title: The relationship of visual acuity, tactile sensitivity, and mobility of the upper extremities to proficient breast self-examination in women 65 and older.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship of visual acuity, tactile sensitivity, and mobility of the upper extremities to the performance of proficient breast self-examination (BSE) in women 65 and older. A convenience sample of 32 women, ages 66-89, met with the investigator to have their visual acuity, tactile sensitivity, and upper extremity mobility tested. Their ability to perform the visual, tactile, and upper extremity components of proficient BSE also was tested by using simulated breast models (SBMs). Thirty of the women had adequate visual acuity (< or = 20/40 Snellen equivalent) but were unable to visually detect the abnormalities on the SBM. Thirty of the women had tactile sensitivity of 10 mm (1 cm) or better on the static two-point discrimination test of the second, third, and fourth digits of each hand. Yet, only 13 of these women were able to locate the 1 cm lump; only 12 were able to locate the 5 mm lumps; and none were able to locate the 3 mm lump. The subjects' ability to pass the upper extremity mobility component of proficient BSE was significantly related to their ability to pass the upper extremity range of motion criteria. Limitations and deficits, mostly of the hands and shoulders, were revealed. When teaching BSE to older women, nurses are responsible for assessing limitations and deficits in their ability to perform proficient BSE and, if necessary, for intervening with alternatives. The need for further research in this area is indicated to improve assessment and education of older women regarding the use of proficient BSE for early detection of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Baulch
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deitrich
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D016504:Breast Self-Examination / Q000592:standards*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000592:standards; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D014110:Touch; D014792:Visual Acuity