title: Detection of single base differences using biotinylated nucleotides with very long linker arms.
abstract: A simple primer extension method for detecting nucleotide differences is based on the substitution of mobility-shifting analogs for natural nucleotides (1). This technique can detect any single-base difference that might occur including previously unknown mutations or polymorphisms. Two technical limitations of the original procedure have now been addressed. First, switching to Thermococcus litoralis DNA polymerase has eliminated variability believed to be due to the addition of an extra, non-templated base to the 3' end of DNA by Taq DNA polymerase. Second, with the analogs used in the original study, the mobility shift induced by a single base change can usually be resolved only in DNA segments 200 nt or smaller. This size limitation has been overcome by synthesizing biotinylated nucleotides with extraordinarily long linker arms (36 atom backbone). Using these new analogs and conventional sequencing gels (0.4 mm thick), mutations in the human beta-hexosaminidase alpha and CYP2D6 genes have been detected in DNA segments up to 300 nt in length. By using very thin (0.15 mm) gels, single-base polymorphisms in the human APOE gene have been detected in 500-nt segments.
authors.affiliation: Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0328.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Livak
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Zagursky
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001710:Biotin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics; D003838:Deoxyadenine Nucleotides / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D003845:Deoxycytosine Nucleotides / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007438:Introns; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D013661:Tay-Sachs Disease / Q000235:genetics; D001619:beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003838:Deoxyadenine Nucleotides; D003845:Deoxycytosine Nucleotides; D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; C077105:biotin-36-dUTP; C077106:biotin-36-dCTP; C077107:biotin-36-dc7ATP; D001710:Biotin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D001619:beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases