title: Induced hypothermia in the management of refractory low cardiac output states following cardiac surgery in infants and children.
abstract: Post-operative low cardiac output states remain a major cause of mortality following cardiac surgery in infants and children. Since 1979 we have used moderate induced whole-body hypothermia in the management of low-output states refractory to conventional modes of therapy. This is based not only upon the relationship between body temperature and oxygen consumption, but also on experimental work showing a beneficial effect of cooling upon myocardial contractility, particularly when there is pre-existing impairment of ventricular function. Between July 1986 and June 1990, 20 children with refractory low-output states were cooled by means of a thermostatically controlled water blanket to a rectal temperature of 32-33 degrees C. The median age was 12 months (1 week-11 years) with a median weight of 6 kg (3.5-33 kg). Ten children survived to leave hospital while a further two made a haemodynamic recovery. There was a marked reduction in heart rate (P < 0.001). The mean arterial pressure rose (P = 0.037) while there was a fall in mean atrial pressure (P < 0.001). There was a significant improvement in the urine output (P = 0.002). A fall in the platelet count (P < 0.001) was not accompanied by any change in the white cell count (P = 0.15). Although it is impossible to say whether cooling influenced the outcome in any of these children, it was usually effective in stabilising their clinical condition. The technique is simple and has a sound theoretical basis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Wessex Cardiothoracic Centre, Southampton General Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Moat
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manners
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Keeton
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Monro
mesh_terms: D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate