title: Tics and Tourette's disorder: a 2- to 7-year follow-up of 54 obsessive-compulsive children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined a hypothesized etiologic relationship between Tourette's disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four children who had initially participated in treatment protocols for obsessive-compulsive disorder (Tourette's disorder was an exclusionary criterion) were reevaluated 2-7 years later with a neurological examination and a structured interview to establish the presence or absence of tics and Tourette's disorder. The children's first-degree relatives (N = 171) were also screened for tic disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 57% (N = 31) of the patients had lifetime histories of tics. At follow-up, 59% (N = 32) had lifetime histories of tics; eight of these (all males) met the criteria for Tourette's disorder (six had developed the disorder, and two, it could be argued in retrospect, might have met the criteria at baseline). The patients with lifetime histories of tics had greater anxiety, a higher ratio of CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid to homovanillic acid, and a younger age at onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder than those without tics. The patients with Tourette's disorder differed from other male patients only in having an earlier age at onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Of the first-degree relatives, 1.8% (N = 3) had Tourette's disorder, and 14% (N = 24) had a tic disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Except for their earlier age at onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the patients with Tourette's disorder were indistinguishable from those without. The apparent high rate of tics and Tourette's disorder in the subjects and their relatives is consistent with the hypothesis that in some cases, obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's disorder may be alternative manifestations of the same underlying illness.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lenane
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Swedo
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rettew
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Gershon
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics