title: Use of health maintenance organization data bases to study pharmacy resource usage in diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate use of medications by patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the computerized pharmacy data base of a large health maintenance organization to evaluate cost impact and patterns of usage for all pharmacy products by a defined population of diabetic patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic patients received 31.2 dispenses/yr compared with 11.5 for control patients. Total pharmacy costs were threefold higher for diabetic patients ($621 vs. 207/yr) and accounted for approximately 17% of their total health-care costs. Products specifically for the care of diabetes averaged $175/yr or approximately 4.5% of their total health-care costs: 57% received an oral hypoglycemic agent, 34% received insulin, and 6% received both. Cardiovascular drugs accounted for 29% of total costs. There was increased use of most classes of medication by patients with diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health maintenance organization management data bases, particularly those storing pharmacy dispensing data, provide useful information on the impact of chronic disease. People with diabetes receive a greater number of most types of medication with a greater overall cost than do nondiabetic people. Previous studies have underestimated the contribution of pharmacy purchases to the costs of caring for a diabetic population.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Glauber
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged