title: Susceptibility of the brine shrimp Artemia and its pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus to chlorine dioxide in contaminated sea-water.
abstract: Adults and nauplii of the brine shrimp, Artemia, together with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were placed in sewage-contaminated sea-water which had been treated with chlorine dioxide (Hallox E-100TM) to test its potential as a disinfectant for salt water aquaculture. The nauplii were very susceptible to low concentrations of chlorine dioxide (47 micrograms/l Cl-), but the adults were slightly more resistant. Sterile sea-water treated with lower concentrations of chlorine dioxide (less than 47 micrograms/l Cl-) had no effect on the shrimp, but inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus. In sewage-contaminated sea-water, chlorine dioxide levels of 285-2850 micrograms/l, necessary for the inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus and any native bacteria, destroyed the Artemia culture. Hallox E-100TM persisted in sea-water for 18 h, but later decayed. We conclude that: (i) Artemia nauplii are a sensitive and convenient test-organism to determine low concentrations of chlorine dioxide in sea-water; (ii) chlorine dioxide is efficient for controlling V. parahaemolyticus in sea-water; and (iii) chlorine dioxide should be further evaluated as a potential disinfectant for aquaculture, but, for higher organisms than Artemia.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Research, La Paz, Mexico.
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Puente
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Vega-Villasante
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Holguin
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Bashan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000187:drug effects*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; D002713:Chlorine; C025109:chlorine dioxide