title: Parental cigarette smoking and the risk of spontaneous abortion.
abstract: Although cigarette smoking is often considered a risk factor for spontaneous abortion, the epidemiologic literature is actually inconsistent. Therefore, the authors examined maternal and paternal smoking and maternal passive smoke exposure using data from a large case-control study of spontaneous abortion (626 cases and 1,300 controls) conducted in Santa Clara County, California, in 1986 and 1987. No excess risk of spontaneous abortion was seen in the 1% of women who smoked an average of more than 20 cigarettes per day in the first trimester. Moderate smokers (11-20 cigarettes per day) had a slightly elevated crude odds ratio of 1.3 (95% confidence interval 0.9-1.9), which was close to unity after adjustment for covariates. Paternal smoking showed a slight crude elevation for moderate and heavy smoking, but no association after adjustment. In contrast, maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke for 1 hour or more per day was associated with spontaneous abortion, even after adjustment (odds ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.2-1.9). For both maternal direct and environmental exposure, the association appeared to be stronger in second-trimester abortions. Several studies have found stronger associations of smoking with late versus early abortions, perhaps reflecting smoking-associated placental insufficiency and fetal hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Epidemiology Section, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Windham
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fenster
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution