title: Use of the accelerating rotarod for assessment of motor performance decrement induced by potential anticonvulsant compounds in nerve agent poisoning.
abstract: The accelerating rotarod was used to assess motor performance decrement in rats after administration of candidate anticonvulsant compounds (acetazolamide, amitriptyline, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, diazepam-lysine, lorazepam, loprazolam, midazolam, phenobarbital and scopolamine) against nerve agent poisoning. All compounds were tested as the commercially available injectable preparation except for diazepam-lysine and loprazolam, which are not FDA approved. A peak effect time, as well as a dose to decrease performance time by 50% from control (PDD50), was determined. The calculated PDD50 (mumol/kg) values and peak effect times were midazolam, 1.16 at 15 min; loprazolam, 1.17 at 15 min; diazepam-lysine, 4.17 at 30 min; lorazepam, 4.98 at 15 min; diazepam, 5.27 at 15 min; phenobarbital, 101.49 at 45 min; chlordiazepoxide, 159.21 at 30 min; scopolamine, amitriptyline and acetazolamide did not demonstrate a performance decrement at any of the doses tested. The PDD50 values were compared with doses which have been utilized against nerve agent-induced convulsions or published ED50 values from standard anticonvulsant screening tests (maximal electroshock [MES] and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol [scMET]). The results suggest that at anticonvulsant doses against nerve agents, all the benzodiazepines and phenobarbital have the potential to cause a performance decrement, whereas candidate anticonvulsants of the non-benzodiazepine or non-barbiturate type would not be expected to demonstrate this effect on motor performance. It is concluded that compounds such as acetazolamide, amitriptyline and scopolamine offer alternatives to the highly decrementing benzodiazepines and phenobarbital and should be further tested as anticonvulsant candidates against nerve agent intoxication.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5425.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Capacio
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lennox
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gales
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dawson
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D000639:Amitriptyline / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000506:poisoning*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D062025:Organophosphate Poisoning; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000639:Amitriptyline; D012601:Scopolamine; D000086:Acetazolamide; D003975:Diazepam; D010634:Phenobarbital