title: Length-based endotracheal tube and emergency equipment in pediatrics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pediatric endotracheal (ET) tubes can be accurately selected based on body length using a specialized emergency tape.
  
  
  METHODS
  Derivation set: Two hundred five children undergoing elective surgery. Validation set: Two hundred thirteen children undergoing elective surgery. Each child served as his or her own control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Derivation phase: Two hundred twenty-one children undergoing ET intubation for elective surgery had their body length and leak pressures measured. The 205 children who had leak pressures between 10 and 40 cm H2O constituted the derivation set. The body length for a given ET tube size was derived from the interquartile range of patient lengths in this derivation set. Sizes for other resuscitative equipment items were chosen by a panel of experts using a modified Delphi technique. This information was placed by length on a color-coded tape. Validation phase: The tape was validated by using it to select ET tube size in another group of 203 children undergoing elective surgery. Criteria for acceptable fit in this group included leak pressure as above and the anesthesiologists' decision to accept the tube size or to retintubate. In the validation phase, length-based ET tube selections were compared with age-based rules: (age + 16)/4, and (age + 18)/4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tape selected the appropriate ET tube size by leak pressure criterion in 77% of the cases and was within +/- 0.5 mm of the "correct" size 99% of the time. This was significantly better (P less than .005) than two widely used age-based rules, which gave the correct initial size in only 47% and 9% of these cases, and were within +/- 0.5 mm for 86% and 59%. The anesthesiologists chose to continue with the tape-sized tube rather than to reintubate in 89% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A system for length-based selection of emergency equipment represents a significant adjunct to emergency physicians and paramedics who must deal with critically ill children. Length-based ET tube selection is clearly superior to age-based rules, which are difficult to remember and require accurate estimation of a patient's age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Florida Health Science Center, Jacksonville.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Luten
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Wears
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Broselow
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaritsky
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vally
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012016:Reference Values