title: Sonography of multinodular thyroid gland in children and adolescents.
abstract: Multinodular disease of the thyroid gland is uncommon in children and adolescents, and has received little attention in the recent literature. This article reviews the clinical, sonographic, and pathologic findings in 16 children with multinodular disease of the thyroid gland, and draws attention to the high incidence of other associated clinical findings. This condition was associated with a triad including renal and digital anomalies in three patients, with McCune-Albright syndrome in two patients, with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in three patients, and with thyroid carcinoma in four patients. Three of five patients with a history of previous radiation therapy had thyroid carcinoma. Sonography is a proven valuable imaging modality for the study of thyroid disease in children and has contributed to our understanding of multinodular disease of the thyroid gland in this age group.
authors.affiliation: Departamento Radiologia, Hospital Clinico Universidad Catolica, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daneman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thorner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Daneman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005359:Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D005385:Fingers / Q000002:abnormalities; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography