title: Height and age adjustment for cross sectional studies of lung function in children aged 6-11 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No standard exists for the adjustment of lung function for height and age in children. Multiple regression should not be used on untransformed data because, for example, forced expiratory volume (FEV1), though normally distributed for height, age, and sex, has increasing standard deviation. A solution to the conflict is proposed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spirometry on representative samples of children aged 6.5 to 11.99 years in primary schools in England. After exclusion of children who did not provide two repeatable blows 910 white English boys and 722 girls had data on FEV1 and height. Means and standard deviations of FEV1 divided by height were plotted to determine whether logarithmic transformation of FEV1 was appropriate. Multiple regression was used to give predicted FEV1 for height and age on the transformed scale; back transformation gave predicted values in litres. Other lung function measures were analysed, and data on inner city children, children from ethnic minority groups, and Scottish children were described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After logarithmic (ln) transformation of FEV1 standard deviation was constant. The ratios of actual and predicted values of FEV1 were normally distributed in boys and girls. From the means and standard deviations of these distributions, and the predicted values, centiles and standard deviation scores can be calculated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method described is valid because the assumption of stable variance for multiple regression was satisfied on the log scale and the variation of ratios of actual to predicted values on the original scale was well described by a normal distribution. The adoption of the method will lead to uniformity and greater ease of comparison of research findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Medicine, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chinn
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rona
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D016011:Normal Distribution; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012606:Scotland; D013147:Spirometry / Q000379:methods