Insights from in-vitro flow visualization into the mechanism of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy under steady flow conditions.
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is a heart disease characterized by a thickened interventricular septum which narrows the left ventricular outflow tract, and by systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve which can contact the septum and create dynamic subaortic obstruction. The most common explanation for SAM has been the Venturi mechanism which postulates that septal hypertrophy, by narrowing the outflow tract, produces high velocities and thus low pressure between the mitral valve and the septum, causing the valve leaflets to move anteriorly. This hypothesis, however, fails to explain why SAM often begins early in systole, when outflow tract velocities are low or negligible or why it may occur in the absence of septal hypertrophy. The goal of this study was therefore to investigate an alternative hypothesis in which structural abnormalities of the papillary muscles act as a primary cause of SAM by altering valve restraint and thereby changing the geometry of the closed mitral apparatus and its relationship to the surrounding flow field. In order to test this hypothesis, an in vitro model of the left ventricle which included an explanted human mitral valve with intact chords and papillary muscle apparatus was constructed. Flow visualization was used to observe the ventricular flow field and the mitral valve geometry. Displacing the papillary muscles anteriorly and closer to each other, as observed clinically in patients with cardiomyopathy and obstruction produced SAM in the absence of septal hypertrophy. Flow could be seen impacting on the upstream (posterior) surface of the leaflets; such flow is capable of producing form drag forces which can initiate and maintain SAM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lefebvre
X P
XP
Cardiovascular Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332.
Yoganathan
A P
AP
Levine
R A
RA
D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000473:pathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D012212:Rheology; D013599:Systole