Bone mineral density and abstention-induced changes in bone and mineral metabolism in noncirrhotic male alcoholics.
OBJECTIVE
Abuse of alcohol may derange bone metabolism and cause osteoporosis. Due to confounding factors associated with alcohol abuse, however, the effect of alcohol itself on bone loss remains obscure. The influence of alcohol intake on bone and mineral metabolism is rather well known, but how the metabolism normalizes during withdrawal has rarely been investigated. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the alcohol-induced changes of bone and mineral metabolism and their recovery during abstention, and to reassess any possible link between alcohol abuse and osteoporosis.


METHODS
We studied 27 non-cirrhotic male alcoholics hospitalized for 2 weeks for withdrawal. For comparison, three groups of control subjects were examined. Serum and urinary parameters of bone and mineral metabolism as well as intestinal absorption of calcium were determined at the beginning and end of the treatment period. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at four axial sites (lumbar spine, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, trochanter).


RESULTS
On admission, bone formation in the alcoholics was reduced as reflected by decreased serum levels of osteocalcin (-28%; p < 0.05) and procollagen I carboxyterminal propeptide (-17%; p < 0.05). Both parameters normalized within 2 weeks of abstention (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Urinary hydroxyproline, a parameter of bone resorption, was at the control level on admission and increased slightly during abstention (p < 0.05). Serum ionized calcium increased by 3% (p < 0.0001) during withdrawal. Concomitantly, serum free fatty acids (FFA) decreased by 38% (p < 0.001), and there existed an inverse correlation (r = -0.50, p < 0.05) between changes in ionized calcium and FFA. Serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolites were similar in patients and controls throughout the whole observation period. Intestinal absorption of calcium measured by stable strontium was 37% higher in alcoholics than in controls (p < 0.001); it decreased to nearly normal toward the end of the treatment period. Mean axial BMD did not differ between patients and controls at any of the four measurement sites. However, BMD decreased parallel with duration of drinking history in the alcoholics at all axial sites (p < 0.05 to < 0.01, analysis of covariance with age and weight as covariates).


CONCLUSIONS
Decreased bone formation, which is uncoupled from ongoing bone resorption, recovers completely during 2 weeks of abstention. In the absence of confounding factors, the central BMD is normal in noncirrhotic male alcoholics, although the negative effect of alcohol on BMD is evident when duration of excessive drinking is taken into account.
Laitinen
K
K
Research Unit of Alcohol Diseases, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Lamberg-Allardt
C
C
Tunninen
R
R
Härkönen
M
M
Välimäki
M
M
D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D015519:Bone Density; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000652:urine; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011347:Procollagen; C042813:procollagen type I carboxy terminal peptide; D015675:Osteocalcin; D014807:Vitamin D; D003404:Creatinine; D006909:Hydroxyproline; D002118:Calcium