title: Transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current role of transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles examining the role of transesophageal echocardiography for evaluation of patients with stroke were identified using computer and bibliography searches.
  
  
  METHODS
  All English-language articles that provided full details on patient selection criteria, methods, and study design were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiogenic embolism is frequently an uncertain diagnosis merely inferred by finding a potential cardiac source. Transthoracic echocardiography has had a low yield in screening unselected patients with stroke. Several series of patients with stroke have been reported comparing transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Potential cardiac sources of embolism were consistently identified in many more patients by transesophageal echocardiography. Many findings are, however, of uncertain significance; these include spontaneous echo contrast, patent foramen ovale, filamentous strands on the mitral valve, and atrial septal aneurysm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transesophageal echocardiography is most helpful in patients with stroke who are less than 45 years of age and in those without clinical evidence of heart disease. The indications for its use in the evaluation of stroke remain controversial. Further studies are needed using transesophageal echocardiography in patients with stroke and in control groups, not only to determine the natural history of transesophageal, echocardiographically detected abnormalities but also to evaluate treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Hospital, California.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: DeRook
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Comess
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Popp
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus; D006801:Humans