title: Fluorescence spectroscopy for identification of atherosclerotic tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vessel perforation and limited steerability of the laser light are the major limitations of laser angioplasty. To improve steerability fluorescence spectroscopy has been proposed for identification of atherosclerotic plaques. The aim was to investigate this.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorescence spectroscopy with three different excitation wavelengths (325 nm, 380 nm, 450 nm) was tested in an emission range of 400 nm to 600 nm. Intensity ratios at 480/420 nm were determined in different types of blood vessels. Necropsy material from 40 patients (punch biopsies of 4 mm diameter from the coronary and carotid artery as well as from the ascending and descending aorta) was studied spectroscopically. Histological alterations of the vessel wall were assessed by a semiquantitative score (0 to 10 points): (a) normal tissue, 0 to 2 points (mean = 0.25; n = 38); (b) mild atherosclerotic lesions, 3 to 5 points (mean = 3.35; n = 39); (c) severe atherosclerotic lesions, greater than or equal to 6 points (mean = 6.75; n = 43).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Best spectroscopic results were obtained with an excitation wavelength of 325 nm. In samples with severe atherosclerotic lesions the fluorescence spectra showed a significant reduction of the emitted wavelength intensities when compared to normal tissue. There was a clear separation of the fluorescence spectra between normal and mild as well as between normal and severe atherosclerotic lesions; normal tissue showed an increased intensity in the range from 420 nm to 540 nm, whereas atherosclerotic lesions had no or only a small peak at 480 nm. There was a significant correlation between the semiquantitative score (n = 120) and the fluorescence ratio at 480/420 nm (excitation wavelength 325 nm) with a correlation coefficient of 0.87. The spectroscopic results showed no differences between the samples taken from different types of vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluorescence spectroscopy allows a reliable identification of normal and atherosclerotic lesions. The close correlation between the emitted light intensity ratio at 480/420 nm and the histological alterations of the vessel wall suggests a relationship between vessel wall fluorescence and the atherosclerotic alterations of the wall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bosshart
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Utzinger
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wyser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Niederer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anliker
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Krayenbuehl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods