title: Collateral sensitivity to azidothymidine in methotrexate resistant human leukemia cells.
abstract: Resistance to methotrexate (MTX) is a well established clinical problem and strategies to circumvent this would obviously be beneficial. The human leukemia cell line, CCRF-CEM, was grown in folinic acid to study MTX resistance-reflecting more in vivo conditions. A 15.8-fold resistant subline, CEM/MTX, was evolved by stepwise increases in MTX exposure. The MTX resistant cell line exhibited both increased dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity due to gene amplification as well as impaired MTX uptake. An additional mechanism of resistance to MTX was a 2-fold increase in thymidine kinase (TK). As a result of this increased TK activity, the CEM/MTX cells were collaterally sensitive to the nucleoside analogue, azidothymidine (AZT). CEM cells resistant to MTX possess properties that can be exploited by AZT and these studies may have clinical implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyachi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Sowers
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Scanlon
mesh_terms: D004351:Drug Resistance; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005467:Floxuridine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000494:pharmacology; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006801:Humans; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015458:Leukemia, T-Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000032:analysis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D005467:Floxuridine; D015215:Zidovudine; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D013937:Thymidine Kinase; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil; D008727:Methotrexate