title: Improved delivery through biological membranes. XLV. Synthesis, physical-chemical evaluation, and brain uptake studies of 2-chloroethyl nitrosourea delivery systems.
abstract: The dihydropyridine in equilibrium with pyridinium redox chemical delivery system (CDS) was supplied to two 2-chloroethylnitrosoureas, i.e., HECNU and CCNUOH, and the physicochemical properties of the delivery systems were studied to assess their potential as improved delivery forms to the CNS. Detailed physicochemical evaluation and brain uptake studies were performed on one of the delivery systems (CCNUOH-CDS) derived from trans-4-hydroxy-CCNU, an active metabolite of CCNU. Two aqueous-based formulations derived from hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP beta CD) and Tween 80:ethanol:water system were developed for CCNUOH-CDS to overcome the poor aqueous solubility conferred upon it by its high lipophilicity. The formulations enabled a 200- to 400-fold improvement in the water solubility of CCNUOH-CDS. Dose- and vehicle-dependent comparative tissue distribution studies in rats indicated improved brain-to-organ ratios of the delivery system at lower doses.
authors.affiliation: Pharmatec, Inc., Alachua, Florida 32615.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raghavan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loftsson
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Brewster
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bodor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004355:Drug Stability; D008130:Lomustine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008566:Membranes; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009607:Nitrosourea Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012995:Solubility; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D009607:Nitrosourea Compounds; C040831:4-hydroxylomustine; D008130:Lomustine; C013876:elmustine