title: An evaluation of the nasolabial angle and the relative inclinations of the nose and upper lip.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a consistent and reproducible method of constructing a nasolabial angle that would also permit an evaluation of the relative inclination of the lower border of the nose and the upper lip, as well as their relationship to each other. Comparison of repeated individual measurements of soft tissue profile landmarks on 15 subjects, as completed by four orthodontists, revealed that the proposed method of constructing the nasolabial angle was consistent and reproducible by the same orthodontist and among different orthodontists. Normative data for the three nasolabial parameters were produced from a sample of 104 young white adults determined by the authors to have well-balanced faces. Mean and standard deviation values from this pooled sample demonstrated a lower border of the nose to Frankfort horizontal plane angle at 18 degrees +/- 7 degrees, upper lip to Frankfort horizontal plane angle 98 degrees +/- 5 degrees, and nasolabial angle 114 degrees +/- 10 degrees. No statistically significant difference was demonstrated between the values for men and women in this study, but the women did have a slightly larger nasolabial angle. A linear comparison of the three nasolabial parameters with six skeletal measurements revealed no significant relationship between the soft tissue profile of the nasolabial region and the underlying skeletal relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry, Oklahoma City.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Currier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results