title: Plasma pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new prodrug N-l-leucyldoxorubicin and its metabolites in a phase I clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  N-l-leucyldoxorubicin (Leu-Dox) was developed as a prodrug of doxorubicin (Dox) to circumvent the cardiotoxicity associated with repeated administration of Dox. Our purpose was to assess the pharmacokinetics of Leu-Dox, Dox, doxorubicinol (Dol) and four other metabolites for pharmacokinetically guided dose-escalation and to verify the prodrug character of Leu-Dox.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood and urine of 14 patients were sampled during the phase I clinical trial and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Dose levels of Leu-Dox ranged from 18 mg/m2 to 225 mg/m2, the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD). Hematologic parameters were monitored regularly in each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leu-Dox was rapidly distributed (half-life at alpha phase [t1/2 alpha] = 2.5 +/- 0.6 minutes) followed by a biphasic elimination (half-life at beta phase [t1/2 beta] = 17.4 +/- 7.3 minutes; half-life at gamma phase [t1/2 gamma] = 1.5 +/- 0.5 hours), as measured over the first 12 hours after administration. In three patients, in whom Leu-Dox was found in the plasma for up to 48 hours after injection, a final elimination half-life (t1/2,elim) of 16 hours was observed. The t1/2,elim of Leu-Dox was short (0.6 to 16.5 hours) compared with the t1/2,elim of Dox (38 +/- 11 hours). The mean residence time and apparent volume of distribution were 23 +/- 5 minutes and 19 +/- 6 L/m2, respectively. Only 1.5% to 5% of the dose was excreted in the urine over 48 hours, with Dox as major constituent. Dox was rapidly formed, reaching its maximum concentration within 10 minutes after the end of Leu-Dox infusion. Areas under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC infinity, mean +/- SD, n = 16) of Leu-Dox, Dox, and Dol were 115 +/- 27 mumol.min/L, 41 +/- 12 mumol.min/L, and 33 +/- 14 mumol.min/L after a dose of 60 mg/m2 Leu-Dox (= 86 mumol/m2). After the same molar dose of Dox (50 mg/m2 = 86 mumol/m2), the AUC infinity of Dox was 179 mumol.min/L, indicating that Leu-Dox was converted into Dox for 23% in the plasma compartment. The AUCs infinity of Leu-Dox, Dox, and Dol increased linearly with the dose. Negligible AUCs were observed for the other four metabolites. The AUCs infinity of Leu-Dox and Dox at the MTD (517 and 145 mumol.min/L, respectively) were lower than those in mice at the LD10 (1,930 and 798 mumol.min/L, respectively), which means that the MTD could not be predicted from the preclinical pharmacokinetics in mice. Hematologic toxicity, especially the WBC count, appeared to correlate much better with the AUC of Dox (r = .91) than with the AUC of Leu-Dox (r = .74), thus confirming the prodrug character of Leu-Dox.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dox is rapidly formed from Leu-Dox, and seems causative in the observed myelotoxicity. The MTD could not be predicted from the AUC at the LD10 in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Geijssen
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Munniksma
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Vermorken
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van der Vijgh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D011355:Prodrugs; C073409:N-leucyldoxorubicin; D004317:Doxorubicin