title: A new ensemble averaging technique in impedance cardiography for estimation of stroke volume during treadmill exercise.
abstract: In this study, a new ensemble average technique is developed to measure cardiac output during treadmill exercise. Each dz/dt peak is used as a starting point for ensemble averaging, instead of the conventionally used R point of the ECG, in order to prevent the peak dz/dt waveform (C point) from smoothing, which results in increased dz/dtmax. The R-Z interval from the R point of the ECG to the peak dz/dt varies for each heart beat especially during strenuous exercise. Signal-to-noise ratios of five subjects obtained with the new technique are 0-32.6% higher than those obtained with the conventional technique at rest and during four levels of treadmill exercise. Power spectral densities of the averaged dz/dt waveforms by the peak dz/dt and R point references are also analyzed. Stroke volumes of the five subjects averaged by the peak dz/dt are 0-23.5% higher than those obtained by the R point at rest and during four levels of exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D002307:Cardiography, Impedance / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D012016:Reference Values; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012985:Software Design; D013318:Stroke Volume