title: The fate of plates and screws after facial fracture reconstruction.
abstract: Rigid plate and screw fixation is the mainstay of treatment for complex fractures of the facial skeleton. Complications of plate and screw fixation include prominence, infection, exposure, and migration. Five hundred and seven patients undergoing plate and screw fixation for facial fractures (1112 fractures) from 1983 to 1988 were followed for complications. Sixty-one patients (12 percent) required hardware removal. The location on the facial skeleton influenced symptoms and the rate of hardware removal. Infection and exposure may be decreased with antiseptic irrigations, avoiding mucosal damage, attention to proper mucosal closure, and correct placement of plates. Prominence may be decreased by the use of microplates in the supraorbital, frontal, and naso-orbital-ethmoid locations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services System, Baltimore.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Francel
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Birely
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ringelman
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Manson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000601:surgery*