title: Relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to pregnancy loss in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: To determine whether an association exists between the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy loss, a cross-sectional study was performed. Consecutive women who were referred to three outpatient rheumatology clinics and who had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and a history of one or more pregnancies were evaluated. Patients were interviewed to determine outcomes of all previous pregnancies. Blood was taken on two separate occasions at least 3 months apart to test for the presence of the lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies; on both occasions, five tests of the lupus anticoagulant, with well-defined normal ranges, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure IgG anticardiolipin antibodies were performed. Patients were considered to be positive for the lupus anticoagulant if one or more tests was abnormal on both occasions and positive for anticardiolipin antibodies if the test was abnormal on both occasions. Forty-two women were studied. Statistically significant associations were shown between lupus anticoagulant positivity and previous pregnancy loss (odds ratio [OR], 4.8; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.0 to 23.6; P = .05) and between anticardiolipin antibody positivity and previous pregnancy loss (OR, 20.0; 95% CI, 1.3 to 97.0; P = .01). All seven women with multiple episodes of pregnancy loss were lupus anticoagulant positive and four of these were also anticardiolipin antibody positive. If patients who are transiently positive for lupus anticoagulant and/or anticardiolipin antibodies are considered to be test positive, the associations with pregnancy loss are no longer statistically significant. Within the group of lupus anticoagulant-positive patients, we observed stronger associations between the presence of six or more positive tests and pregnancy loss than between the presence of two to five positive tests and pregnancy loss. No single test for the lupus anticoagulant provides a statistically significant association with pregnancy loss. The results of our study show that by performing multiple lupus anticoagulant tests and by repeating testing for lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies on more than one occasion, significant associations between the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and previous pregnancy loss can be shown in patients with SLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brill-Edwards
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Denburg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Burrows
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bensen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cividino
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Long
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000276:immunology*; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000276:immunology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor / Q000097:blood; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000276:immunology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D001323:Autoantibodies; D002308:Cardiolipins; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D010743:Phospholipids