title: Mechanical ventilation in preterm infants: neurosonographic and developmental studies.
abstract: Surviving preterm infants of less than 34 weeks' gestation who were selected on the basis of serial cranial ultrasonographic findings during their nursery course had repeated neurologic and developmental examinations during late infancy and early childhood that established the presence (n = 46) or absence (n = 205) of spastic forms of cerebral palsy. Of the 205 infants without cerebral palsy, 22 scored abnormally low on standardized developmental testing during early childhood. The need for mechanical ventilation beginning on the first day of life (n = 92) was significantly related to gestational age, birth weight, Apgar scores, patent ductus arteriosus, grade III/IV intracranial hemorrhage, large periventricular cysts, and the development of cerebral palsy. In the 192 mechanically ventilated infants, vaginal bleeding during the third trimester, low Apgar scores, and maximally low PCO2 values during the first 3 days of life were significantly related to large periventricular cysts (n = 41) and cerebral palsy (n = 43), but not to developmental delay in the absence of cerebral palsy (n = 18). The severity of intracranial hemorrhage in mechanically ventilated infants was significantly associated with gestational age and maximally low measurements of PCO2 and pH, but not with Apgar scores or maximally low measurements of PO2. Logistic regression analyses controlling for possible confounding variables disclosed that PCO2 values of less than 17 mm Hg during the first 3 days of life in mechanically ventilated infants were associated with a significantly increased risk of moderate to severe periventricular echodensity, large periventricular cysts, grade III/IV intracranial hemorrhage, and cerebral palsy. Neurosonographic abnormalities were highly predictive of cerebral palsy independent of PCO2 measurements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Graziani
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Spitzer
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Merton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McKee
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003560:Cysts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D004453:Echoencephalography; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide