title: The pain and discomfort experienced during orthodontic treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial of two initial aligning arch wires.
abstract: A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed to compare the nature, prevalence, intensity, and duration of pain related to the use of a relatively recently developed superelastic arch wire and a more traditional multistranded steel arch wire. Other factors likely to influence the pain experience were also investigated. Forty-three subjects participated in the study, the pain response being assessed by each of the visual analogue scales, the questionnaires, and an analgesic consumption record. In 18 of the 43 subjects a standardized preliminary dental extraction procedure was used as a control. Subsequent to the random allocation of an initial arch wire in 43 patients, 22 of them underwent a second arch wire in the opposing arch, the wire again being determined by random allocation. It was found that the prevalence, intensity, and duration of pain after the insertion of the two types of wire was similar but much greater than in the postextraction control phase. The pain score peaked on the morning after the placement of the arch wire, lasting typically for 5 to 6 days. The pain and discomfort experienced after the insertion of the second arch wire was similar to that of the first, no conditioning response being evident. Overall a diurnal variation was found with a tendency to an increase in pain in the evenings and nights, although this did not greatly affect sleep. The pain response was found to be highly and consistently subjective, not related to the dental arch, crowding, sex, or social class; however, a statistically significant association was found between the age and the pain experienced.
authors.affiliation: University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009532:Nickel; D009969:Orthodontic Wires / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013232:Steel; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014025:Titanium; D014098:Toothache / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013232:Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium