title: A phenothiazine derivative reduces rat brain damage after global or focal ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously reported that 2-(10H-phenothiazin-2-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine hydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in vitro and can protect primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons from hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity. Because oxidants may play an important role in mediating postischemic tissue injury, we evaluated this agent in two rat models of transient cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a model of global forebrain ischemia, 23 male Wistar rats were subjected to 10 minutes of four-vessel occlusion followed by 72 hours of reperfusion. The rats received three intraperitoneal injections of either vehicle (2% aqueous acacia) or test agent (40 mg/kg). In a model of focal stroke, 19 spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to 2 hours of tandem middle cerebral and ipsilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. The rats received three intraperitoneal injections of either vehicle (2% aqueous acacia) or test agent (40 mg/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the global model, the phenothiazine significantly protected the CA1 layer of the hippocampus, with a reduction in mean damage score from 2.1 +/- 0.3 for control rats to 1.0 +/- 0.4 for treated rats (p less than 0.05). In the transient focal stroke model, the compound reduced cortical infarct volume from 130.1 +/- 10.3 mm3 for control rats to 95.2 +/- 24.5 mm3 for treated rats (p less than 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the primary mechanism responsible for the protective effect is unclear at the present time, our study is consistent with the hypothesis that oxidant-mediated lipid peroxidation may be involved in the pathophysiology of postischemic brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Ind. 46285.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McCowan
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Smalstig
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Roush
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Clemens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D002339:Carotid Arteries; D002536:Cerebral Arteries; D003250:Constriction; D008297:Male; D010640:Phenothiazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D015424:Reperfusion
chemical_list: D010640:Phenothiazines; C073191:2-(10H-phenothiazin-2-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine