title: Transdermal clonidine reduced some withdrawal symptoms but did not increase smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clonidine may be useful in controlling tobacco withdrawal and in facilitating smoking cessation. This study was developed to test the efficacy of transdermal clonidine in promoting smoking cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a five-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trial of transdermal clonidine in conjunction with a minimal behavioral intervention for smoking cessation. The intervention was based on the American Lung Association's Freedom From Smoking program. Self report of not smoking was validated with exhaled air carbon monoxide of less than 8 ppm and salivary cotinine of less than 20 ng/mL. Transdermal clonidine therapy began 1 week before the target quit date: 0.1 mg/24 h for the first 4 days increasing to 0.2 mg/24 h for the next 3 days, if the lower dose was tolerated. The highest tolerated dose was then continued for 6 weeks after target quit day. Withdrawal symptoms were measured daily for the first 7 days after target quit day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 213 patients were enrolled (106 active drug and 107 placebo). During the study, 15.5% of patients had drug therapy discontinued due to adverse effects, 24.5% (26/106) taking active drug vs 8.4% (9/107) receiving placebo. There was a significant reduction in anxiety score from 3.0 to 2.4 (placebo vs active) and irritability score from 2.2 to 1.7 (placebo vs active) during the first week after cessation. There was no reduction in other withdrawal symptoms. The overall 12-week abstinence rate was 33.0% (35/106) in the active drug group vs 34.5% (37/107) in the placebo group (not significant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated some reduction in early withdrawal symptoms with the use of a clonidine transdermal patch, but no increase in cessation rate, 6 weeks after medication had been discontinued.
authors.affiliation: Ambulatory Care Section, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Colo.
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Prochazka
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Petty
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nett
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Silvers
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Rennard
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Daughton
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heim
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D003000:Clonidine