title: A balanced anesthesia with a combination of xylazine, ketamine and butorphanol and its antagonism by yohimbine in pigs.
abstract: The effects of intramuscular injections of xylazine (2 mg/kg)-ketamine (15 mg/kg) [X-K15], and xylazine (2 mg/kg)-ketamine (5 mg/kg)-butorphanol (0.22 mg/kg) [X-K5-B] were compared in atropinized (0.05 mg/kg) miniature pigs (pigs). Both combinations induced the anesthesia for more than 1 hr, however X-K5-B induced the more potent and well balanced anesthesia as compared with X-K15, although the amount of ketamine was reduced to one third. The duration of loss of pedal reflex, an indicator of surgical anesthesia, in X-K5-B (62 +/- 13 min) was significantly (P less than 0.05) longer than in X-K15 (28 +/- 19 min). In addition, X-K5-B was accompanied by loss of laryngeal reflex in all pigs. Recovery from anesthesia in X-K5-B was much smoother than in X-K15, and the administration of yohimbine (0.05 mg/kg) could rapidly and smoothly reverse the anesthesia induced by X-K5-B, although it was accompanied by a transient fall in blood pressure and tachycardia. The combination of xylazine, ketamine and butorphanol appears to be a relatively safe and widely available anesthesia for the period of one hour in pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000187:drug effects; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature / Q000502:physiology*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014991:Xylazine; D015016:Yohimbine; D007649:Ketamine; D001285:Atropine; D002077:Butorphanol