title: Characterizing the meaning of psychological distress in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: Symptoms of depression are frequently reported by people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To advance our understanding of how best to assess and treat these symptoms, their meaning must be elucidated. This article explores two possible meanings for the emotional distress of RA patients reported on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale: (1) Certain CES-D scale items may inflate actual depressive symptom scores. (2) Depressive symptoms are experienced and/or expressed in unique ways in an RA population due to the presence of chronic physical symptoms. In this study of 988 people with RA, it was found that there is some modest inflation of the CES-D scale due to the items of "having difficulty getting going" and "everything was an effort." However, irrespective of the modest inflation of the scale, there is evidence that distress in RA is not a static concept. Distress in this RA population was expressed differently from that of a community population, and within the RA population, distress was expressed differently over time.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fifield
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reisine
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications*; D015982:Bias; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*