title: Acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: treatment by superselective embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The major risk of transcatheter embolotherapy for acute hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract is irreversible intestinal ischemia. The authors studied the efficacy and safety of superselective transcatheter embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles in arresting acute hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with clinical or scintigraphic evidence of acute hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract were considered for superselective embolization. The nine patients with angiograms that showed active hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract underwent the procedure. Superselective embolization was done through a 3-French catheter and was accomplished by using 100- to 590-microns polyvinyl alcohol particles. The segments of the intestinal tracts involved in the embolizations were examined for the presence of ischemia by endoscopy (n = 7) or histologic evaluation of a surgical specimen (n = 2) 2-44 days (mean, 11 days) after embolization or by clinical evaluation (n = 1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lesions treated by this method were located in the colon (n = 8) and jejunum (n = 1). Immediate hemostasis was achieved in every case. Three patients had recurrent lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage 1-24 days (mean, 9 days) after initial embolization. Two of these patients had surgery, while one had a successful second embolization. Two asymptomatic patients were found endoscopically to have small areas of ischemia involving only the mucosa. Only one patient was shown to have severe mucosal ischemia; this involved the colon in a distribution that suggested it was not caused by the embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ten superselective embolization procedures that used polyvinyl alcohol particles successfully controlled hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract in nine patients. In no case was intestinal infarction induced by the procedure, and only two endoscopically proved cases of asymptomatic mucosal ischemia occurred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003108:Colonic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007579:Jejunal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D011859:Radiography; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol