title: Evidence for the presence of androgen receptors in the synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the presence of androgen receptors in the synovial tissue of male and female patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and matched healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both site I (high affinity, low binding capacity) and site II (reduced affinity, higher binding capacity) androgen receptors were investigated in soluble and nuclear fractions of homogenized synovial samples, using the dextran-coated charcoal method. The finding of pure, high-affinity site I receptors in both fractions was considered indicative of androgen receptor positivity. In order to determine what type of synovial cell was positive for androgen receptors, cryosections of synovial tissues were immunostained with a specific monoclonal anti-androgen receptor antibody (MAb), using both immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. Double immunostaining with this MAb and specific MAb directed toward different macrophage/granulocyte antigens was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Remarkable differences were found between male and female controls: Most males were positive for androgen receptors, and most females were negative. The fetomolar content of androgen receptor in the nuclear fraction was fairly constant, but the soluble fraction showed a higher femtomolar concentration in female RA patients than in controls of either sex, as well as in male RA patients compared with female RA patients. The androgen receptor-positive cells in both RA and control synovial cryosections were found by immunostaining to be macrophage-like synoviocytes, and were also found to be HLA-DR positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immunosuppressive action exerted by androgens might, at least in part, be mediated through their interaction with macrophage-like synoviocytes functioning as antigen-processing and antigen-presenting cells in rheumatoid synovia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cutolo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Accardo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Villaggio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clerico
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Indiveri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carruba
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fecarotta
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castagnetta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D005260:Female; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D011944:Receptors, Androgen