title: A critical analysis of blood transfusion requirements in children with blunt abdominal trauma.
abstract: Over the past 2 years, 178 children with blunt abdominal trauma were admitted for observation. Fifty-five patients (31.5%) had intra-abdominal injury confirmed by computerized tomography (CT) scan, laparotomy, or postmortem examination. Forty-four children (80%) were managed with observation only; nine had other operations. Eleven patients (20%) required an operation for their intra-abdominal injuries. Thirteen patients died, ten from head or spinal injuries and three from intra-abdominal injuries (5.5%). Of 35 children with intra-abdominal injuries observed without any type of operation, 27 (77%) were not transfused (mean Pediatric Trauma Score [PTS] 8, Injury Severity Score [ISS] 19.3, average low hemoglobin [ALH] 10.1). The other eight were transfused an average of 49 cc/kg (mean PTS 4.5, ISS 26.5 ALH 6.1). Twenty children had operations. Eleven 11 (20%) of these were laparotomies; nine were transfused an average of 200.6 cc/kg (mean PTS 6, ISS 33, ALH 9). Nine had neurosurgical/orthopedic procedures (mean PTS 6.2, ISS 27.7), with six transfusions averaging 84.9 cc/kg (ALH 8.9). There were no significant complications. Blood transfusion was necessary only for 33 per cent of the observed cases, usually with multiple injuries. Blood should be transfused only to maintain hemodynamic stability (normal vital signs and tissue perfusion). Hemoglobin levels as low as 7 gm% do not mandate transfusion in children who are hemodynamically stable.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, California 92354.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Umali
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014193:Trauma Centers; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins