title: Early history of bioelectromagnetics.
abstract: The early history of bioelectromagnetics is reviewed as I experienced it. The period of time chosen extends from my joining the Institute for Physical Foundations of Medicine in Frankfurt in 1937 to the early 1970s, when I retired from the chair of my department at the University of Pennsylvania. Several themes emerge from these recollections. First, clinical and biological work led almost immediately to a heated controversy about the role of athermal vs. thermal effects; this issue has never been settled to the satisfaction of most. Second, good quantitative work on electrical properties and dosimetry began early, well before World War II; its impact on future developments was significant.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6392.
authors: H P
authors: HP
authors: Schwan
mesh_terms: D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena / Q000266:history*; D005060:Europe; D049673:History, 20th Century; D012958:Societies, Scientific / Q000266:history; D014481:United States