title: Genetic offspring in patients with vaginal agenesis: specific medical and legal issues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are new options for genetic offspring in patients with vaginal agenesis (Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome). The reported world experience to date with genetic offspring of patients with vaginal agenesis consists of five pregnancies (including two reported here and two frozen embryos). The specifics of these cases are presented for discussion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a retrospective description of two women with vaginal agenesis and their matched gestational carriers with positive outcome of two live births. Care was delivered in a private in vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian transfer program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro fertilization of oocytes gathered from the genetic mother with vaginal agenesis and sperm from the genetic father were transferred to a gestational carrier. Two live births and one blighted ovum pregnancy resulted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Until recently, treatment for patients with vaginal agenesis (Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome) has centered on the creation of a functional vagina. The technology of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, allowing for collection of oocytes from the genetic mother, fertilization by the genetic father, and placement into a gestational carrier, enables a woman without a uterus to have her own genetic children. The specific medical and legal issues involved in facilitating genetic offspring in these instances must be considered; these include the initial matching of the genetic parents with the gestational carrier, cycle synchronization for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, anatomic difficulties of oocyte retrieval, birth certificate documentation, and the current legal status of a gestational carrier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Batzer
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Corson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gocial
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Go
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: English
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013533:Gestational Carriers / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities*