title: Effects of verapamil on the acute toxicity of doxorubicin in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies indicating that verapamil substantially enhances doxorubicin levels in certain drug-resistant tumor cells have led to the use of verapamil in combination with doxorubicin in animal and clinical studies of multidrug-resistant tumors. These studies have shown this drug combination to be associated with severe toxic effects. It is important to determine whether verapamil modulates the dose-limiting and potentially lethal cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin and to elucidate possible mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to evaluate the in vivo effects of verapamil on (a) doxorubicin-stimulated cardiac lipid peroxidation and cardiac damage, (b) doxorubicin-induced animal mortality, and (c) biodistribution of doxorubicin to the heart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male (BALB/c x DBA/2)F1 mice were treated with a high dose of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg, injected intraperitoneally), verapamil (25 mg/kg, injected intraperitoneally), or combinations of the two. Lipid peroxidation was determined using the 2-thiobarbituric acid assay for malonaldehyde. Light microscopy was used for histopathologic examination of cardiac tissue. A fluorometric assay procedure was employed to determine doxorubicin levels in the heart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Verapamil was an effective inhibitor of peroxidative damage to myocardial lipids following a high dose of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg, injected intraperitoneally). However, mice treated with verapamil and doxorubicin had a lower survival rate and a higher initial peak concentration of doxorubicin in the heart than those treated with doxorubicin alone. They also demonstrated a higher incidence and severity of degenerative changes in cardiac tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that verapamil effectively inhibits doxorubicin-mediated lipid peroxidation in vivo but that cardiac lipid peroxidation is not the major limiting mechanism underlying doxorubicin-induced toxicity. A possible explanation for the excess mortality and cardiac injury in mice treated with verapamil plus doxorubicin is that verapamil alters the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies are necessary for development of safer protocols and/or drug combinations to treat multidrug-resistant tumors. We are currently studying treatment of tumor-bearing animals with a cumulative dosage regimen of doxorubicin in the presence and absence of verapamil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Therapy and Cancer Center, Howard University Hospital, Washington, D.C.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sridhar
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Engineer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D008853:Microscopy; D008954:Models, Biological; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D004317:Doxorubicin; D014700:Verapamil