title: A ring electrode to record extraocular muscle activities during skull base surgery.
abstract: A ring-shaped electrode was developed and used in 20 patients to record evoked electromyographic responses directly from the extraocular muscles during skull base surgery. Intra-operative monitoring with this electrode helps the surgeon to localize the nerves that innervate the extraocular muscles precisely and to refrain from disturbing important neural structures during operations. Such monitoring also provides some insight into the pathophysiology of the dysfunction of these nerves resulting from skull base lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sekiya
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hatayama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwabuchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
mesh_terms: D000010:Abducens Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002817:Chordoma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008579:Meningioma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D009802:Oculomotor Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D061220:Oculomotor Nerve Injuries; D009886:Ophthalmoplegia / Q000503:physiopathology*