title: On-scene helicopter transport of patients with multiple injuries--comparison of a German and an American system.
abstract: Hospital-based helicopter services from a German (GER) and an American (AMR) university-affiliated trauma center were reviewed. All patients with multiple injuries transported via helicopter from the scene to the trauma centers during a 1-year period were included. The patients were comparable regarding mechanism of injury, age, flight times, mean ISS, ISS distribution, and number of severe injuries per body region (patients with AIS score > 3 for head, thorax, and abdomen). Overall mortality was 21 of 221 (9.5%) for GER and 21 of 186 (11.3%) for AMR (NS). Survivor-based TRISS analysis yielded Z statistics of +2.459 for GER (p < 0.025) and +1.049 for AMR (NS). M statistics were 0.89 for GER, 0.874 for AMR; the W statistic +1.35 for GER. There were nine unexpected survivors (Ps < 0.50) for GER and six for AMR. There was a significantly higher (p < 0.01) number of early deaths (< 6 hours) in AMR (12; ISS = 56) than in GER (four; ISS = 64). Analysis of the prehospital data demonstrated significant differences in the mean volume of IV fluids infused: 1800 mL, GER; 825 mL, AMR (p < 0.05); rate of intubation: 82 of 221 (37.1%) GER; 24 of 186 (13.4%) AMR (p < 0.001); and thoracic decompressions: 20 of 221 (9.1%) GER; 1 of 186 (0.5%) AMR (p < 0.001). Prehospital care in the GER system is directed on scene by a trauma surgeon member of the flight crew compared with a nurse/paramedic team with remote medical control in the AMR system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee, Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville 37920.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Frame
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nerlich
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Enderson
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Maull
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tscherne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000401:Aircraft; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D013714:Tennessee / Q000453:epidemiology; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D016896:Treatment Outcome