title: Relative sensitivity of four noninvasive methods in assessing systolic cardiovascular effects of isoproterenol in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was performed to evaluate the relative sensitivity of various noninvasive methods to detect and describe the systolic cardiovascular effects of stepwise increasing doses of isoproterenol: two-dimensional left ventricular echocardiography (main variable, ejection fraction), ACVF (attenuation compensated volume flow)--dual-beam Doppler echoaortography (time-averaged mean velocity), electrical impedance cardiography [(dZ/dtmax)/RZ index], and systolic time intervals from mechanocardiography (PEP and QS2c).
  
  
  METHODS
  Isoproterenol was administered by constant rate intravenous infusion in consecutive steps of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.75, and 1.5 micrograms/min (each for 15 minutes). Saline control infusions were given in analog fashion. The treatments (isoproterenol and saline solution) were administered in a period-balanced two-way crossover design with randomly allocated sequences. The subjects, observers, and analysts were blinded to the treatment protocol. Study subjects were 10 healthy male volunteers (age range, 23 to 31 years; mean age, 26.6 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with saline solution, isoproterenol caused a dose-related increase in ejection fraction, (dz/dt)/RZ index, and time-averaged mean velocity and a dose-related shortening of PEP and QS2c. The responses are congruent with an enhancement of cardiac systolic performance caused by a positive inotropic stimulation and an afterload reduction ("inodilatory" response). The effects on systolic time intervals reached statistical significance (alpha = 0.05) at the first isoproterenol dose step, the effects on the impedance cardiography and the Doppler echoaortography variables reached statistical significance at the second dose step, and the effects on the two-dimensional echocardiography reached statistical significance at the third dose step.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All methods allowed to detect isoproterenol-related changes. Systolic time intervals were the most sensitive, followed by impedance cardiography, ACVF--dual-beam Doppler echoaortography, and two-dimensional echocardiography. The practical convenience and high sensitivity of the systolic time intervals makes them suitable to evaluate investigational systolic inodilatory changes in humans.
authors.affiliation: Center of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Mey
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Belz
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nixdorf
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Butzer
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schroeter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erbel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001011:Aorta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004452:Echocardiography; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013599:Systole / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007545:Isoproterenol