title: The use of combined antegrade-retrograde infusion of blood cardioplegic solution in pediatric patients undergoing heart operations.
abstract: The benefits of combined antegrade-retrograde infusion of blood cardioplegic solution are becoming well known in adult coronary and valvular heart operations. Many of these advantages relate directly to the pediatric patient. They include prompt arrest and even distribution, particularly with aortic insufficiency or open aortic root, avoiding or limiting ostial cannulation, allowing uninterrupted surgical procedures, and flushing air/debris from the coronary arteries. We therefore report on the first 123 pediatric patients at the University of California, Los Angeles, to receive myocardial protection with antegrade (aortic) infusion in conjunction with retrograde (coronary sinus) infusion of blood cardioplegic solution. We employed a retroplegia catheter with a self-inflating and deflating occlusion balloon on the tip of a pressure-monitored infusion cannula that remains in the coronary sinus during the operation. Induction blood cardioplegic solution, 30 ml/kg in equally divided doses, is administered in the coronary sinus first antegrade at an aortic pressure less than 80 mm Hg, followed by retrograde infusion at less than 40 mm Hg. Maintenance cardioplegic solution (15 ml/kg) is administered every 20 minutes through one or both of the infusion cannulas, depending on the surgical procedure. Patients' ages ranged from 1 week to 16 years with a mean of 4.6 years. The following procedures were included in descending order: Fontan 20, atrioventricular valve repair/replacement (and complete atrioventricular canal) 16, aortic root/Konno/Ross 16, Rastelli 13, aortic valve repair/replacement 13, ventricular septal defect (and double-outlet right ventricle) 13, tetralogy of Fallot 10, coronary artery reimplantation/fistula repair 6, truncus arteriosus 4, arterial switch 3, bidirectional Glenn 2, sinus venosus 2, and aortopulmonary window, Senning, Stansel, interrupted aortic arch, and Ebstein's, 1 each. Aortic crossclamp times ranged from 6 to 219 minutes with a mean of 87 minutes. Myocardial oxygen consumption data for a series of six patients indicated the supplemental benefit for retrograde infusion of cardioplegic solution along with antegrade infusion, particularly in hypertrophied myocardium. Three deaths occurred (2.4% 30-day mortality), in the following patients: the first with truncus arteriosus and interrupted aortic arch, the second with complete atrioventricular canal and pulmonary hypertension, and the third with truncal valve regurgitation and replacement. There were no complications related to the retroplegia catheter. From this initial positive experience, we conclude that (1) combined antegrade-retrograde infusion of blood cardioplegic solution can be safely used in an expanding number of pediatric heart operations in all age groups, and (2) combined antegrade-retrograde infusion of blood cardioplegic solution may provide additional myocardial protection, with excellent surgical outcome, in complex congenital heart repairs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Drinkwater
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Cushen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laks
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Buckberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions