title: The sleep structure of patients with anxiety disorders in comparison to that of healthy controls and depressive patients under baseline conditions and after cholinergic stimulation.
abstract: This study investigated sleep EEG during placebo and after cholinergic stimulation with RS 86 in 36 healthy subjects, 34 patients with major depression and 20 patients with anxiety disorders. Cholinergic stimulation with RS 86 led to a decrease of slow wave sleep and REM latency. RS 86 had a more profound impact on REM latency in patients with major depression than in healthy controls and patients with anxiety disorders. Six out of 36 healthy controls, three out of 20 patients with anxiety disorders and 24 of 34 patients with depression displayed sleep onset REM periods after cholinergic stimulation. Also effects on REM density and duration of the first REM period were more pronounced in major depression. Even in those patients with anxiety disorders and a secondary major depression no depression-like sleep abnormalities could be provoked. The results underline the usefulness of the cholinergic REM induction test to differentiate patients with major depression from those with other psychiatric disorders. The results can be interpreted as further evidence for the cholinergic-aminergic imbalance model of depression and for the reciprocal interaction model of nonREM-REM regulation.
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, FRG.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riemann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hohagen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dressing
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010277:Parasympathomimetics; D017286:Polysomnography; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013388:Succinimides
chemical_list: D010277:Parasympathomimetics; D013388:Succinimides; C001886:2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro(4,5)decane-1,3-dione