title: Prevalence of, and risk factors for, upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in critically ill pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the occurrence of, and risk factors for, the development of upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract bleeding in critically ill pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, descriptive, comparative study.
  
  
  METHODS
  ICU in a tertiary care pediatric hospital affiliated with a university.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients < 19 yrs of age who were admitted to the ICU for a 4-month period (n = 429) were eligible for inclusion. A total of 221 patients were excluded for reasons listed below. Thus, 208 patients were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were evaluated for overt upper GI bleeding as indicated by coffee ground material or bright red blood in gastric aspirates or black, tarry stools. Excluded were patients who were transferred out of the ICU within 24 hrs of admission, were receiving medications that would alter their risk for upper GI bleeding, or had a GI tract surgical procedure. Patients were categorized by diagnoses and analyzed for relative risk for upper GI bleeding. Of the 208 patients included, 25% had evidence of upper GI bleeding. There was no association between upper GI bleeding and age, weight, race, or sex. Diagnoses independently associated with an increased risk for upper GI bleeding were: circulatory shock, an operative procedure > or = 3 hrs in duration, and trauma. No clinically important sequelae were directly attributable to upper GI bleeding in this group of patients; however, intervention with antacids and histamine-2 receptor (H-2) antagonists likely decreased the progression of GI bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overt evidence of upper GI bleeding is not uncommon in critically ill pediatric patients. Certain diagnoses or risk factors may predispose these patients to develop upper GI bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Cochran
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tolley
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Stidham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013714:Tennessee / Q000453:epidemiology