title: Fetuses with Down syndrome have disproportionately shortened frontal lobe dimensions on ultrasonographic examination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to determine whether the frontal lobe is significantly smaller than normal in the Down syndrome fetus in midtrimester.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frontothalamic distance, measured from the inner table of the frontal bone to the posterior thalamus, and frontothalamic distance/biparietal diameter ratio were compared in 125 normal and 19 Down syndrome fetuses between 16 and 21 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the Down syndrome group 52% had frontothalamic distance < 10th percentile. When the frontothalamic distance and the frontothalamic distance/biparietal diameter ratio were expressed as multiples of the normal median to eliminate variation caused by gestational age, the mean value of multiples of the median in Down syndrome fetuses was compared with the mean value of multiples of the median in normal fetuses and was found to be significantly smaller (p < 0.0019 and p < 0.0177, respectively). When an observed-to-expected frontothalamic distance ratio of < or = 0.84 is used as a cutoff to screen for Down syndrome, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of 21.2%, 95.2%, and 1.2%, respectively, are achieved in a population with a 1:270 risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frontal lobe dimension is significantly shortened in Down syndrome fetuses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Bahado-Singh
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wyse
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dorr
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Copel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hobbins
mesh_terms: D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008433:Mathematics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013788:Thalamus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal