title: Transforming growth factor-beta opposes the stimulatory effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor on amnion cell prostaglandin E2 production: implication for preterm labor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In preterm labor increased concentrations of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor are present in amniotic fluid. These cytokines may promote labor by stimulating the production of prostaglandins by intrauterine tissues. In many biologic processes, transforming growth factor-beta modifies the actions of cytokines. We studied the effect of transforming growth factor-beta on the cytokine-induced prostaglandin E2 production by amnion cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human amnion cells in monolayer culture were treated with interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, or vehicle in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor-beta. The prostaglandin E2 production was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transforming growth factor-beta decreased the interleukin-1- or tumor necrosis factor-induced prostaglandin E2 production by 70% to 80% and the basal prostaglandin E2 synthesis by 27%. The synergistic stimulation of prostaglandin E2 production by the combination of interleukin-1 with tumor necrosis factor was inhibited by 80% in cells treated with transforming growth factor-beta. Transforming growth factor-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 1,2 were equipotent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transforming growth factor-beta suppresses the cytokine-induced prostaglandin E2 production by amnion cells and may be an important factor in maintaining pregnancy in the face of labor-promoting cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine 92717.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bry
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallman
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015232:Dinoprostone