title: Lack of circumcision increases the risk of urinary tract infection in young men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether lack of circumcision increases the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) in adult men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study (1987-1990) at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Seattle, Wash.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six men (median age, 30 years) who had microbiologically confirmed symptomatic UTIs (cases) compared with 52 men (median age, 32 years) who had urinary symptoms but negative urine cultures (controls).
  
  
  METHODS
  Circumcision status among bacteriuric and nonbacteriuric men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bacteriuric and nonbacteriuric groups were similar in age, race, sexual activity, and sexual preference. Eight (31%) of the 26 bacteriuric men were uncircumcised compared with 6 (12%) of the 52 nonbacteriuric men (P = .037; odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 11.2). Among 19 patients infected with gram-negative bacilli, 8 (42%) of 19 were uncircumcised vs 6 (12%) of 52 nonbacteriuric men (P = .004; odds ratio, 5.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 19.4). Escherichia coli was the most common urinary isolate (15 of 26 isolates), and the majority of E coli strains possessed urovirulence determinants, including mannose-resistant hemagglutination (10 of 14 isolates), F fimbriae (11 of 14 isolates), P fimbriae (6 of 14 isolates), hemolysin (10 of 14 isolates), and aerobactin (8 of 14 isolates). Although all 26 bacteriuric men had urethral cultures negative for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Gram-stained urethral smears showed evidence of urethritis in 17 (68%) of 25 men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Lack of circumcision increases the risk of UTI in young adult men. (2) The majority of these infections result from urovirulent strains of E coli. (3) Clinically, these infections often produce urethritis as well as UTI.
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle.
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: Spach
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: Stapleton
authors: W E
authors: WE
authors: Stamm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014526:Urethritis / Q000382:microbiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology; D014774:Virulence