title: Risk factors for coronary artery disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the frequency of and examine risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a prospective longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were SLE are enrolled in The Johns Hopkins Lupus Cohort, a prospective study of outcomes in 229 subjects with SLE. CAD was defined as angina, myocardial infarction, or sudden death. Data on CAD risk factors were obtained prospectively every 3 months and were analyzed using univariate and multiple logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAD occurred in 19 (8.3%) of 229 patients with SLE and accounted for 3 (30%) of 10 deaths as of December 31, 1990. Compared to subjects without CAD, those with CAD were more likely to have been older at both diagnosis of SLE (37.1 years versus 28.9 years, p = 0.004) and at entry into the cohort (47.1 years versus 34.7 years, p < 0.0001), to have a longer mean duration of SLE (12.3 years versus 8.1 years, p = 0.013) and a longer mean duration of prednisone use (14.3 years versus 7.2 years, p < 0.0001), to have a higher mean serum cholesterol (271.2 mg/dL versus 214.9 mg/dL, p < 0.0001) or a cholesterol level greater than 200 mg/dL (odds ratio [OR] 14.5, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.9, 112.1), and to have both a history of hypertension (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3, 9.6) and a history of use of antihypertensive medications (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.8, 17.2). There were no significant associations with other known CAD risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, family history of CAD, race, or sex, or variables related to steroid therapy including the presence of cushingoid features or ever use of corticosteroids. The best multiple logistic regression model for CAD included age at diagnosis, duration of prednisone use, requirement for antihypertensive treatment, maximum cholesterol level, and obesity (using NHANES-II [National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey] definitions).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary and secondary prevention strategies directed at hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity, as well as other known CAD risk factors, should be routinely employed in the management of patients with SLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perez-Gutthann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hochberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D016015:Logistic Models; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D011241:Prednisone