title: Life-sustaining interventions in frail elderly persons. Talking about choices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Engaging older persons in consideration of use of life-sustaining measures, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation, tube feeding, and urgent intubation, is widely recommended, yet uncommon.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the short-term impact of a physician-initiated discussion, geared toward guiding informed decision-making, with 20 frail elderly homebound patients. A battery of psychologic rating scales was administered in a pre-post design. Eighteen subjects completed the protocol. Fifteen of the mentally capable surviving subjects were reinterviewed 18 months following the initial discussion to evaluate durability of their decisions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most welcomed the discussion and clear choices regarding future care usually emerged. Depression rating scales decreased slightly for the entire sample. For the subgroup having relatively internal locus of control, there was an increase in life satisfaction scores. No patient demonstrated signs of emotional trauma consequent to the discussion. On follow-up, several patients were indecisive about their choices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Involvement of these patients in decision-making appeared to have no adverse effects, and, for some, it was therapeutic, possibly through enhancement of personal control. Durability of their decisions was not a consistent finding, however.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center, New York, NY 10011.
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Kellogg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crain
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corwin
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Brickner
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001293:Attitude to Death; D001294:Attitude to Health; D032882:Comprehension; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D009519:New York City; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010358:Patient Participation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012945:Social Values; D028761:Withholding Treatment