title: Transient umbilical cord occlusion causes hippocampal damage in the fetal sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to examine the neuronal outcome after a standardized period of umbilical cord occlusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The umbilical cord was clamped for 10 minutes in nine experimental and four control chronically instrumented fetal sheep. Three days later the animals were killed for histologic interpretation. Systemic, electrophysiologic, and neurohistologic effects were compared by analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clamping of the cord resulted in transient severe asphyxia, hypotension (24 +/- 5 mm Hg, p < 0.01), bradycardia (72 +/- 14 beats/min, p < 0.001), depressed electroencephalographic activity (-17 +/- 2 dB, p < 0.001), and an increase in cortical impedance. The electroencephalographic activity was depressed for 5 +/- 2 hours in spite of rapid recovery of arterial oxygen content. Neuronal loss was found in the hippocampus. Neither epileptiform electroencephalographic activity nor infarction were observed. Three animals with poor blood gas levels died during the occlusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An isolated and brief period of umbilical cord occlusion in utero can cause predominantly hippocampal damage without persistent functional changes in cortical activity and with rapid recovery of other potential indicators of fetal asphyxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Mallard
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gluckman
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003250:Constriction; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000502:physiology*