title: Alternative techniques of cardioplegia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although normothermic cardioplegia has been used with acceptable clinical results, no studies have previously been performed to determine the metabolic consequences of these various techniques of myocardial protection. Therefore, we have performed a randomized clinical trial to assess the effects of three cardioplegic techniques on myocardial metabolic recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-four patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomized to receive normothermic antegrade blood cardioplegia (n = 25), normothermic retrograde blood cardioplegia (n = 23), or intermittent cold antegrade blood cardioplegia (n = 26). Myocardial oxygen consumption and lactate production, adenine nucleotides, and adenine nucleotide degradation products were measured during the operation, and cardiac creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) release was assessed after surgery. Warm antegrade cardioplegia maximized myocardial oxygen consumption during cardioplegic delivery. Postoperative CK-MB release was less after warm antegrade cardioplegia, but the difference was not statistically significant. Warm retrograde cardioplegia resulted in the greatest degree of anaerobic lactate production but did not increase morbidity and mortality. Perioperative myocardial infarctions and postoperative low-output syndrome were most common after cold cardioplegia, but this trend was not statistically significant. During warm antegrade cardioplegia, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was metabolized to diffusible precursors, which were washed out during cardioplegic infusion. Warm retrograde cardioplegia produced a breakdown of ATP to inosine and hypoxanthine, small molecules that accumulated during the cross-clamp period and were not washed out, perhaps because of inadequate perfusion with retrograde delivery. During cold cardioplegia, ATP was dephosphorylated, and adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, and adenosine accumulated. These compounds were not regenerated to ATP but were not washed out of myocytes because they are large anionic molecules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intermittent cold cardioplegia inhibited mitochondrial function but prevented the degradation of adenine nucleotides. Warm antegrade cardioplegia had the greatest myocardial oxygen consumption, and warm retrograde cardioplegia had the greatest anaerobic lactate production. There were no differences in clinical outcomes between cardioplegic groups.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Weisel
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mickle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komeda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mohabeer
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tumiati
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D001769:Blood; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003402:Creatine Kinase