title: The expanding utility of endoluminal ultrasonography in the management of rectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study assessed the ability of endoluminal ultrasonography (ELUS) to determine extent of local invasion and lymph node (LN) metastasis of primary rectal tumors, to assist in ELUS-guided pelvic LN biopsies, and to assess invasion of locally recurrent rectal cancers compared to computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-one patients with rectal adenocarcinoma (n = 67) or villous adenoma of more than 3 cm (n = 14) underwent ELUS with a 360-degree 7.0-MHz transducer For LN biopsy (n = 10), ELUS was used with an 18-gauge core biopsy needle passed transrectally. ELUS and CT were compared in 14 locally recurrent tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staging for primary tumors (ELUS compared with pathologic examination, TNM system) revealed ELUS accurately predicted wall penetration and LN status with 95% confidence intervals of 0.88 to 0.99 and 0.87 to 0.99. Eight cancers were overstaged, and two were understaged by ELUS. ELUS-guided LN biopsy revealed carcinoma (n = 3) or lymphoid tissue (n = 3) in six of 10 patients. Extent of pelvic organ involvement was predicted in 11 of 14 ELUS and eight of 14 CT examinations in recurrent rectal cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ELUS is accurate in staging rectal cancers, can guide biopsies of pararectal LNs, and may be more reliable than CT in assessing local recurrence. The role of ELUS in the management of rectal cancer is expanding.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Milsom
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Lavery
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Stolfi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Czyrko
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Oakley
authors.forename: V W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Fazio
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*