Sensory blockade for difficult passage of transesophageal echocardiography probes.
During transesophageal echocardiography probe passage, airway reflexes are usually obtunded with topical local anesthetics. This technique meets with varying degrees of success. Even partially intact airway reflexes result in coughing, retching, and withdrawal, which may prevent transesophageal echocardiography examination or predispose to life-threatening tachycardia and hypertension. Proper preparation of the patient enhances comfort and helps protect against tachycardia and hypertension as well as reducing the time required for examination. This article outlines specific monitoring issues and offers precautions that are critical to transesophageal echocardiography probe passage. It suggests a premedication regimen and describes methods of sedation. Furthermore, it outlines the afferent innervation of the upper airway and specific techniques of temporary reflex interruption.
Reed
A P
AP
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
D000698:Analgesia; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves; D009407:Nerve Block; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D012472:Salivation