title: Clinical evaluation for sinusitis. Making the diagnosis by history and physical examination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the most useful clinical examination findings for the diagnosis of acute and subacute sinusitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective comparison of clinical findings with radiographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  General medicine clinics at a university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred forty-seven consecutive adult men with rhinorrhea (51%), facial pain (22%) , or self-suspected sinusitis (27%) (median age, 50 years; median duration of symptoms, 11.5 days).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were examined by a principal investigator (86%) or by a staff general internist, internal medicine resident (postgraduate year 2 or 3), or physician assistant, all blinded to radiographic results. All examiners recorded the presence or absence of 16 historical items, 5 physical examination items, and the clinical impression for sinusitis (high, intermediate, or low probability). The criterion standard was paranasal sinus radiographs (4 views), which were interpreted by radiologists blinded to clinical findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight percent of patients meeting entrance criteria had sinusitis. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were measured for clinical items. Logistic regression analysis showed five independent predictors of sinusitis: maxillary toothache (odds ratio, 2.9), transillumination (odds ratio, 2.7), poor response to nasal decongestants or antihistamines (odds ratio, 2.4), colored nasal discharge reported by the patient (odds ratio, 2.2), or mucopurulence seen during examination (odds ratio, 2.9). THe overall clinical impression was more accurate than any single finding: high probability (likelihood ratio, 4.7, intermediate (likelihood ratio, 1.4), low probability (likelihood ratio, 0.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  General internists, focusing on five clinical findings and their overall clinical impression, can effectively stratify male patients with sinus symptoms as having a high, intermediate, or low probability of sinusitis.
authors.affiliation: Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78284.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Simel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Samsa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005194:Family Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015588:Observer Variation; D010808:Physical Examination; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014172:Transillumination