title: High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron can induce lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo in humans and has promoted ischemic myocardial injury in experimental animals. We tested the hypothesis that high serum ferritin concentration and high dietary iron intake are associated with an excess risk of acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Randomly selected men (n = 1,931), aged 42, 48, 54, or 60 years, who had no symptomatic coronary heart disease at entry, were examined in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD) in Eastern Finland between 1984 and 1989. Fifty-one of these men experienced an acute myocardial infarction during an average follow-up of 3 years. On the basis of a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, examination year, cigarette pack-years, ischemic ECG in exercise test, maximal oxygen uptake, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, serum copper, blood leukocyte count, and serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and triglyceride concentrations, men with serum ferritin greater than or equal to 200 micrograms/l had a 2.2-fold (95% CI, 1.2-4.0; p less than 0.01) risk factor-adjusted risk of acute myocardial infarction compared with men with a lower serum ferritin. An elevated serum ferritin was a strong risk factor for acute myocardial infarction in all multivariate models. This association was stronger in men with serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration of 5.0 mmol/l (193 mg/dl) or more than in others. Also, dietary iron intake had a significant association with the disease risk in a Cox model with the same covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that a high stored iron level, as assessed by elevated serum ferritin concentration, is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Public Health, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nyyssönen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Korpela
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seppänen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D005387:Finland; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006454:Hemoglobins; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron