Association of intrauterine fetal growth retardation and learning deficits at age 9 to 11 years.
OBJECTIVE
We examined the association of fetal and newborn complications, socioeconomic status, and home environment with learning deficits as assessed between 9 and 11 years of age.


METHODS
A total of 218 high-risk newborns have been assessed at 1, 4, and 9 to 11 years of age. Fetal and newborn complications included 77 newborns with growth retardation. Socioeconomic variables included parental occupation and education. Outcome measures at 9 to 11 years included the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test and the Wide Range Achievement Test. Motor and cognitive development was assessed by a neurologic examination, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Behavior was assessed with the Achenbach Child Behavior Check List and Connor's Teacher Rating Scale.


RESULTS
Learning deficits were identified in 77 of the 218 children (35%). Children with learning deficits had lower full-scale IQ scores and behavioral problems of inattention and anxiety. Both fetal growth retardation and the father's occupation score were independently associated with these learning deficits.


CONCLUSIONS
Fetal growth retardation, socioeconomic status, and behavioral characteristics of inattention and anxiety are associated with less favourable academic achievement at 9 to 11 years of age.
Low
J A
JA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Handley-Derry
M H
MH
Burke
S O
SO
Peters
R D
RD
Pater
E A
EA
Killen
H L
HL
Derrick
E J
EJ
D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007360:Intelligence; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D011932:Reading