title: Outbreak of surgical wound infections associated with total hip arthroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Describe an outbreak of surgical wound infections associated with total hip arthroplasty; identify risk factors for surgical wound infection during the pre-outbreak and outbreak periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 100-bed hospital. From May 1 to September 30, 1988, 7 of 15 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty developed surgical wound infections from Staphylococcus aureus (5), Enterobacter cloacae (1), beta-hemolytic streptococci (1), enterococci (1), coagulase-negative staphylococci (1), and Escherichia coli (1) (attack rate = 46.7%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort studies comparing surgical wound infection rates by patient- and procedure-related risk factors during the pre-outbreak and outbreak periods were conducted. Drop plate quantitative air culturing was conducted in 10 consecutive total hip arthroplasties in the subsequent 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of surgical wound infection were surgically higher for arthroplasties in which no intraoperative prophylactic antimicrobials were given (44% versus 8%, relative risk [RR] = 5.4, p = .01), or in which the posterior approach (20% versus 3%, RR = 6.7, p = .04) or a specific prosthesis (39% versus 5%, RR = 6.3, p = 0.01) was used. The surgical wound infection rate was highest when one circulating nurse, Nurse A, assisted (47% versus 4%, RR = 12.8, p less than .001). Logistic regression analysis identified use of the posterior approach (RR = 1.8, p = .04) and Nurse A's participation (RR = 5.0, p less than .001) as independent risk factors for surgical wound infection. Interviews of the nursing supervisor indicated that Nurse A had recurrent dermatitis on her hands. During 6 months following Nurse A's reassignment, the rate declined significantly (from 7/15 to 0/10, p = .01). Drop plate culturing yielded 2 to 10 colonies per plate of organisms that did not match outbreak organisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outbreaks associated with personnel generally involve only 1 species. In this outbreak, Nurse A (possibly because of her dermatitis), technique, the posterior approach, and/or other undetermined factors were the primary predictors of surgical wound infection.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Beck-Sague
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006622:Hip Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006744:Hospital Bed Capacity, 100 to 299; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents