title: Myocardial protection during cardiac operations. Decreased morbidity and lower cost with blood cardioplegia and coronary sinus perfusion.
abstract: The efficacy of myocardial protection with a single aortic crossclamp and blood cardioplegia was evaluated in 819 consecutive patients stratified for preoperative condition by means of a new clinical risk scoring system. A protocol using either antegrade or antegrade/retrograde blood cardioplegia was compared with antegrade crystalloid cardioplegia in 2582 similar, consecutive, and concurrent patients. In the blood cardioplegia cohort, 97 (11.8%) patients had 129 complications compared with 407 (15.8%) patients and 675 complications in the crystalloid cardioplegia group (p = 0.006). In high-risk patients, combined antegrade/retrograde cardioplegia significantly reduced myocardial infarction, stroke, and respiratory and wound complications. Despite the significantly longer aortic crossclamp time required for blood cardioplegia, patients undergoing crystalloid cardioplegia were 1.7 (95% confidence interval 1.3, 2.1) times more likely to have a morbid event. Time in the intensive care unit, length of hospitalization, and length-of-stay outlier status were significantly decreased in the blood cardioplegia compared with the crystalloid cardioplegia group. The net savings in hospital cost amounted to $2196 per case. When compared separately with crystalloid cardioplegia, combined antegrade/retrograde blood cardioplegia accounted for most of the morbidity reduction by significantly reducing perioperative myocardial infarction, wound complications, and length of stay in patients having reoperations. Antegrade/retrograde blood cardioplegia did not influence 1-year survival or event-free survival, even when risk was considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195.
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Loop
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Estafanous
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001769:Blood; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011188:Potassium; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C018369:potassium cardioplegic solution; D011188:Potassium