title: The Mustard procedure for correction of simple transposition of the great arteries before 1 month of age.
abstract: Since April 1976, 34 infants (25 male and 9 female) less than 1 month of age underwent a Mustard intraatrial baffle procedure for repair of simple transposition of the great arteries. Thirty patients were less than 2 weeks old and 19 patients less than 1 week (mean 7.8 +/- 6 days). The weights ranged from 2.6 to 4.4 kg (mean 3.4 +/- 0.4 kg). Rashkind balloon atrial septostomy was performed in the first hours or days of life in 29 patients. The average interval from balloon atrial septostomy to baffle repair was 3.9 days (range 2 hours to 14 days). Mechanical ventilation was required in eight patients preoperatively and prostaglandin E1 was infused in 17 patients to maintain ductal patency. In all patients, the Mustard procedure was performed with the use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, averaging 53 minutes (range 37 to 82 minutes). The duration of postoperative intubation and ventilatory support averaged 1.7 +/- 1.0 days (range 1 to 5 days). Inotropic drugs were used in 24 patients during a period of 1.4 +/- 1.3 days (range 1 to 6 days) postoperatively. There were no hospital deaths. Follow-up evaluation has extended from 1 month to 14 years (mean 3 +/- 3 years). One infant died 2 months postoperatively as a result of milk aspiration; no cardiac defects were found at the autopsy. A second infant died at 1 year with right ventricular and tricuspid valve dysfunction. Baffle complications occurred in 6 of the 32 survivors, including superior vena caval stenosis in 4, inferior vena caval stenosis in 1, and pulmonary venous obstruction in 3. Reoperations for baffle obstructions were performed in three patients (8.8%) and balloon angioplasties in two. One patient required permanent pacemaker implantation. Results with the Mustard procedure before 1 month of age show that it can be performed with negligible mortality and a low incidence of late complications at an age comparable to when arterial switching would be performed. Until long-term studies demonstrate superiority of arterial operations, the low operative mortality favors continued evaluation of the neonatal Mustard repair as a valid alternative to the arterial switch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA 92354.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alonso de Begona
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawauchi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fullerton
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Razzouk
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gundry
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000601:surgery*; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012086:Reoperation; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000601:surgery*