title: Epidural opioids during laminectomy surgery for postoperative pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether morphine applied directly to the dura during laminectomy surgery provides superior postoperative analgesia during the first 24 hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university-affiliated hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty ASA physical status I and II patients ages 18 to 60 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simultaneous topical dural application and intramuscular (IM) injection of unknown solutions of saline and morphine 3 mg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative analgesia was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS), a modified McGill-Melzack pain questionnaire, subjective nursing evaluations, and the amount of supplemental analgesic medication used. Patients were observed for complications and side effects. Compared with the patients who received epidural saline and IM morphine, the patients who received epidural morphine and IM saline had less postoperative pain as determined by VAS scores, nursing evaluations, and amount of supplemental opioid analgesic doses (1.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 4.1 +/- 1.2 analgesic doses per patient; p less than 0.05) required in the first 24 hours. Minor side effects were similar for the two groups. No patient developed respiratory depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morphine 3 mg applied topically to the dura at the end of laminectomy surgery is a simple, safe, and effective way of providing improved postoperative analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205-2181.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bourke
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spatz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Motara
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Ordia
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hlavacek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D007796:Laminectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010919:Placebos
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D010919:Placebos; D009020:Morphine