Pain perception and effectiveness of the eutectic mixture of local anesthetics in children undergoing venipuncture.
The emulsion of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) is effective in preventing the pain of venipuncture in children. It is therefore important to identify children who could benefit the most from EMLA. We studied the safety and feasibility of two methods of application of EMLA (patch and cream) in a randomized, open-label trial of EMLA patch versus EMLA cream in 160 children with chronic diseases undergoing venipuncture. EMLA patch or cream was applied 60 to 120 min before puncture. Pain was assessed by the children using a visual analogue score. Children also scored the pain of their last puncture and the pain of removing the tape. EMLA patch and cream had similar efficacy (visual analogue scores for the venipuncture were 8.5 +/- 16 and 9.5 +/- 17 out of 100, respectively). Side effects occurred in similar frequencies in the two groups. Adhesiveness of the patch was less effective than that of the cream with Tegaderm. Age was a major determinant of pain perception; younger children recalled more severe pain in their previous puncture. Children recently diagnosed had higher visual analogue scores than those with a long history of chronic disease. We concluded that EMLA patch and cream have a similar efficacy in children undergoing venipuncture. Young children recently diagnosed with chronic disease are most likely to benefit from EMLA.
Robieux
I
I
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Canada.
Eliopoulos
C
C
Hwang
P
P
Greenberg
M
M
Blanchette
V
V
Olivieri
N
N
Klein
N
N
Koren
G
G
D000293:Adolescent; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D010465:Perception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage
D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D011318:Prilocaine; D008012:Lidocaine