title: Visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration, describe such hallucinations phenomenologically, and possibly determine factors predisposing to their development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a case-control design, the authors screened 100 consecutive patients with age-related macular degeneration for visual hallucinations. Each patient with visual hallucinations was matched to the next three patients without hallucinations. The patients and comparison subjects were compared in terms of scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, and a structured questionnaire including demographic characteristics, family history, and medical and psychiatric history. Ophthalmologic data were obtained by chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 100 patients, 13 experienced visual hallucinations. Four variables were significantly associated with having hallucinations: living alone, lower cognition score, history of stroke, and bilaterally worse visual acuity. Hallucinations were not associated with family or personal history of psychiatric disorder or with personality traits. In 11 (84.6%) of the 13 patients, the hallucinations had begun in association with an acute change in vision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that visual hallucinations are prevalent among patients with macular degeneration. They appear unrelated to primary psychiatric disorder. The predisposing factors of bilaterally worse vision and living alone support an association with sensory deprivation, while history of stroke and worse cognition support a decreased cortical inhibition theory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holroyd
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Rabins
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014796:Visual Perception