title: Posttetanic potentiation at the crayfish neuromuscular junction is dependent on both intracellular calcium and sodium ion accumulation.
abstract: The fluorescent indicator fura-2 was used to measure cytoplasmic calcium in presynaptic terminals in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii under conditions that raise intracellular sodium to examine whether sodium can elevate intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) or prolong its efflux and thus influence the magnitude and duration of posttetanic potentiation (PTP). Sodium was elevated in presynaptic terminals at rest by either (1) injection of sodium into the excitatory axon, (2) application of veratridine to open sodium channels, or (3) addition of ouabain to block Na/K exchange, with [Ca2+]i increasing by either 430, 400, or 180 nM, respectively. Intracellular calcium concentration increased only when external calcium was present, indicating that calcium influx occurred through Na/Ca exchange. Additionally, ouabain enhanced excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) eightfold. Elevation of sodium using a high-frequency stimulation in zero-calcium Ringer's did not elevate [Ca2+]i during the train or immediately afterward when calcium-containing Ringer's was re-introduced. This indicates that a physiological sodium load does not release calcium from internal stores or reverse Na/Ca exchange to levels where [Ca2+]i accumulation is detectable. We examined the ability of sodium to interfere with calcium efflux from presynaptic terminals by loading boutons with both sodium and calcium or calcium alone using high-potassium depolarization. Elevation of internal sodium slowed calcium efflux from the terminal (12.3 min) compared to calcium removal without a sodium load (4.0 min). When sodium loading was increased during a tetanus by application of ouabain, the time constants for decay of EJP potentiation, 17.3 min, and for [Ca2+]i, 35 min, were longer than control values, 4.4 min and 5.8 min, respectively. In addition, using lithium to inhibit the efflux of calcium by Na/Ca exchange following a PTP-inducing train also lengthened the decay of [Ca2+]i to 15.7 min. Intracellular sodium accumulation in presynaptic terminals slows the efflux of calcium through Na/Ca exchange, and may therefore augment and prolong PTP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mulkey
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Zucker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003400:Astacoidea / Q000502:physiology*; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D007477:Ions; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009411:Nerve Endings / Q000378:metabolism; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007477:Ions; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium