title: Ultrasonography of the urinary tract of female sheep.
abstract: We determined the position, dimensions, and structure of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra of 62 female sheep by use of ultrasonography. A 5.0-MHz convex transducer was placed over the right flank to examine the kidneys, and a 5.0 MHz-linear transducer was used to examine the bladder and urethra transrectally. All examinations were performed on sheep in standing position. The left kidney was 7.1 to 8.9 cm long, 3.4 to 5.5 cm wide, and 3.3 to 4.7 cm deep. Diameter of the parenchyma and renal sinus of the left kidney ranged between 1.1 and 1.9 cm and 1.1 and 2.0 cm, respectively. Circumference of the medullary pyramids varied between 2.1 and 3.3 cm. Similar ultrasonographic measurements were obtained for the right kidney. The diameter of the bladder varied between 0.3 and 6.9 cm in 96.8% of the sheep. The diameter of the bladder could not be determined in 32% of the sheep because it was > 10 cm, and, therefore, was beyond the penetration depth of the scanner. The only part of the urethra that could be ultrasonographically visualized was the internal urethral orifice. It had diameter between 0.1 and 0.2 cm. The ureters could not be ultrasonographically visualized in any of the sheep examined. The urinary tract of 8 sheep was examined 10 times within 2 weeks to examine whether measurements were reproducible. The interassay variation coefficient determined ranged from 3.1 to 31.8%, although for most variables, it ranged between 5 and 11%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schefer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gerber
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012756:Sheep / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*