependent K+ channel and a Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel, via the influence of cA-PK or cG-PK, are responsible for the hyperpolarization with iloprost and with oxygen deficiency. 3. Cicletanine and ajoene cause a concentration-dependent membrane hyperpolarization and are potent vasodilators. A cicletanine concentration, which is attained by the dosage given to patients, is sufficient to produce these effects. Ajoene exerts a hyperpolarizing and vasodilating influence even in a concentration which may occur in the extracellular space by the administration of a single garlic clove. 4. The stationary activation curve 'developed force vs. membrane potential' satisfactorily explains the effects of K+ channel openers. The tight electromechanical coupling expressed by this curve comprises a 50% vasorelaxation for a 2.5 mV hyperpolarization. In the linear part of the curve, the coupling ratio is 5.1 mV/g. 5. In the vascular smooth muscle, vasorelaxation can be evoked by membrane hyperpolarization which is linked to a simultaneous increase in K+ outward current and 42K+ efflux. In the case of substances whose influence is solely or partially receptor-mediated, cyclic nucleotides may be involved in vasorelaxation. Since cyclic nucleotides also hyperpolarize through an increase in K+ conductance, the resulting dilatation often cannot be divided into its single components. Therefore, it is sensible not to give the term "K+ channel opener" too fine a definition. The term should be applied to all substances and changes in physical states which predominantly increase the open probability of K+ channels finally via a conformational change in the cell membrane. For example, giving an acidic blood substitute solution (acidosis) is an intervention opening K+ channels. Which K+ channel and which single channel conductance is concerned in a particular case, and which 'mediator' may participate, become secondary questions.
Siegel
G
G
Institute of Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
Emden
J
J
Wenzel
K
K
Mironneau
J
J
Stock
G
G
D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D016285:Iloprost / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016627:Oxidopamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011725:Pyridines; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D015221:Potassium Channels; D011725:Pyridines; D016627:Oxidopamine; C038068:cicletanine; D016285:Iloprost; D007213:Indomethacin