Prevalence of gallstone disease in relation to smoking, alcohol use, obesity, and glucose tolerance: a study of self-defense officials in Japan.
Risk factors of gallstone disease were investigated in male self-defense officials who received, between October 1986 and December 1990, a retirement health examination at the Self-Defense Forces Fukuoka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. Gallbladder ultrasonography, successfully performed with 2,739 of 2,756 men, found 61 men with gallstones and 38 men with previous removal of the gallbladder; the overall prevalence of gallstone disease was 3.6%. Multiple logistic regression analysis assessed the risk of gallstone disease in relation to smoking, alcohol use, body mass index, glucose tolerance, and rank. Alcohol use was associated with a decreased risk, and body mass index was positively related to gallstone disease. Men with impaired glucose tolerance had a slightly elevated risk, whereas diabetes mellitus was not associated with gallstone disease. Analysis for prevalent gallstones and the postcholecystectomy state showed an inverse association of alcohol use with the latter; a positive association with impaired glucose tolerance was also confined primarily to the latter condition. These findings provide little support for a protective effect of alcohol use in the formation of gallstones. It was inconclusive whether impaired glucose tolerance was associated selectively with postcholecystectomy.
Kono
S
S
Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
Shinchi
K
K
Ikeda
N
N
Yanai
F
F
Imanishi
K
K
D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D015995:Prevalence; D012179:Retirement; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014463:Ultrasonography