title: The development of fixing and focusing behaviour in normal human infants as observed with the Otago photoscreener.
abstract: The Otago photoscreener is an optical instrument which gives a very sensitive indication of the accuracy with which a subject's eyes are fixing and focusing. Early experience suggested that this instrument could be used effectively to screen for the presence of amblyogenic factors in pre-verbal infants. This communication describes the development of ocular fixation and focusing in 137 normal infants who were followed at regular intervals during the first year of life. Accurate fixation and focusing was found in 13% of three-month-old infants, in 68% of six-month-old infants and in 76% of one year olds. The levels of 'focusing' visual acuity obtained from the photoscreen data are considerably better than the levels of cortical acuity measured by the standard behavioral and electrophysiological methods. This suggests that human infants fix and focus accurately for a considerable period before they are able to perceive all the details obtained in their retinal images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Molteno
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Hodgkinson
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Sanderson
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000175:diagnosis; D005123:Eye / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D010781:Photography; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*