title: Topical cardiac hypothermia in patients with coronary disease. An unnecessary adjunct to cardioplegic protection and cause of pulmonary morbidity.
abstract: This retrospective analysis tests the hypothesis that topical cardiac hypothermia is an unnecessary adjunct to intraoperative myocardial protection and an avoidable cause of pulmonary morbidity in patients with coronary disease receiving blood cardioplegia. The hospital records of 150 nonrandomized consecutive patients undergoing elective and emergency isolated coronary revascularization were reviewed. All patients received multidose cold blood cardioplegia followed by warm blood cardioplegic reperfusion distributed through grafts. Fifty patients received iced slush, 50 received topical 4 degrees C saline, and no topical cooling was used in 50 others. Patients groups were comparable in number of grafts (3.7 versus 3.5 versus 3.5) and crossclamp time (61 versus 62 versus 61 minutes). More emergency operations were performed in the patients receiving no topical hypothermia (12/50 versus 8/50 versus 7/50). Postoperative x-ray films were reviewed by a radiologist who did not know of patient grouping. Postoperative results were comparable in hemodynamics, inotropic requirements (10/50 ice versus 8/50 saline versus 5/50 no cooling), myocardial infarction (1/50 versus 2/50 versus 2/50), and enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase myocardial band creatine kinase). No patient died. Ice topical hypothermia (versus no topical cooling) was associated with more left pleural effusions (25/50 versus 9/50; p less than 0.05), atelectasis (33/50 versus 18/50; p less than 0.05), elevated left hemidiaphragms (13/50 versus 0/50; p less than 0.05), and longer postoperative hospitalization (11.2 versus 8.5 days; p less than 0.05). Topical 4 degrees C saline reduced diaphragmatic elevation and pleural effusion (versus topical ice) but was associated with more atelectasis (34/50 versus 18/50; p less than 0.05) than no topical cooling. These data suggest that routine topical hypothermia is an unnecessary adjunct to blood cardioplegic protection in patients with coronary disease, since supplemental topical cooling does not improve postoperative hemodynamics or reduce inotropic requirements, enzyme release, or prevalence of postoperative myocardial infarction, and it increases pulmonary morbidity, which can be reduced by its avoidance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Buckberg
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Rosenkranz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Plested
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skow
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzei
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scanlan
mesh_terms: D001769:Blood; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D004630:Emergencies; D006321:Heart; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007053:Ice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000209:etiology*; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D007053:Ice