title: The role of hyperventilation in panic disorder: a response to Ley (1991)
abstract: Ley (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 301-304, 1991) provided a reinterpretation of experimental findings on the efficacy of breathing retraining plus cognitive restructuring in reducing the symptomatology of patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia which were presented in a 1989 article in this journal. On the basis of his reinterpretation, they concluded that our findings supported the central role of hyperventilation in panic attacks. Ley's arguments are discussed and we conclude that his reinterpretation provides new arguments against a hyperventilation theory of panic. Furthermore, recent evidence from empirical studies does not support a central role for hyperventilation in panic attacks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Ruiter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Garssen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rijken
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kraaimaat
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000523:psychology*; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000523:psychology