title: Sex differences in secondary attack rate of IDDM to siblings of probands through older ages. Pittsburgh Etiology of IDDM Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the descriptive epidemiological patterns of the secondary attack rate of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) among siblings of probands through older ages.
  
  
  METHODS
  A family history analysis was performed on 1774 IDDM probands who were diagnosed or seen within 1 yr of diagnosis at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from 1 January 1950 through 31 December 1981. The probands were discharged on insulin and were diagnosed at less than 17 yr of age. The time frame permitted the risk of IDDM for siblings of probands to be calculated over a broad spectrum of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk estimates for the 3966 full natural siblings through 10, 20, and 30 yr of age were 1.6, 4.1, and 6.3%, respectively. Secondary attack rates were equivalent for male and female siblings through 15 yr of age (3%); however, the risk to males increased an additional 4% between 16 and 30 yr of age compared with 2.5% for females (P = 0.01). There was no evidence of an excess sex concordance among affected sibling pairs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Males have a greater secondary attack rate of IDDM at older ages than females. This may be due to an increased exposure to environmental agents among males or protective influences operating among females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gavard
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dorman
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: LaPorte
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Orchard
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Drash
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Trucco
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kostraba
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003710:Demography; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009679:Nuclear Family; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics