title: Combination of inhibition of thrombin and blockade of thromboxane A2 synthetase and receptors enhances thrombolysis and delays reocclusion in canine coronary arteries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of thrombolytic therapy in treating patients with acute myocardial infarction is limited by failure to achieve reperfusion in some patients, by the prolonged time required to achieve reperfusion, and by reocclusion of some coronary arteries. We designed this study to examine the effect of combined inhibition of thrombin and thromboxane synthesis and blockade of thromboxane A2 receptors in addition to tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) on thrombolysis and reocclusion in an experimental canine model with coronary thrombosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of 32 anesthetized mongrel dogs was monitored by a pulsed Doppler flow probe. Coronary thrombosis was induced by applying electrical stimulation to the LAD at the site where an external constrictor was used to narrow the artery. Three hours after the formation of occlusive thrombus, animals were randomly assigned to receive one of the following: 1) t-PA (80 micrograms/kg + 8 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 i.v.) and saline; 2) t-PA and hirulog, a hirudin-based synthetic peptide and specific thrombin inhibitor (2 mg/kg + 2 mg.kg-1.hr-1 i.v.); 3) t-PA and ridogrel, a combined thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor and receptor antagonist (5 mg/kg + 2.5 mg.kg-1.hr-1 i.v.); or 4) t-PA, hirulog, and ridogrel. Reperfusion developed in 14% (one of seven) of dogs treated with t-PA alone at an average of 86 +/- 4 minutes after treatment, in 78% (seven of nine) of dogs treated with t-PA plus hirulog at 53 +/- 11 minutes, in 13% (one of eight) of dogs treated with t-PA plus ridogrel at 85 +/- 5 minutes, and in 88% (seven of eight) of dogs treated with t-PA, hirulog, and ridogrel at 37 +/- 10 minutes (comparison of the frequency of and the time to reperfusion, both p < 0.01). Among the dogs with reestablished coronary blood flow, reocclusion developed in the one treated with t-PA alone at 36 minutes after reperfusion, in seven of the seven treated with t-PA plus hirulog at 66 +/- 15 minutes, and in two of the seven treated with t-PA, hirulog, and ridogrel at 151 +/- 21 minutes (comparison of the frequency of and time to reocclusion, both p < 0.05). Reocclusion was not detected in the one dog treated with t-PA and ridogrel or in the other five dogs treated with t-PA, hirulog, and ridogrel within 180 minutes after reperfusion. Hirulog prolonged and maintained activated clotting times at a level twice that of baseline values. Hirulog inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, and ridogrel inhibited platelet aggregation induced by U46619, a thromboxane mimetic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of thrombin in addition to treatment with t-PA enhances thrombolysis. A combination of inhibition of thrombin and thromboxane synthetase and blockade of thromboxane A2 receptor enhances thrombolysis and delays or may prevent reocclusion of the recanalized coronary arteries.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ober
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maraganore
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Buja
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Willerson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004285:Dogs; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006400:Hematocrit; D010421:Pentanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017482:Receptors, Thromboxane / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012008:Recurrence; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013930:Thromboxane-A Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010421:Pentanoic Acids; D011725:Pyridines; D017482:Receptors, Thromboxane; D013917:Thrombin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D013930:Thromboxane-A Synthase; C060219:ridogrel