title: Neonatal tetanus in rural Bangladesh: risk factors and toxoid efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tetanus continues to be a leading cause of neonatal death in Bangladesh as in other developing countries, yet little is known about risk factors or the efficacy of tetanus toxoid in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  In May 1990, mothers of 6148 infants born alive between March 15, 1989, and March 14, 1990, in 30 rural unions of Rajshahi Division in Bangladesh were interviewed. Three surviving controls for each neonatal tetanus death were matched for sex, residence, and date of birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 330 neonatal deaths, 112 met the case definition for tetanus. Risk was increased with a history of neonatal tetanus in a previous child, application of coconut oil to the vagina, and use of multiple ties on the umbilical cord. Risk was reduced by the birth attendant washing hands and using a cleaned cord-cutting tool. Risk was not reduced by a maternal history of two doses of tetanus toxoid (TT2), although estimated efficacy of TT2 was 45% (95% confidence interval = 16% to 64%). Subsequent to the survey, a reference laboratory reported to potency in three consecutive lots of tetanus vaccine from the production laboratory in Bangladesh.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings identify high-risk mothers, stress the importance of washing hands and cleaning the cord-cutting tool, and demand improved quality control of tetanus vaccine production.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Program, Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, Tallahassee, Fla 32301.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hlady
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Samadi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Begum
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hafez
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Tarafdar
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Boring
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D000074263:Coconut Oil; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008880:Midwifery / Q000592:standards; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012621:Seasons; D013742:Tetanus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D010938:Plant Oils; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D000074263:Coconut Oil