title: Hyperprolactinaemia as a result of immaturity or regression: the concept of maternal subroutine. A new model of psychoendocrine interactions.
abstract: Pathological hyperprolactinaemia (PH) is significantly associated with: (1) paternal deprivation during childhood, (2) depression, (3) non-specific symptoms including obesity and weight gain. The clinical onset of the symptoms often follows pregnancy or a loss. Prolactin is an insulin antagonist which does not promote weight gain. Hyperprolactinaemia and increased metabolic efficiency are parts of a system of interdependent behavioural and metabolic mechanisms necessary for the care of the young. We call this system, which is available as a whole package, maternal subroutine (MS). An important number of cases of PH are due to activation of the MS that is not induced by pregnancy. The same occurs in surrogate maternity and in some animal models. Most women with PH developed a malignant symbiotic relationship with their mothers in the setting of absence, alcoholism or devaluation of the father. These women may regress to early developmental stages to the point that they identify themselves both with their lactating mother and with the nursing infant as has been found in psychoanalysed patients and in the paradigmatic condition of pseudopregnancy. Such regression can be associated with activation of the MS. Prolactinomas represent the extreme of the spectrum of PH and may result from somatic mutations occurring in hyperstimulated lactotrophs.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Sobrinho
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Almeida-Costa
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D016389:Maternal-Child Nursing; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D012043:Regression, Psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D014167:Transference, Psychology
chemical_list: D011388:Prolactin