title: Intraoperative evaluation of mitral valve regurgitation and repair by transesophageal echocardiography: incidence and significance of systolic anterior motion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to delineate the utility and results of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of patients undergoing mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mitral valve reconstruction offers many advantages over prosthetic valve replacement. Intraoperative assessment of valve competence after repair is vital to the effectiveness of this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was performed in 143 patients undergoing mitral valve repair over a period of 23 months. Before and after repair, the functional morphology of the mitral apparatus was defined by two-dimensional echocardiography; Doppler color flow imaging was used to clarify the mechanism of mitral regurgitation and to semiquantitate its severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant improvement in the mean mitral regurgitation grade by composite intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography after valve repair (3.6 +/- 0.8 to 0.7 +/- 0.7; p less than 0.00001). Excellent results from initial repair with grade less than or equal to 1 residual mitral regurgitation were observed in 88.1% of patients. Significant residual mitral regurgitation (grade greater than or equal to 3) was identified in 11 patients (7.7%); 5 underwent prosthetic valve replacement, 5 had revision of the initial repair and 1 patient had observation only. Of the 100 patients with a myxomatous mitral valve, the risk of grade greater than or equal to 3 mitral regurgitation after initial repair was 1.7% in patients with isolated posterior leaflet disease compared with 22.5% in patients with anterior or bileaflet disease. Severe systolic anterior motion of the mitral apparatus causing grade 2 to 4 mitral regurgitation was present in 13 patients (9.1%) after cardiopulmonary bypass. In 8 patients (5.6%), systolic anterior motion resolved immediately with correction of hyperdynamic hemodynamic status, resulting in grade less than or equal to 1 residual mitral regurgitation without further operative intervention. Transthoracic echocardiography before hospital discharge demonstrated grade less than or equal to 1 residual mitral regurgitation in 86.4% of 132 patients studied. A significant discrepancy (greater than 1 grade) in residual mitral regurgitation by predischarge transthoracic versus intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was noted in 17 patients (12.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transesophageal echocardiography is a valuable adjunct in the intraoperative assessment of mitral valve repair.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Schaff
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Khandheria
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Orszulak
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Seward
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tajik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004947:Esophagus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012086:Reoperation; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology