title: Potentiation of HIV envelope glycoprotein and other immunogens by endotoxin (ET) and its molecular fragments.
abstract: The structural requirements for the immunopotentiating (adjuvant) effect of endotoxin (ET) were investigated. Mild hydrolysis (0.2 N acetic acid at 95 degrees C) was applied to various ET preparations and the lipid rich (Lipid A) and polysaccharide-rich (PS) preparations obtained were tested as adjuvants on three immunogens: sheep red blood cells (SRBC), L-glutamine: L-lysine: L-alanine containing random synthetic polypeptide (GLA-40), and recombinant HIV viral envelope polypeptide (CBre3). It was found that not only the Lipid A precipitates, but under certain hydrolytic conditions the non-toxic PS preparations were also potent adjuvants. The exact conditions of hydrolysis which led to the isolation of immune adjuvant bacterial products were established. These materials were also tested for endotoxicity (Limulus lysate clotting, chick embryo lethality and local Shwartzman skin reactivity), as well as for TNF generating activities. It was found that TNF generation runs parallel with toxicity of the samples, but it does not follow the adjuvant activity of the isolates. Chemical analysis of the preparations indicated that they did not contain residual ET or Lipid A, however, they did not exclude that deacylated and dephosphorylated skeletal remains of ET are among those components in these preparations which have immunomodulatory activity.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Center for Oral Health Research, Philadelphia 19104.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kovats
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Somlyo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Csanky
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Coughlin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nowotny
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015686:Gene Products, env / Q000276:immunology*; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology*; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000276:immunology; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D008050:Lipid A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D012756:Sheep; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D004731:Endotoxins; D015686:Gene Products, env; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008050:Lipid A; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C052880:GLA 40