title: Tumor necrosis factor alpha in the human ovary: presence in follicular fluid and effects on cell proliferation and prostaglandin production.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) in human follicular fluid (FF) and its effects on cultured human granulosa-lutein cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The concentration of TNF alpha in FF from hyperstimulated cycles and in conditioned media from cultured granulosa-lutein cells was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and bioassay using L929 cells. The effects of recombinant human TNF alpha (rTNF alpha) on proliferation and production of progesterone (P) and prostaglandin (PG, PGE2, and PGF2 alpha) by cultured human granulosa-lutein cells were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) program at Reproductive Medicine Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five women undergoing IVF-ET for tubal factor infertility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentration of immunoreactive TNF alpha in FF was 0.36 +/- 0.02 microgram/L, and there were no significant correlations between levels of TNF alpha and steroids or FF volume. Bioactivity for TNF alpha was considerably less. Immunoreactive or bioactive TNF alpha was not detected in conditioned media from granulosa-lutein cell culture. Recombinant human TNF alpha dose-dependently stimulated proliferation of cultured granulosa-lutein cells as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine, but in contrast to earlier reports, we were not able to demonstrate any effect of rTNF alpha on basal or human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated P accumulation during culture periods of up to 72 hours. The accumulation of both PGE2 and PGF2 alpha was dose-dependently increased by rTNF alpha during a 48-hour incubation period. Time course studies revealed that maximal levels of both PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were reached within 12 hours of culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunoreactive and bioactive TNF alpha is present in FF. Tumor necrosis factor alpha may have a physiological role in stimulating proliferation of follicular cells and PG production at the time of ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, Australia.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brännström
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Norman
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003470:Culture Media; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D015571:Follicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008184:Luteal Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D003470:Culture Media; D011453:Prostaglandins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011374:Progesterone; D015237:Dinoprost; D015232:Dinoprostone