title: Has the process causing noninsulin dependent diabetes start at birth? Evidence in neonates from a population with a high prevalence of diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to investigate whether differences in the glucose-insulin axis are present at birth in neonates from ethnic groups at high risk of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  fructosamine samples were taken from Maori, European and Pacific Island expectant mothers at their 28 week appointment at the public outpatients clinic at National Women's Hospital, Auckland. Umbilical cord samples for insulin, C-peptide and fructosamine assay were taken at delivery and babies had their subscapular skinfold fat thickness measured by callipers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the mean maternal 28 week fructosamine was similar in the three populations in spite of a higher prevalence of gestational diabetes among Pacific Islanders. Of the 1066 deliveries, cord samples were available for 207 Europeans, 81 Maoris and 113 Pacific Islanders. Both Pacific Island and Maori babies had higher cord fructosamine concentrations than European babies. However, Pacific Island babies were also heavier, and had higher cord insulin concentrations and subscapular skinfold thickness than European babies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the elevated cord fructosamine concentrations suggest that Maori and Pacific Island babies, who share a high risk of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus later in life, are hyperglycaemic at birth. The paradoxical insulin results and the cause for the relative neonatal hyperglycemia warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight; D001827:Body Height; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D019270:Fructosamine; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006595:Hexosamines / Q000097:blood; D006771:Hospitals, Maternity; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D010298:Parity; D011114:Polynesia / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness
chemical_list: D002096:C-Peptide; D006595:Hexosamines; D007328:Insulin; D019270:Fructosamine