title: Antioxidants attenuate microvascular changes in the early phase of experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested in a rat meningitis model 1) whether pneumococcal cell wall components are capable of producing changes in regional cerebral blood flow, brain water content, and intracranial pressure similar to those we have already observed after intracisternal inoculation of live pneumococci and 2) whether antioxidants would modulate these alterations in the early phase of meningitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional cerebral blood flow as measured by laser Doppler flowmetry and intracranial pressure were monitored continuously for 4 hours after intracisternal challenge. Brain edema formation was assessed by brain water content determinations. We investigated the following groups: rats challenged intracisternally with the whole intact pneumococcal cell wall (n = 7) or the pneumococcal cell wall hydrolyzed by the M1-muramidase (n = 7); rats injected intracisternally with phosphate-buffered saline (n = 6); rats pretreated intravenously with superoxide dismutase conjugated with polyethylene glycol (10,000 units/kg) and injected intracisternally with cell wall components (n = 5) or phosphate-buffered saline (n = 6); rats injected intracisternally with phosphate-buffered saline and pretreated intravenously with polyethylene glycol (10% solution, 1.2 ml/kg, n = 5) or continuously treated with intravenous free superoxide dismutase (22,000 units/kg per hour, n = 6); and rats continuously treated intravenously with deferoxamine mesylate (10 mg/kg per hour) and injected intracisternally with cell wall components (n = 6) or phosphate-buffered saline (n = 7).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both pneumococcal cell wall preparations produced a significant increase in regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain water content. Conjugated superoxide dismutase as well as deferoxamine prevented the increase in intracranial pressure and brain water content. In addition, the increase in regional cerebral blood flow as observed in untreated, cell wall-challenged rats (baseline, 100%; 183.1 +/- 12.3% after 4 hours, mean +/- SEM) was significantly attenuated by administration of both conjugated superoxide dismutase (136.6 +/- 14.1%) and deferoxamine (149.8 +/- 8.2%) (p < 0.05). Polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase alone produced an increase in regional cerebral blood flow (125.6 +/- 8.7% after 4 hours). We found that polyethylene glycol per se accounts for this action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that pneumococcal cell wall components containing teichoic acid produce changes in regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain water content and that oxygen radicals contribute to these pathophysiological alterations in the early phase of experimental pneumococcal meningitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Munich, FRG.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Koedel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lorenzl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomasz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D008586:Meningitis, Pneumococcal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D009113:Muramidase / Q000494:pharmacology; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C063471:polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase; D009113:Muramidase; D003676:Deferoxamine