title: Immunosuppressive treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
abstract: Glucocorticoids and retrobulbar irradiation are the most employed immunosuppressive treatment modalities in Graves' ophthalmopathy. The response rate is approximately 60%. Efficacy is good for improvement of appearance and visual acuity, moderate for correction of extraocular muscle dysfunction, and poor for reduction of proptosis. Immunosuppression seldom cures the eye disease. Its main advantage is to stabilize the eye disease by inactivating the inflammation of orbital tissues, thereby permitting corrective eye surgery to be performed at an earlier time. Future developments in immunosuppression aim at reduction of side effects and enhancement of efficacy. Alternative treatment schedules (e.g., methylprednisolone pulses, intravenous immunoglobulin) may have equal efficacy but less side effects than classic high-dose oral steroids. Efficacy can be improved by restriction of immunosuppression to patients with active eye disease who are more likely to respond. Disease activity might well be the main determinant of therapeutic outcome of immunosuppression in Graves' ophthalmopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Wiersinga
mesh_terms: D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005544:Forecasting; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine