title: Perceived stress and coping strategies among families of cardiac transplant candidates during the organ waiting period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore and describe perceived stress and coping strategies among families of candidates for cardiac transplant during the organ waiting period.
  
  
  METHODS
  This descriptive, multiinstitutional study was guided by the T-Double ABCX Model of Family Adjustment and Adaptation (McCubbin & Thompson, 1987).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five tertiary care centers with transplant programs in three Southeastern cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight family members of patients on the active list for cardiac transplantation, including 35 women and three men with a mean age of 44 years (SD = 13.17). Subjects had a family member on the waiting list for a mean of 6.5 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family members completed the following three instruments: (1) Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes (FILE), (2) Family Crisis Oriented Personal Scale (FCOPES), and (3) Family Perception of the Transplant Experience Scale (FPTES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stress: 53% and 47% of respondents indicated that they were experiencing moderate and low degrees of stress, respectively. Coping: Family members used more coping mechanisms than normative subjects in the literature. Coping strategies used in order of decreasing frequency: (1) knowing our family has the strength to solve our problems, (2) facing problems head-on, and (3) seeking support from friends. Appraisal: Mean score of 32.13 reflects subjects' positive perception of the pretransplant experience. The three statements with which the subjects most strongly agreed: (1) heart illness has changed roles of family members, (2) family member will survive the transplant operation; and (3) this is an experience that could bring out the family's strengths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in the number of coping strategies used with low to moderate stress levels suggests the effectiveness of coping strategies in mediating stress. The preference for active rather than passive coping strategies may be reflective of the selection criteria for transplant candidates or nursing interventions during this period to minimize stress and promote family coping.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cupples
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lepley
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ohler
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011581:Psychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement