title: Ice friction during speed skating.
abstract: During speed skating, the external power output delivered by the athlete is predominantly used to overcome the air and ice frictional forces. Special skates were developed and used to measure the ice frictional forces during actual speed skating. The mean coefficients of friction for the straights and curves were, respectively, 0.0046 and 0.0059. The minimum value of the coefficient of ice friction was measured at an ice surface temperature of about -7 degrees C. It was found that the coefficient of friction increases with increasing speed. In the literature, it is suggested that the relatively low friction in skating results from a thin film of liquid water on the ice surface. Theories about the presence of water between the rubbing surfaces are focused on the formation of water by pressure-melting, melting due to frictional heating and on the 'liquid-like' properties of the ice surface. From our measurements and calculations, it is concluded that the liquid-like surface properties of ice seem to be a reasonable explanation for the low friction during speed skating.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van Ingen Schenau
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice; D008838:Microcomputers; D012861:Skating; D012984:Software; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D007053:Ice