Children's venipuncture pain: influence of technical factors.
Several aspects of venipuncture technique were evaluated to assess their relationship to reported pain. Subjects were 514 children aged 5-17 who had venipuncture performed by a technician in a hospital outpatient laboratory. A research assistant timed the duration of venipuncture and then obtained visual analogue pain scores from the children following venipuncture. Blood volume obtained from venipuncture was also measured. The technician who performed the procedure, amount of blood drawn, and time required to complete the venipuncture did not contribute to the prediction of children's pain. Age and anxiety, which were treated as covariates, were significant predictors of pain. The distribution of pain experienced by children was positively skewed and about one-third of children were above the mean pain score. From the results of this study, venipuncture pain can be recommended for the study of issues in children's pain. Further, the findings recommend the development and utilization of interventions to reduce children's venipuncture pain.
Lander
J
J
Fowler-Kerry
S
S
Oberle
S
S
D000293:Adolescent; D001815:Bloodletting / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017056:Medical Laboratory Personnel; D010045:Outpatients; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012307:Risk Factors