title: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and pattern recognition analysis of the biochemical processes associated with the progression of and recovery from nephrotoxic lesions in the rat induced by mercury(II) chloride and 2-bromoethanamine.
abstract: Nephrotoxic lesions were induced in Fischer 344 rats using HgCl2, a proximal tubular toxin, and 2-bromoethanamine (BEA), a medullary toxin. Biochemical effects of these toxins on urinary composition were observed by high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy over 9 days after dosing. The onset of, progression of, and recovery from the induced toxic lesions were also followed histopathologically and related to the perturbed urinary biochemistry. Urinary concentrations of 20 endogenous substances were measured simultaneously by NMR at eight time points, to provide a time-related 20-dimensional description of the urinary biochemistry for each rat. Principal components analysis and nonlinear mapping were used to reduce the biochemical parameter spaces for each rat to two or three dimensions for display and classification purposes. An investigation of alternative data-presentation methods was made, and taking interanimal means of the map coordinates at each time point yielded a novel type of metabolic trajectory diagram with which the biochemical abnormalities associated with the HgCl2 and BEA lesions could be related to the progression and recovery phases of the toxic lesions. The time-course trajectories showed characteristically different paths for each toxin. These trajectories allowed the time points at which there were maximum metabolic differences to be determined and provided the visualization of net movements of the treatment group populations in time in relation to interanimal variation. Control animal urine samples subjected to this analysis showed simple clustering, with no evidence of metabolic trajectory. The trajectory for BEA showed different routes for onset of and recovery from toxicity, whereas for HgCl2 the outward trajectory (onset) mapped a space similar to the inward trajectory (recovery phase). This suggests that the NMR-detectable biochemical abnormalities after mercury toxicity mainly reflect the proportions of functional cells lining the nephron, whereas the biochemical abnormalities associated with renal medullary insult probably relate to functional integrity. An examination has been made for those metabolites that are most responsible for defining the trajectories, i.e., the discrimination of renal cortical and medullary toxicity from each other and from controls. These discriminatory metabolites (using paired t test, p < 0.001) included valine, taurine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and glucose for HgCl2 and acetate, methylamine, dimethylamine, lactate, and creatine for BEA, whereas citrate, succinate, N-acetyl resonances from as yet unidentified metabolites, hippurate, alanine, and 2-oxoglutarate played an important role in defining the biochemically perturbed trajectory of both toxins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Bonner
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Sweatman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lindon
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Beddell
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rahr
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005021:Ethylamines / Q000633:toxicity*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008627:Mercuric Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344
chemical_list: D005021:Ethylamines; C004504:2-bromoethylamine; D008627:Mercuric Chloride