title: Influence of supersaturation on the pharmacodynamic effect of bupranolol after dermal administration using microemulsions as vehicle.
abstract: Transdermal absorption of drugs is limited by the stratum corneum, which serves as a diffusion barrier. This barrier might be overcome by enhancing the thermodynamic activity of the drug vehicle. Thermodynamic activity is particularly high in supersaturated systems because it is directly correlated with the degree of saturation. Since supersaturated systems are not stable, they were formed in situ by application of water-free microemulsion bases. These water-free microemulsion bases saturated with the drug were applied to New Zealand albino rabbits with an occlusive patch. Occlusion leads to water uptake from the skin due to hydratation and changes the microemulsion base into a microemulsion. The microemulsion will become supersaturated as a result of decreasing solubility of the drug with increasing water content. The pharmacodynamic effect of the model drug bupranolol in vivo was investigated over a 10-hr time period. The in vitro solubility of bupranolol was examined with respect to the water content. The solubility vs water content curves were compared to the effect vs time curves. The microemulsions and their individual components were studied, and the effect vs time curves were inversely correlated with the solubility vs water content curves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Christian-Albrecht-University, Kiel, FRG.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kemken
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D002046:Bupranolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004655:Emulsions; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D002046:Bupranolol