title: Can myocardial contrast echo determine coronary flow reserve?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate the applicability of myocardial contrast echocardiography in the measurement of coronary flow reserve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven anaesthetised open chest pigs were studied, in which coronary atherosclerosis had been induced by abrasion of the left anterior descending coronary artery at one month, followed by an atherogenic diet for eight months. Coronary flow reserve was determined by electromagnetic flow measurement and contrast echocardiography before and after partial occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, using papaverine as a coronary vasodilator. Coronary blood flow was reduced by tightening a clamp placed around the coronary artery. Systemic haemodynamics and myocardial wall thickness (epicardial ultrasound 5 MHz transducer) were recorded simultaneously. Echocardiograms were recorded on VHS tape and analysed by digitised videodensitometry off line for construction of the time v videointensity curve (time-intensity curves). From these curves washout time (T50), area under the curve, peak contrast intensity, and time to peak intensity were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following papaverine, coronary blood flow increased significantly from 47 (SD 23) ml.min-1 at baseline to 88(39) ml.min-1 (p less than 0.05). During the stenosis, flow decreased to 19(16) ml.min-1 (p less than 0.01), and increased to 38(29) ml.min-1 (p less than 0.05 v stenosis) after administration of papaverine. Correlations between coronary blood flow and indices calculated from the quantitative videodensitometric analysis were poor, varying between r = 0.03 for area at control flow to r = 0.62 for T50 during stenosis. The same was true for coronary flow reserve: r = 0.09 for peak to r = 0.75 (p less than 0.05) for time to peak without the stenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current limitations in injection, imaging, and analysis techniques cause variability in data from time-intensity curves, which precludes accurate quantification of coronary flow (reserve) by myocardial contrast echocardiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ten Cate
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sassen
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Verdouw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003287:Contrast Media; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D010208:Papaverine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010208:Papaverine