title: From von Graefe's clinic to the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. The meteoric career of Richard Liebreich.
abstract: Richard Liebreich was a student of Helmholtz and took one of the first ophthalmoscopes to von Graefe's clinic. While von Graefe's assistant in Berlin, he created the first atlas of ophthalmoscopy. Liebreich moved to Paris, where he achieved great success, due in part to successful surgery on Emperor Napoleon III's mother-in-law. After the fall of Napoleon in 1870, Liebreich moved to London, where he became the head of ophthalmology at St. Thomas hospital and medical school. Following several personal attacks in the medical literature, Liebreich returned to Paris, where he gradually retired from practice, yet continued a creative life as a sculptor, painter, and researcher in artistic technique.
authors: Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors: J G
authors: JG
authors: Ravin
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Kenyon
mesh_terms: D004739:England; D005602:France; D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation