title: Epidural test dose and intravascular injection in obstetrics: sensitivity, specificity, and lowest effective dose.
abstract: The authors studied the sensitivity and specificity of several epidural test doses as markers of intravascular injection in laboring patients in a prospective double-blind, randomized study. Fifty-nine parturients were assigned randomly to receive an intravenous injection of either normal saline solution (3 mL, NS group) or 1.5% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:200,000 (1 mL, EPI-5 group; 2 mL, EPI-10 group; or 3 mL, EPI-15 group). The EPI-5 and EPI-10 doses were diluted to 3 mL volume with normal saline solution. All injections were given during uterine diastole. Maternal heart rate was monitored with a pulse oximeter. An observer who was unaware of the study treatment recorded the baseline and the peak maternal heart rate within the first minute after the injection and questioned the patient about tinnitus, dizziness, metallic taste, and palpitations. He then recorded his opinion as to whether the patient had received the saline or the test solution. Analysis of the maternal heart rate showed an average increase (baseline-to-peak criterion) of 8 +/- 10 beats/min (mean +/- SD) in the NS group. In the other groups, the increase was 21 +/- 8 (EPI-5 group), 31.5 +/- 13 (EPI-10 group), and 29 +/- 9 beats/min (EPI-15 group). A baseline-to-peak criterion of greater than 10 beats/min identified all intravascular injections in the EPI-15 (by design) and EPI-10 groups (15 of 15 and 14 of 14, respectively) with a sensitivity of 100%. Specificity was 73% (11 of 15 true negatives).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colonna-Romano
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lingaraju
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Braitman
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine