title: Alprazolam plasma concentrations and treatment response in panic disorder and agoraphobia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors' goal was to evaluate the relationship between plasma concentrations of alprazolam and both treatment response and side effects in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-six patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia were treated at three sites in a 6-week, fixed-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of 2 mg/day or 6 mg/day of alprazolam. Assessments were made of panic attacks, avoidance behavior, generalized anxiety, and global response. Blood samples were collected throughout the study and analyzed for alprazolam and other benzodiazepines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient compliance with the protocol was judged to be good on the basis of plasma concentrations. According to logistic regression analysis, the relationships between plasma alprazolam concentration and response, as reflected by number of panic attacks reported, phobia ratings, physicians' and patients' ratings of global improvement, and the emergence of side effects, were significant. However, there was no significant relationship between plasma alprazolam concentration and the degree of generalized anxiety symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors conclude that plasma concentration of alprazolam is related to treatment response, particularly in panic attacks. The alprazolam concentration associated with treatment response or with emergence of a given side effect varied widely among individuals, highlighting the necessity for individualized dose adjustment to obtain optimal treatment response while minimizing side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance 90509.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Lesser
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lydiard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antal
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ballenger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DuPont
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D000525:Alprazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010919:Placebos; D011336:Probability; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D000525:Alprazolam