title: Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver: parasitic origin?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report further cases of solitary necrotic nodule of the liver and to study its nature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven nodules were retrieved from 4000 necropsy and surgical liver specimens coming to light over the past five years. All of them satisfied the diagnostic criteria of solitary necrotic nodule: a solid lesion with a central necrotic core and a hyalinised fibrotic capsule containing elastic fibres. Their clinicopathological features were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nodules were incidental findings at surgery or necropsy in four men and three women whose ages ranged from 48 to 79 years (mean 63.7 years). Four were found in the right lobe and three in the left. Six were subcapsular and only one deep in the parenchyma, with sizes ranging from 0.3-2.5 cm. Each of them was solitary, well demarcated, and round to oval with a firm, whitish rim and a core of yellowish white cheese-like to solid material. In addition to the basic architecture, there were a number of common and undescribed histological features: presence of varying numbers of small mural vessels with intimal fibrosis and obliteration, presence of cholesterol clefts and foamy cells among necrotic material, and sparsity of inflammatory cells. In the two cases where ghosts of degenerated cells and partially preserved liver reticulin pattern were noted, worms were identified, one being Clonorchis sinensis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The entity is believed to be a "burnt-out phase" of a variety of benign lesions. Parasitic infestation is another possible cause, and presence of ghosts of degenerate cells, partially preserved liver reticulin pattern, cholesterol clefts and foamy cells among necrotic material are auxiliary features pointing to such an aetiology. The variation in morphological fine details reflects both the lesion's diverse pathogenesis and the fact that it can be of varying duration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tse
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003004:Clonorchis sinensis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004547:Elastic Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology*; D008109:Liver Diseases, Parasitic / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis