title: Smoking, pregnancy, and source of prenatal care: results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Working Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of current smoking intervention efforts and to target future efforts by describing the relationships between maternal smoking, smoking cessation, and source of prenatal care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used population-based data from 6319 mothers who delivered live-born infants during 1988 and 1989 in Maine, Michigan, Oklahoma, and West Virginia. The number of women sampled per state ranged from 1490-2659; state-specific response rates ranged from 66-84%. Analysis weights adjusted for selection probability and non-response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalences of maternal smoking before, during, and after pregnancy among women receiving publicly funded prenatal care were 2.3-3.4 times the comparable prevalences among privately insured women receiving prenatal care from private providers. Although many smokers reduced or quit smoking during pregnancy, most resumed or increased their smoking to nearly pre-pregnancy levels by 3-6 months postpartum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions should target the very high levels of smoking among the 27% of women receiving publicly funded prenatal care. However, from a population perspective, the greatest potential for reduction in smoking is among patients of private providers, who care for 61% of pre-pregnancy smokers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brogan
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kendrick
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Zahniser
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Bruce
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008483:Medical Assistance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000191:economics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States