title: Umbilical venous pressure in nonimmune hydrops fetalis: correlation with cardiac size.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objectives were to examine the relationship between umbilical venous pressure and cardiac size in nonimmune hydrops fetalis and to assess the role of cardiac failure in the pathogenesis of the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen fetuses with nonimmune hydrops fetalis were investigated in a tertiary referral unit with high-resolution ultrasonography, echocardiography, and fetal blood sampling. Fetal heart size was assessed by measurement of the cardiothoracic ratio. Umbilical venous pressure was measured at the time of fetal blood sampling with a fluid-filled system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 10 fetuses with elevated umbilical venous pressures had significantly increased cardiothoracic ratios (p = 0.02). These fetuses also had ascites. Four other fetuses had normal-sized hearts, normal umbilical venous pressures, and no ascites. There was a linear relationship between cardiothoracic ratio and umbilical venous pressure (r = 0.75, p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of umbilical venous pressure validates cardiothoracic ratio as a noninvasive assessment of cardiac function in nonimmune hydrops.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, England.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharland
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tynan
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Maxwell
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014690:Venous Pressure