title: Relationship of cellular glutathione to the cytotoxicity and resistance of seven platinum compounds.
abstract: The role of glutathione (GSH) in the effectiveness of and resistance to 7 platinum compounds [5 Pt(II) and 2 Pt(IV) drugs] was evaluated in a 8.6-fold cisplatin (CDDP)-resistant human small cell lung cancer cell line (GLC4/CDDP), the parent GLC4 line, a 3.7-fold CDDP-resistant human embryonal carcinoma cell line (Tera-CP), and the parent Tera line (NTera2/D1). Resistance factors for both CDDP-resistant cell lines were determined after continuous incubation (4 days) with CDDP. Continuous incubation with the other studied platinum drugs revealed complete cross-resistance for carboplatin (CBDCA) and zeniplatin but less for enloplatin (ENLO) and iproplatin in both models. Tetraplatin and lobaplatin showed, respectively, partial and complete cross-resistance in GLC4/CDDP but no cross-resistance in Tera-CP. GSH level, but not glutathione S-transferase activity, of the 4 cell lines correlated with platinum drug concentrations inhibiting cell survival by 50% after continuous incubation (r = 0.86, P < 0.05). GSH depletion by DL-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO) increased sensitivity, as measured after a 4-h exposure to the drugs, of GLC4/CDDP for CDDP 2.0-fold, for CBDCA 1.7-fold, for zeniplatin 1.7-fold, and almost to the level of the sensitive GLC4 for ENLO, whereas no effect was observed for lobaplatin and the Pt(IV) compounds iproplatin and tetraplatin. BSO-modulating effect was higher in the sensitive GLC4 line for most compounds; therefore reduction of resistance could be achieved only for CDDP and ENLO. In contrast to GLC4, no modulation occurred in Tera. In Tera-CP BSO increased sensitivity for CDDP 1.5-fold, for CBDCA 1.9-fold, and for zeniplatin 1.2-fold; no effect was observed for ENLO, lobaplatin, and the Pt(IV) compounds. Reduction of CDDP resistance by BSO was known to occur with identical cellular platinum levels and higher Pt-DNA binding in GLC4/CDDP. However, pretreatment with BSO followed by 4 h ENLO incubation increased cellular platinum levels in both GLC4 and GLC4/CDDP while Pt-DNA binding remained unchanged. In conclusion, GSH reflected sensitivity to platinum-containing drugs. However, since the involvement of GSH differed between the models and the various platinum drugs, the effect of modulation with BSO was unpredictable.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Timmer-Bosscha
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sluiter
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Meersma
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003503:Cyclobutanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005978:Glutathione / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008717:Methionine Sulfoximine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003503:Cyclobutanes; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D008717:Methionine Sulfoximine; C060594:zeniplatin; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; C023359:iproplatin; D016190:Carboplatin; C060593:enloplatin; D005978:Glutathione; C066228:lobaplatin; D002945:Cisplatin; C049777:ormaplatin