title: Effects of the calcium channel blocker flunarizine on the hemodynamics and oxygenation of tumor microvasculature.
abstract: Flunarizine is a diphenylpiperazine calcium entry blocker that has been shown previously to increase tumor blood flow and sensitivity to radiotherapy via reduction in the radiobiologically significant hypoxic fraction. Two mechanisms of action have been proposed previously (vasodilation, altered blood viscosity), but no studies have been performed to examine its mechanisms of action in vivo. Such information would be invaluable in determining the role of flunarizine in multimodality approaches to reduce tumor hypoxia. Fisher-344 rats bearing R3230Ac tumors transplanted into dorsal flap window chambers were used to examine microcirculatory changes after administration of flunarizine (1.0 mg/kg, iv). The drug increased the diameters of the microvasculature and red cell velocities specifically in central tumor regions (producing an average increase in vessel flow by a factor of 1.96), which was accompanied by an increase in perivascular pO2 of 12 mm Hg, on the average. The drug did not change the diameters of tumor "feeding" vessels, nor did it change vascular length densities. Thus the improvement in central tumor blood flow and oxygenation could not be attributed to dilation of feeding vessels. The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood was not altered either since hemoglobin saturation (measured in vitro) and the hematocrits of the microvasculature were unchanged after drug administration. Therefore, by a process of elimination, the most likely explanation for the effect of the drug is modification of blood viscosity. Additional studies are under way in this laboratory to examine whether changes in viscosity occur after flunarizine administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Madwed
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klitzman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Secomb
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brizel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonaventura
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000098:blood supply*; D000818:Animals; D005444:Flunarizine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344
chemical_list: D005444:Flunarizine