title: Chronotropic and inotropic effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine in the spontaneously beating and electrically paced isolated, perfused rabbit heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the inotropic and chronotropic effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine in an isolated, spontaneously beating rabbit heart preparation. The ability to electrically pace the heart in the presence of local anesthetic also was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution, then exposed to ropivacaine or bupivacaine at 1, 6, or 13 micrograms/ml or lidocaine at 6, 20, or 40 micrograms/ml (n = 6, each concentration). Left ventricular pressure, left ventricular dP/dt (rate of change derivation from analog waveform of the left ventricular pressure wave), pulmonary artery flow, oxygen consumption, and electrocardiogram were monitored throughout the studies. Drug exposure was for 30 minutes or until a 75% decrease in left ventricular pressure occurred.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All preparations were exposed to 1 microgram/ml bupivacaine or ropivacaine and 6 micrograms/ml lidocaine for the full 30 minutes. At the intermediate concentrations, only one of six bupivacaine preparations (6 micrograms/ml) survived the full 30-minute exposure period, compared to six of six preparations for both ropivacaine (6 micrograms/ml) and lidocaine (20 micrograms/ml; p less than 0.05). Similar results were found with exposure to the highest concentrations of these local anesthetics. No electrocardiogram changes were observed with any of the three lidocaine concentrations or with the lowest ropivacaine and bupivacaine concentration. At the intermediate concentration, atrioventricular conduction changes were seen with bupivacaine in five of six preparations, compared to one of six ropivacaine preparations (p less than 0.05). With the high concentration, ventricular tachycardia occurred in four of six bupivacaine preparations, compared to zero of six with ropivacaine (p less than 0.05). In general, left ventricular systolic pressure, dP/dt, heart rate, and oxygen consumption were reduced during exposure to all concentrations of the three local anesthetics. The most profound effects (greater than 75% reduction) were seen with 13 micrograms/ml bupivacaine. All local anesthetics caused an increase in the voltage required to pace the hearts via the atria. With 6 micrograms/ml bupivacaine and 13 micrograms/ml ropivacaine, 50% of the preparations could not be paced via the atria; and with 13 micrograms/ml bupivacaine, none of the preparations could be paced via the atria. The depressant effects of 6 micrograms/ml bupivacaine approximated those seen with 13 micrograms/ml ropivacaine. The reductions in oxygen consumption and pulmonary artery flow were not significantly different between treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that bupivacaine is more cardiodepressant and arrhythmogenic than either ropivacaine or lidocaine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitkanen
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Covino
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011817:Rabbits; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine