title: Factors influencing cosmetic outcome and complication risk after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for early-stage breast carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken to assess the relationship among cosmesis and complications to factors related to disease presentation, surgical and radiotherapeutic technique, and adjuvant systemic therapy in conservative treatment for early-stage breast carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1982 and 1988, 234 women with stage I/II breast carcinoma were treated with conservation therapy by a highly standardized protocol of limited excision and radiotherapy. Radiation boost and/or reexcision were determined by careful quantitation of the normal tissue margin around the primary tumor. Boosts to 20 Gy were preferentially performed with interstitial iridium-192 (192Ir) implants. Axillary node dissections were performed in all patients aged less than 70 years. Adjuvant therapy consisted of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, (doxorubicin), and fluorouracil (CM[A]F) six to eight times for node-positive premenopausal women and tamoxifen for node-positive or -negative postmenopausal women. Median follow-up was 50 months (range, 20 to 80 months). Cosmesis was graded by defined criteria, and complications were individually scored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factors found to impact cosmesis adversely were palpable tumors (P = .046), volume of breast tissue resected (P = .027), reexcision of the tumor bed (P = .01), number of radiation fields (P = .03), radiation boost (P = .01), and chest wall separation (P = .01). There was a trend toward worse cosmesis (P = .062) in patients receiving tamoxifen. Cosmesis was not adversely affected by interstitial implant in spite of a higher prescribed dose. Factors influencing complication risk were axillary node dissection (P = .02), number of lymph nodes harvested (P = .05), and chemotherapy (P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimal cosmesis and minimal complication risk require careful attention to the technical details of surgery and radiotherapy. The impact of systemic therapies needs to be more thoroughly examined.
authors.affiliation: Breast Health Center, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wazer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: DiPetrillo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Ullrich
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weld
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Marchant
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Robert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome