title: Release of proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators in the brain and peripheral circulation in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reported previously that stroke risk factors prepared the brain stem for the development of ischemia and hemorrhage and induced the production of tumor necrosis factor following an intrathecal injection of lipopolysaccharide, a prototypic monocyte-activating stimulus. This study evaluates whether blood or brain cells of hypertensive rats produce more proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators than do blood or brain cells of normotensive rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of tumor necrosis factor, platelet-activating factor, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha, and thromboxane B2 in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats were monitored before and after a challenge with lipopolysaccharide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Little or no activity from these mediators was found in the cerebrospinal fluid or blood of saline-injected control animals. Intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (0.001, 0.1, and 1.8 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent increases in blood levels of all mediators in hypertensive rats. In normotensive rats the levels were less than in hypertensive rats and were not clearly dose-related. When lipopolysaccharide was injected intracerebroventricularly, more tumor necrosis factor was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid than in the blood, suggesting local synthesis of this cytokine. Levels of tumor necrosis factor and platelet-activating factor in the cerebrospinal fluid were higher in hypertensive than in normotensive rats. The thromboxane A2/prostacyclin ratio was not altered significantly between the two rat strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that the higher incidence of brain stem ischemia and hemorrhage after the intrathecal injection of lipopolysaccharide in hypertensive rats than in normotensive rats might be related to the higher levels of the two cytotoxic factors tumor necrosis factor and platelet-activating factor produced in response to such challenge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sirén
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heldman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doron
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Lysko
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feuerstein
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hallenbeck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013929:Thromboxane B2