title: Comparison of questionnaire screening and urine toxicology for detection of pregnancy complicated by substance use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of structured questionnaire screening and prenatal urine toxicology for the detection of substance use by pregnant women, and to describe substance use patterns in a group of women presenting to a university-based obstetric clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients presenting to our obstetric clinic for their first prenatal visit were evaluated for evidence of current use of alcohol or any illicit substances. Nursing personnel administered an extensive questionnaire, which included detailed questions about past and current substance use patterns. Urine samples were examined by a commercial laboratory for alcohol and a number of illicit substances. Current users were defined as those who admitted use within the past 30 days or who had positive urine toxicology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight of 302 patients (19.2%) were identified as current users of alcohol or illicit substances. Only 17 of 41 women (41.5%) with toxicologic evidence of recent use admitted to current use. Only 17 of 34 (50.0%) admitting to current use had toxicology positive for any substance. Patients with a history of multiple past substance use were significantly more likely to have positive urine toxicology than those without such a history (26.1 versus 7.4%; P < .005). Among current users, multiple substance use (34.5%) and cigarette smoking (52%) were common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A screening combination of structured questionnaire and universal urine toxicology identifies more current users than either technique alone, and neither is clearly superior to the other. A history of multiple substance use may be an important indicator of current use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Christmas
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Knisely
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dinsmoor
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Schnoll
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000652:urine*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires