title: Formulation and (bio)availability problems of drug formulations in birds.
abstract: Most drugs used for the treatment of birds are not formulated for birds. Therefore the availability of drugs for birds and their administration routes largely depend on formulations available for man, mammals and to some extent poultry. The problems with the application of existing formulations, the drug concentrations and the many different avian species are discussed. The desire of the avian veterinarian for the combination of several active compounds presents special problems. This again requires extra data on the interactions in galenic, pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetic and dynamic phases, which are generally not readily available.
authors.affiliation: Vakgroep Veterinaire Pathologie, Faculteit der Diergeneeskunde, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dorrestein
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001717:Birds / Q000378:metabolism*; D002214:Capsules; D004326:Drinking; D007267:Injections / Q000662:veterinary; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012996:Solutions; D013535:Suspensions; D013607:Tablets
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012996:Solutions; D013535:Suspensions; D013607:Tablets