title: Cocaine exposure in utero: perinatal development and neonatal manifestations--review.
abstract: The question of whether cocaine exposure in utero increases the risk of major structural malformations remains controversial. Most animal studies have demonstrated that cocaine can have a teratogenic effect. The ultimate association between cocaine exposure and fetal development must be inferred from human data. The relative effects of cocaine exposure, exposure to other illicit drugs and alcohol and deficient prenatal care are difficult to assess. Little specific information is available about the amount, duration, and timing of cocaine use during the nine months of pregnancy. Unlike the case with many other teratogens, cocaine exposure at any point in pregnancy can result in some abnormality. The extent of damage and the organ involved depend on the particular stage of morphogenesis. A large scale prospective human study is needed to confirm the suggested teratogenic effects. Since it involves an illicit drug such a study is obviously difficult to perform.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
authors.forename: Z N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Kain
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kain
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Scarpelli
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000002:abnormalities; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004065:Digestive System Abnormalities; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D015619:Respiratory System Abnormalities; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine