title: Microwave heating of infant formula: a dilemma resolved.
abstract: Microwave heating of infant formula is a common practice despite concerns of infant scalding. Beyond the issue of physical safety, little is known about the effects on nutrient content of microwave heating of infant formula. Casein-predominant infant formula in 120- and 240-mL glass and plastic nursing bottles of varying colors were heated for 40 seconds and 60 seconds, respectively. Temperature profiling was monitored during the heating cycle. Analysis of riboflavin and vitamin C was made prior to and after heating. Topmost portions reached a mean temperature of 44.7 +/- 1.7 degrees C and 43.0 +/- 2.4 degrees C for all types of 240-mL and 120-mL bottles, respectively. Topmost temperatures were significantly hotter than temperatures reached at other sites. Routine mixing resulted in formula temperatures which could safely be fed to infants (35.4 +/- 0.3 degrees C and 33.9 +/- 0.2 degrees C for 240-mL and 120-mL bottles, respectively). There was no significant loss of either riboflavin or vitamin C. Protocols for microwave heating are given.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sigman-Grant
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anantheswaran
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005898:Glass; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis; D008872:Microwaves; D008892:Milk / Q000032:analysis; D010969:Plastics; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000032:analysis; D013821:Thermometers; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D012256:Riboflavin