title: A comparison of excimer laser (308 nm) ablation of the human lens nucleus in air and saline with a fiber optic delivery system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Photoablation with excimer lasers has demonstrated precise tissue cutting and minimal thermal damage. Potential ophthalmic applications of these lasers include remodelling of the corneal surface, glaucoma treatment, and phacoablation. Ablation of human lens with a 308 nm XeCl excimer laser light delivered through a fiber has been demonstrated in preliminary experiments. Intraocular delivery of laser light must be done in a fluid medium to preserve the integrity of ocular structures. However, little information is available on the effect of the fluid media on the ablation process. Therefore, a series of experiments was conducted to determine whether the ablation of human lens nucleus at 308 nm via a fiber differs in air and saline media.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ablation of human lens nuclei (n = 30) was conducted with a XeCI excimer laser (308 nm) coupled to a 600 microns core size fiber. Irradiation was performed at 2.8 mJ/cm2 energy density and 20 Hz. The fiberoptic was brought to contact with the lens nucleus and remained fixed for the duration of irradiation. Variables consisted of the medium (air or saline) and number of pulses delivered (100 to 10,000). Following establishment of the tissue shrinkage ratio, the depth of each crater and the tissue volume removed were measured histologically. The histological features of nucleus ablation in air and in saline were also examined with both light and scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Light microscopy revealed that the average zone of thermal damage adjacent to the crater is thinner in the presence of saline (60 microns, SD = 6 microns) than it is in air (90 microns, SD = 12 microns). In both media, the thickness of the zone of thermal damage is greater at the surface than it is at its base. Following irradiation in air, deep sharpedged craters with smooth walls are formed. Craters formed by irradiation in saline are characterized by reduced depth and irregular walls. For the same number of pulses applied (500, 1000, and 2000), the mean depth of ablation per pulse in air (8.6 to 2.7 microns/pulse) was greater by approximately a factor of two than that in saline (4.10 to 1.30 microns/pulse) at P < .01. However, the mean ablated volume removed per pulse was greater in saline (0.00250 to 0.00150 mm3/pulse) than in air (0.00120 to 0.00080 mm3/pulse), for the same number of pulses (1000, 2000) at P < .01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparing the data for the same number of pulses applied in air and in saline, it appears that the depth of crater formed by irradiation in air is deeper than that in fluid. The overall volume ablated is greater in fluid than it is in air at 1000 and 2000 pulses. Additionally, the zone of thermal damage is thinner in the presence of saline than it is in air. Smoother crater shapes were observed following irradiation in air than in saline. These results suggest that under this specific experimental setup, the ablation in saline is different from that in air.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Research Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maguen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bardenstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoser
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grundfest
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000388:Air; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D007907:Lens Nucleus, Crystalline / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D055100:Optical Fibers; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride