title: Prenatal programs: what the literature reveals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review evaluations of prenatal health care programs, examine their methodologic features, and synthesize the findings of high-quality studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We combined a computerized search of the literature and recommendations of experts to select evaluations published between 1981-1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  After reviewing the quality of each evaluation in relation to methods and clinical applicability, we selected the highest-quality evaluations and summarized their methods and findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trained researchers used a standardized abstraction form for information on main objectives and activities, setting, study design and sample, data collection methods, results, and conclusions. Seven of 22 evaluations met the review criteria. Maternal care coordination and visits by nurses, and specially targeted smoking and nutrition programs, were associated with optimized pregnancy outcomes for certain women, including the poor and very young. Longer participation in prenatal care was an important factor in achieving positive outcomes. Women receiving care from nurse-midwives did not differ in their pregnancy outcomes from women cared for by physicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No evaluation met all the review criteria. Selection biases are likely, and thus positive findings may have reflected the types of women who were likely to comply with care rather than the effects of program participation. Many topics were not systematically evaluated. Carefully controlled evaluations of the content, number, and timing of prenatal care visits for women with differing medical and social risks are essential in identifying effective ways to achieve the nation's public health objectives regarding maternal and infant mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goya
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015397:Program Evaluation