title: The use of scapular and parascapular flaps for cheek reconstruction.
abstract: This is a retrospective review of our experience with microvascular transfer of scapular and parascapular flaps for the correction of lateral facial contour deficiencies. Twenty-eight patients with congenital (n = 8) and acquired (n = 20) defects were treated with 30 flaps; two patients had bilateral flaps. The etiology of the defects included hemifacial microsomia (n = 2), oblique facial cleft (n = 1), Romberg's hemifacial atrophy (n = 5), neoplasm (n = 4), irradiation (n = 8), trauma (n = 4), tumor excision (n = 4), facial lipodystrophy (n = 2), and silicone granuloma (n = 2). The follow-up evaluation was from 2 to 13 years, with an average of 6 years. Fabrication of a facial moulage was part of the preoperative planning for each patient. These were compound flaps, including skin, deepithelialized skin, fat, fascia, and bone, if necessary. All flaps were constructed with an intact skin paddle for postoperative monitoring. Based on dissections and anatomic findings at operation, several variations in the level of emergence of the circumflex scapular artery from the triangular space and its branching patterns were noted. All flaps survived; changes in the patients' weights were reflected in the flaps. Twelve patients required secondary procedures: excision of skin monitor islands, scar revisions, debulking, or flap resuspension to the malar region. Bone grafts or alloplastic implants were necessary in four patients in whom the malar eminence could not be adequately corrected by transfer of a flap. The deepithelialized scapular/parascapular flap is preferred for correction of large lateral facial defects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Albin
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mulliken
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000098:blood supply / Q000637:transplantation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries; D002610:Cheek / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000473:pathology; D004210:Dissection; D005205:Fascia / Q000098:blood supply / Q000637:transplantation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009132:Muscles / Q000098:blood supply / Q000637:transplantation; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012540:Scapula / Q000098:blood supply; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000473:pathology; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000379:methods* / Q000473:pathology