title: A comparison of intracellular changes in porcine eggs after fertilization and electroactivation.
abstract: The experiments compare intracellular changes in porcine eggs induced by electrical activation with those induced by sperm penetration. Adequate electrostimulation induces changes in both cortical granule exocytosis and protein synthesis similar to those induced by sperm during fertilization. However, ionic changes induced by electrostimulation differ markedly from those initiated at fertilization. Thus, dynamic video imaging using Fura-2 as a Ca2+ probe provides evidence that parthenogenetic activation induced by electrostimulation is initiated by a single sharp rise in the concentration of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in the egg. The intracellular Ca2+ transient increase is triggered by an influx of extracellular Ca2+ immediately after electrostimulation. The amplitude of the intracellular Ca2+ transient increase is a function both of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration and of electric field parameters (field strength and pulse duration). Imaging demonstrates further that a single electrical pulse can only induce a single Ca2+ transient which usually lasts three to five minutes; no further Ca2+ transients are observed unless additional electrical stimuli are applied. By contrast, sperm-induced activation is characterised by a series of Ca2+ spikes which continue for at least 3 hours after sperm-egg fusion. The pattern of Ca2+ spiking after fertilization is not consistent during this period but changes both in frequency and amplitude. Overall, the results demonstrate that, although electrostimulation induces both cortical granule exocytosis and protein reprogramming in porcine eggs, it does not reproduce the pattern of [Ca2+]i changes induced by sperm entry at fertilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Embryology, AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: F Z
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoyland
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Moor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004527:Egg Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D016257:Fura-2; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004527:Egg Proteins; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2