title: Rapid intramembranous absorption of water infused into the ovine allantoic cavity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previously we found that water infused into the ovine amniotic cavity was rapidly absorbed into the fetal circulation through the vascularized fetal membranes and fetal surface of the placenta (i.e., the intramembranous pathway). The purposes of this study were to (1) estimate the conductance of the intramembranous pathway from the allantoic cavity and (2) determine if the conductance is adequate to offset the inflow of urine, which may be up to 500 ml/day in the near-term ovine fetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven chronically catheterized fetal sheep averaging 132 +/- 2 (+/- SE) days' gestation underwent an infusion of warmed distilled water into the allantoic cavity at 6 ml/min. The infusions were continued until steady states were obtained in allantoic and amniotic fluid and in fetal and maternal blood osmolalities. During the steady state the conductance of the intramembranous pathway was estimated as the ratio of osmotic gradient to infusion rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The allantoic and amniotic fluid and the fetal and maternal blood osmolalities decreased by 188 +/- 14, 36 +/- 8, 13 +/- 2, and 3 +/- 1 mOsm/kg, respectively, at steady state. From the fetal-allantoic osmolality gradients the conductance of the intramembranous pathway was 1.72 +/- 0.14 or 0.53 +/- 0.08 microliter/min/mm Hg/kg fetal weight. Assuming a similar conductance during the preinfusion period, the next volume movement would equal 0.67 ml/min (965 ml/day).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conductance of the intramembranous pathway in combination with the normal osmotic gradient is sufficient to remove the large volume of fetal urine that may enter the allantoic cavity each day.
authors: Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego.
authors: W M
authors: WM
authors: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000482:Allantois / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D009995:Osmosis; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014867:Water