title: Current techniques for the repair of complex orbital fractures. Miniplate fixation and cranial bone grafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computerized imaging of complex fractures of the orbit and facial skeleton have brought about demands for methods of anatomic restoration. In this article, the author outlines techniques for metallic rigid anatomic fixation of facial fractures and the cranial bone graft method of augmentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical results of fracture repair using various types of metallic plates and replacement of missing bone with cranial bone grafts are presented and techniques are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rigid three-dimensional fixation of the facial skeleton with metallic plate fixation and augmentation with cranial bone grafts has produced more predictable correction of severe fractures of the orbit and facial skeleton.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors: R E
authors: RE
authors: Wesley
mesh_terms: D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D015841:Enophthalmos / Q000601:surgery; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008722:Methods; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed