title: Protection against ischemia during prolonged balloon inflation by distal coronary perfusion with use of an autoperfusion catheter or Fluosol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this report was to study the protective effects of passive and active distal coronary perfusion during prolonged balloon inflation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Prolonged balloon inflation has been proposed to improve immediate and long-term results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, but it requires protection against myocardial ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 30-min balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery was performed in three groups of closed chest anesthetized dogs: 1) control (no distal coronary perfusion, n = 13), 2) passive distal coronary perfusion (autoperfusion catheter, n = 10), and 3) active distal coronary perfusion (infusion of the perfluorochemical Fluosol at 30 ml/min, n = 11).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 10 min of balloon inflation, echocardiographic wall motion indexes (scored from 1 [normal] to 5 [dyskinesia]) in the autoperfusion catheter and Fluosol groups (2.4 +/- 1.2 and 2.0 +/- 0.9, respectively) were significantly better than in the control group (3.6 +/- 0.4, p = 0.001), but at 25 min this improvement in wall motion had attenuated and became statistically insignificant when compared with values in the control group. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure at peak inflation in the Fluosol group (19.5 +/- 5.5 mm Hg) was higher than in the control (7.6 +/- 3.6) and autoperfusion catheter (5.3 +/- 1.4, p < or = 0.01) groups. Pathologic evidence of infarction by tetrazolium staining was seen in three control dogs and in none of the other groups (p = 0.07). Ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation were less frequent in the autoperfusion catheter group (p = 0.02). Three deaths were observed in the control dogs, two in the Fluosol group and none in the dogs with an autoperfusion catheter (p = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passive (the autoperfusion balloon catheter) and active (Fluosol) distal coronary perfusion methods are comparable and better than no perfusion in protecting the myocardium against ischemia produced by prolonged coronary balloon inflation in an experimental canine model. This protection is transient, attenuating after 10 to 25 min, and partial because there was no significant difference in the incidence of myocardial infarction and death among groups, although the latter observations may be related to small sample size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Robalino
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marwick
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lafont
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vaska
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Whitlow
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C050455:fluosol