title: Ferrous sulfate reduces thyroxine efficacy in patients with hypothyroidism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether simultaneous ingestion of ferrous sulfate and thyroxine reduces the efficacy of thyroid hormone in patients with primary hypothyroidism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uncontrolled clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient research clinic of a tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with established primary hypothyroidism on stable thyroxine replacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were instructed to ingest simultaneously, a 300-mg ferrous sulfate tablet and their usual thyroxine dose every day for 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12 weeks of ferrous sulfate ingestion with thyroxine, the mean level of serum thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH) rose from 1.6 +/- 0.4 to 5.4 +/- 2.8 mU/L (P < 0.01), but the free thyroxine index did not change significantly. Subjective evaluation using a clinical score showed that nine patients had an increase in symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism; the mean score for the 14 patients changed from 0 to 1.3 +/- 0.4 (P = 0.011). When iron and thyroxine were mixed together in vitro, a poorly soluble purple complex appeared that indicated the binding of iron to thyroxine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simultaneous ingestion of ferrous sulfate and thyroxine causes a variable reduction in thyroxine efficacy that is clinically significant in some patients. The interaction is probably caused by the binding of iron to thyroxine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Hasinoff
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stalts
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; C020748:ferrous sulfate; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine