title: Lack of age-related differences in the clinical presentation of digoxin toxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Digoxin toxicity occurs most commonly among the elderly. While the clinical syndrome of digoxin toxicity is well understood, how toxic manifestations change with age is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed secondary analysis of data from a postmarketing surveillance study of patients with life-threatening digoxin toxicity treated with digoxin antibody therapy. Patients receiving long-term maintenance digoxin therapy and aged 55 years or older were divided into four age groups: 55 to 64, 65 to 74, 75 to 84, and 85 years and older (n = 45, 167, 183, and 83, respectively) and compared with regard to presenting manifestations, digoxin dosing, serum potassium and digoxin levels, and renal function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of high-degree atrioventricular block showed an increasing but nonsignificant trend with age (40%, 40%, 42%, and 47%, respectively). Age-related trends in high-degree atrioventricular block were stronger among men than women and even stronger among men with underlying cardiac ischemia. The proportion of subjects with nausea/vomiting as a toxic manifestation did not consistently change with age (42%, 48%, 48%, and 46%, respectively). There were no age-related differences in degree of renal impairment or maintenance dose, but maintenance dose decreased with increasing renal impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with life-threatening digoxin toxicity, there is no age-related difference in clinical presentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27103.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wofford
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Ettinger
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Furberg
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced; D004077:Digoxin / Q000276:immunology / Q000506:poisoning*; D005260:Female; D006327:Heart Block / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; C050199:digoxin antibodies Fab fragments; D004077:Digoxin