title: The effects of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester, a prodrug of glutathione, on ischemia-reperfusion-induced liver injury in rats.
abstract: This study was designed to clarify the effects of changes in liver tissue glutathione (GSH) concentration on postischemic liver injury together with the effects of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester (GCE), a prodrug of GSH, and GSH. Rats were pretreated with GSH (50 mg/kg, i.v.), or GCE (50 mg/kg, i.v.), or untreated. In each rat, liver was isolated, and liver mitochondria were prepared after 2 h of ischemia or 1 h of reperfusion following 2 h of ischemia. Mitochondrial function was measured polarographically. Liver adenine nucleotide concentrations were also determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Liver tissue GSH, an oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) concentrations, and activities of GSH peroxidase and GSSG reductase were determined enzymatically. Liver hypoxanthine and xanthine concentrations were determined by HPLC. Liver tissue concentration of lipid peroxide was measured. Leakages of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and adenine nucleotides into the hepatic vein after reperfusion were also measured. Administration of GCE improved the recovery of mitochondrial function and maintained tissue GSH concentration concomitantly. Increases in liver lipid peroxide concentration after reperfusion, and leakage of liver cell enzymes and adenine nucleotides were mitigated by administration of GCE. Administration of GSH itself failed to maintain tissue GSH concentration and had no protective effects. From these results, it is concluded that in the postischemic process, free radical formation might be enhanced, and the radical scavenging system deteriorated. To enhance the radical scavenging system is a possible maneuver to prevent radical-related cell damage associated with reperfusion, because pharmacological reduction of breakdown of ATP to hypoxanthine and xanthine seems to be difficult. GCE maintained liver GSH concentrations and mitigated postischemic liver injury, concomitantly. Clinical use of GCE might be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitahara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nonami
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takagi
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide; D019271:Hypoxanthine; D007042:Hypoxanthines / Q000032:analysis; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019820:Xanthine; D014970:Xanthines / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D004151:Dipeptides; D007042:Hypoxanthines; D011355:Prodrugs; D014970:Xanthines; C067744:N-gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester; D019820:Xanthine; D019271:Hypoxanthine; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide