title: Enhancement of morphine-induced analgesia and attenuation of morphine-induced side-effects by cocaine in rats.
abstract: Effect of cocaine on morphine-induced analgesia and the accompanying respiratory depression, bradycardia and hypolocomotion/sedation was studied in rats. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects were studied under pentobarbitone-induced anaesthesia. Cocaine enhanced morphine-induced analgesia in the formalin test, hot plate test and heat-induced tail withdrawal test in intact rats. However, in spinal rats a similar combination of cocaine with morphine did not produce increased latencies in the tail withdrawal test. Of the three analgesic tests used, the formalin test was the most sensitive to the enhancement, as well as to the effects of morphine or cocaine alone. Morphine at the dose of 6 mg/kg produced complete analgesia in the formalin test, significant hypolocomotion/sedation, significant bradycardia and significant decrease in the respiratory rate. At an equianalgesic dose (complete analgesia in the formalin test) of morphine (3 mg/kg)-cocaine (5 mg/kg)-combination no significant changes in heart rate, respiratory rate or locomotion(/alertness) were observed. Changes in skin blood flow determined by the laser Doppler flow method were not significant in any of the experimental conditions. The results indicate that cocaine enhances morphine-induced analgesia, mainly due to supraspinal mechanisms. In contrast, the morphine-induced bradypnoea, bradycardia and hypolocomotion/sedation are attenuated by cocaine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kauppila
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mecke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pertovaara
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010147:Pain Measurement; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine; D003042:Cocaine