title: Effects of smoking on ovulation induction for assisted reproductive techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of smoking on ovulation induction for assisted reproductive techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matched, retrospective, cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient University endocrine/infertility program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen smokers and 36 nonsmokers: 2 nonsmokers matched to each smoker for age, weight, and history of ovarian surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a stimulation cycle, the serum estradiol (E2) level, number of follicles, number of oocytes, number of embryos, and ampules of gonadotropins used were compared in the smoking versus the nonsmoking groups by Wilcoxon's signed rank test for paired data. Follicular fluid (FF), testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), E2, A:E2 ratios, and T:E2 ratios were measured and compared between groups by Mann-Whitney U-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers had significantly lower serum E2 levels, fewer follicles, fewer oocytes retrieved, and fewer embryos per cycle than nonsmokers, despite equal amounts of gonadotropin administration. Follicular fluid obtained from mature follicles had a higher A:E2 ratio and a higher T:E2 ratio in smokers compared with nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking adversely affects ovulation induction parameters and alters the FF hormonal milieu.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242-1080.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Van Voorhis
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Syrop
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hammitt
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000032:analysis; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015571:Follicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008596:Menotropins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009865:Oocytes / Q000473:pathology; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000473:pathology; D010062:Ovulation Induction; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; D004958:Estradiol; D008596:Menotropins; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone