title: Passive smoking and lung cancer in nonsmoking women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The causes of lung cancer among nonsmokers are not clearly understood. To further evaluate the relation between passive smoke exposure and lung cancer in nonsmoking women, we conducted a population-based, case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case patients (n = 618), identified through the Missouri Cancer Registry for the period 1986 through 1991, included 432 lifetime nonsmokers and 186 ex-smokers who had stopped at least 15 years before diagnosis or who had smoked for less than 1 pack-year. Control subjects (n = 1402) were selected from driver's license and Medicare files.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No increased risk of lung cancer was associated with childhood passive smoke exposure. Adulthood analyses showed an increased lung cancer risk for lifetime nonsmokers with exposure of more than 40 pack-years from all household members (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0, 1.8) or from spouses only (OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.0, 1.7). When the time-weighted product of pack-years and average hours exposed per day was considered, a 30% excess risk was shown at the highest quartile of exposure among lifetime nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ours and other recent studies suggest a small but consistent increased risk of lung cancer from passive smoking. Comprehensive actions to limit smoking in public places and worksites are well-advised.
authors.affiliation: Division of Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Missouri Department of Health, Columbia 65203.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brownson
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Alavanja
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Hock
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Loy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution