The listening healer in the history of psychological healing.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this paper is the assessment of the healer's listening as an aspect of the history of caring and curing, with particular attention to its place in psychological healing.


METHODS
An extensive range of philosophical, religious, and medical sources from antiquity to the present were studied.


RESULTS
Over the centuries, listening has been a crucial aspect of the various endeavors undertaken by healers in the interest of acquiring information from, achieving understanding of, and bringing about healing effects for sufferers. Yet it has been vision rather than hearing that has been emphasized in knowing and understanding, and looking rather than listening that has been emphasized in healing endeavors. Only around the turn of the twentieth century did there emerge the focused study of care in listening, of listening beyond the words themselves, and of the significance of the interested listener as a soothing, empathic force.


CONCLUSIONS
The place of listening in depth and with empathy is a crucial element in healing. While the emphasis on looking remains significant in the gathering and appraisal of data, at times it threatens to overwhelm the need for an attentive and concerned listener. There appears to be a natural tension between the two modes that has, in modern times, been translated into a tension between the two modes that has, in modern times, been translated into a tension between a scientific mode of gaining information and a humanistic mode of knowing sufferers. A healer neglects either one at his or her peril--and at the peril of his or her patients.
Jackson
S W
SW
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
D001288:Attention; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001307:Auditory Perception; D002648:Child; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D009629:Person-Centered Psychotherapy; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000266:history; D011572:Psychoanalysis / Q000266:history; D011575:Psychoanalytic Therapy; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000266:history