title: Preoperative screening with ultrasonography for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an alternative to routine intraoperative cholangiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic management of choledocholithiasis is not routinely successful. A prospective study was undertaken to determine if preoperative screening with ultrasonography and liver function tests (LFTs) could minimize the incidence of unsuspected choledocholithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-one patients were studied. Patients with a common bile duct greater than 6 mm and either clinical symptoms or elevated LFT results were referred for preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients (8%) were referred for preoperative ERCP, of whom seven had choledocholithiasis, two had papillary stenosis, and one had a normal examination (90% positive ERCPs). One hundred eight patients underwent successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Nine patients underwent postoperative ERCP dictated by increasing common bile duct size, elevated enzyme levels, or symptoms. Four patients (3%) had choledocholithiasis that was successfully treated endoscopically. One patient had papillary stenosis, one had oriental cholangitis, and three had normal results on examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study ultrasonography and LFTs identified patients at high risk for choledocholithiasis, allowing preoperative referral for endoscopic stone extraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ephgrave
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Maher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D002758:Cholangiography; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D001663:Bilirubin