Noncontraceptive benefits of modern low-dose oral contraceptives.
Most oral contraceptive formulations in current use contain 50 micrograms or less of ethinyl estradiol and 1 mg or less of the various progestins: norethindrone (0.5-1 mg), norgestrel (0.3-0.5 mg), or levonorgestrel (0.05-0.25 mg) [1]. The new generation of progestins--norgestimate, desogestrel and gestodene--are derived from levonorgestrel, the biologically active enantiomer of norgestrel. These steroids have specific metabolic and pharmacologic activity that allow oral contraception at lower doses than previous progestins. Desogestrel and norgestimate are both prodrugs and must undergo hepatic and gastrointestinal metabolism to become biologically active compounds. Gestodene is immediately and completely bioavailable [2]. For the new formulations containing less than 50 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol, the incidence of complications has decreased. With most of the early medical problems identified, current research can now focus on other aspects of oral contraception such as compliance and OC use failure. Prominent noncontraceptive health benefits have been observed in OC users and represent new directions for future research. When the risk-benefit ratio of OC use is evaluated in healthy women today, it clearly favors the benefits. However, these will not be fully realized without an increase in method compliance.
Thorneycroft
I H
IH
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Alabama, Mobile 36617.
D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D012307:Risk Factors
D001786:Blood Glucose; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D008055:Lipids