title: Studies on the excretion of diazepam and nordazepam into milk for the prediction of milk-to-plasma drug concentration ratios.
abstract: The influence of varying protein and fat content in milk of New Zealand White rabbits on the milk-to-plasma drug concentration (M/P) ratio of diazepam was studied. At various time points after littering, a bolus dose (1.5 mg/kg) followed by a 26-hr infusion (1.8 mg/h) of diazepam was administered to freely moving rabbits via a jugular vein catheter. Milk and blood samples were collected to allow characterization of milk composition and quantitative determination of diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma. At steady state diazepam showed M/P ratios between 3.7 and 9.5, whereas nordazepam showed ratios between 2.1 and 4.3, respectively. The relative importance of milk protein binding and milk-fat partitioning for the excretion of a drug into milk depended on the drug's affinity to milk fat. A stepwise multiple regression analysis suggested that observed M/P ratios of diazepam could be explained by considering the fat content of milk alone. Nordazepam with a lower solubility in milk fat showed M/P ratios which could be best explained by considering protein and fat concentrations together. Using the data from the infusion studies, two recently published diffusional models to predict M/P ratios were evaluated. Neither model could accurately predict the M/P ratios of diazepam and nordazepam observed in rabbits. However, after extending the model described by Atkinson and Begg to take the actually measured partitioning between skim milk and milk fat into account, a great improvement in the predictive power for observed M/P ratios occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stebler
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Guentert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003975:Diazepam / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004058:Diffusion; D005223:Fats / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D003708:Nordazepam / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011485:Protein Binding; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D003708:Nordazepam; D003975:Diazepam