title: Psychological responses of rescue workers: fire fighters and trauma.
abstract: The psychological responses of two groups of fire fighters were examined following the performance of rescue work. Four types of responses were reported: identification with the victims, feelings of helplessness and guilt, fear of the unknown, and physiological reactions. Stress was found to be mediated by availability of social support, type of leadership, level of training, and use of rituals. Implications of these findings for preventive intervention measures are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fullerton
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McCarroll
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ursano
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000523:psychology*; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D001293:Attitude to Death; D005239:Fear; D005390:Fires; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D007062:Identification, Psychological; D007484:Iowa; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000523:psychology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group; D012066:Relief Work; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*