title: Computer-based tutorial in MR imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effectiveness of customized software as a teaching tool to help the novice understand basic physics concepts underlying the creation of MR images via various pulse sequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors have developed animating graphic and highly interactive electronic MR audiovisual software for the Macintosh computer in the C programming language, and have integrated it into the classroom setting for teaching MR imaging physics concepts such as T1, T2, T2*, proton density, RF excitation, TR, TE, TI, flip angle, static magnetic field strength, gradient magnetic fields, section thickness, number of phase-encoding gradients, number of excitations, field of view, intersection gap, receiver bandwidth, contrast agent(s), etc. The program interactively demonstrates the effects of these variables upon such imaging objectives as voxel dimensions, section quantity, total scanned volume, signal-to-noise ratio, contrast, contrast-to-noise ratios, resolving power, and scan acquisition time. Partial saturation, gradient echo, inversion recovery, and fat-saturation imaging techniques are included. Written posttests on the syllabus covered in our basic MR course were administered to three groups: 43 student professionals (technologist/physicist/radiologist) (control professional group) before, 149 student professionals (exposed professional group) after the addition of the tutorial software into the MR course as an integral part of the teaching process, and a group of 200 pharmaceutical sales staff with little to no prior MR or scientific background (exposed pharmaceutical group). The scores were then evaluated and compared among the groups. One hundred ten students exposed to this software also anonymously rated the software on a 1 to 5 scale (harmful to very helpful, respectively) as to their feeling regarding its role in their MR educational experience and the ease with which they were able to understand the material covered in the basic MR course curriculum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean test scores were statistically significantly lower in the Control Professional Group (60%, +/- 2.59 standard error of the mean (SEM)) than in either the Exposed Pharmaceutical (73% +/- 0.75 SEM) or Exposed Professional Groups (77% +/- 0.99 SEM). The mean subjective assessment score regarding the software was 4.8 (scale 1 to 5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This custom-developed interactive MR tutorial software is demonstrated to be effective in assisting even those new to MR imaging in understanding the concepts underlying MR imaging physics in a manner that is felt to be significantly more palatable than lectures, articles, and/or textbooks alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kanal
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Perlin
mesh_terms: D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004501:Education, Medical; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D012984:Software