title: Intrathecal 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide: neurotoxicity, cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity in a rabbit model of VX2 leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.
abstract: Dissemination of tumor to the leptomeninges and cerebrospinal fluid represents a common pattern of metastasis for many cancers; however, few chemotherapeutic agents are available for intrathecal (i.t.) use and treatment results are often poor. We studied the neurotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of i.t. 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) in the rabbit and the activity of i.t. 4-HC in a VX2 rabbit model of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis to evaluate the potential use of 4-HC in the treatment of leptomeningeal tumors. Toxicity studies examined 4-HC doses ranging from 0.5 to 6.0 mumol administered by intraventricular injection weekly for 4 to 8 weeks. Clinical or histological neurotoxicity was not observed in rabbits treated with < 1.0 mumol 4-HC for 4 weeks. Clinical toxicity, characterized by lethargy, weight loss, seizures, or death, was apparent at doses > 2.0 mumol. Vasculitis of superficial arteries was observed in rabbits treated with > 1.0 mumol 4-HC. In cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetic studies, the mean drug half-life after intraventricular or intralumbar administration was 24.3 and 18.2 min. Regional inequities in drug exposure were apparent as area under the clearance curve values for cerebrospinal fluid distant from the injection site were lower than those of proximate sites (P < 0.001). Weekly intraventricular treatment of VX2 leptomeningeal tumor-bearing rabbits with 0.5 or 1.0 mumol of 4-HC resulted in an increased life span of 22.5 and 35%, respectively. These results indicate that i.t. 4-HC, at doses lower than those producing neurotoxicity in the rabbit, is effective treatment for VX2 leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Than
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Cork
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Grochow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001099:Arachnoid / Q000473:pathology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D010841:Pia Mater / Q000473:pathology; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D003520:Cyclophosphamide; C011272:perfosfamide