title: Community prevalence survey of children's blood lead levels and environmental lead contamination in inner Sydney.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the distribution of blood lead levels in preschool children in inner Sydney and identify possible sources of environmental lead.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional community based prevalence survey of children and the houses in which they live, and a survey of volunteer children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mort Bay and Summer Hill, residential localities in inner Sydney.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five children aged 9-48 months able to be identified in a defined geographic area and 63 children aged 9-48 months volunteered by their parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentrations of lead in venous blood of all children and in samples from the home environment of Mort Bay children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of the children (2.5%) had blood lead levels > or = 1.21 mumol/L (25 micrograms/dL, the current Australian threshold of concern), 27 (17.1%) had levels > or = 0.72 mumol/L (15 micrograms/dL, the new US threshold for individual intervention) and 80 (50.6%) had levels > or = 0.48 mumol/L (10 micrograms/dL, the new US threshold for community intervention). Blood lead concentrations were significantly correlated with concentrations of lead in "sink" soil (r = 0.555, P = 0.026), play area soil (r = 0.492, P = 0.016) and dust from vacuum cleaners (r = 0.428, P = 0.05), and with age of child (r = -0.182, P = 0.023). The presence of the child during house renovation was a strong predictor of having a blood lead level above 0.72 mumol/L (15 micrograms/dL) (odds ratio, 4.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-11.7, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lead in soil and in household dust in older areas of Sydney is likely to represent a significant health hazard to young children. Many thousands of children may be affected in Sydney and other Australian cities. There is an urgent need for expanded prevalence surveys, public education and the development of strategies for the abatement of lead in urban environments.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Unit for Central and Southern Sydney, Rozelle, NSW.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fett
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mira
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alperstein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Causer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brokenshire
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gulson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cannata
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead