title: Macrophages, mycobacteria and HIV: the role of cytokines in determining mycobacterial virulence and regulating viral replication.
abstract: The marriage of two scourges, one old (mycobacterial disease) and one new (HIV), has presented an enormous challenge to the medical and public health communities, and has stirred renewed interest in mechanisms for immune control of mycobacterial infection. Virulence of both M. avium and M. tuberculosis appears to be inversely related to the capacity of the microorganisms to induce production of protective cytokines in infected hosts. TNF alpha and IFN gamma are central to this process, and mycobacterial polysaccharides may be their main determinant. Despite these similarities, M. tuberculosis and M. avium cause illnesses at the polar extremes of HIV disease. Tuberculosis, occurring early in the course of HIV disease, may promote HIV replication in otherwise latently infected cells via induction of cytokines. As such, the potential exists for accelerated progression to AIDS due to the mutual synergy of these pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wallis
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ellner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shiratsuchi
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000382:microbiology*; D015269:Mycobacterium avium Complex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015270:Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma