title: A case-control evaluation of the effect of breast cancer screening in the United Kingdom trial of early detection of breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to assess the extent to which selection bias affects a case-control study of breast cancer screening in which attenders and non-attenders for screening are compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were two retrospective case-control studies, one estimating the risk of death from breast cancer in women in the screening district relative to those in the comparison district (study A), the second estimating the relative risk for women who had ever been screened compared with women who had never been screened in the screening district alone (study B). For cases and controls in study B, the women's screening history was summarised for the time period from date of entry to diagnosis of the case, or the equivalent time from date of entry for the matched controls. For cases detected by screening, the screen at which cancer was detected was included in the screening history.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were deaths from breast cancer in women with disease diagnosed after entry to the trial, up to 31 December 1986 or a maximum of seven years from date of entry, in one of the screening districts (Guildford) and one of the comparison districts (Stoke) participating in the UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer: study A: 198 deaths in Guildford and Stoke; study B: 51 deaths in Guildford only. There were five age matched controls for each case, with length of follow up at least as great as the time from entry to death of the case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimate of the risk of death from breast cancer in the screening district relative to the comparison district from study A was 0.76, thus implying a reduction of 24% in the screening district, similar to that obtained from a cohort analysis of data from the two districts. In contrast, the relative risk in study B for ever v never screened women was 0.51, which, taking the 72% compliance into account, would result in a relative risk of 0.65 for the screening district if there were no selection bias. The risk of breast cancer mortality in the never screened relative to the comparison district was 1.13, despite the fact that incidence rates in the two populations were similar. This suggested that cancers in the never screened group had a particularly poor prognosis, contributing to selection bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The possible existence of selection bias should lead to caution in interpretation of the results of case-control studies of the effect of breast cancer screening on mortality.
authors.affiliation: DoH Cancer Screening Evaluation Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Summerley
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ellman
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015983:Selection Bias