title: Ketorolac: a new parenteral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for postoperative pain management.
abstract: Providing adequate pain control with minimal side effects in inpatient and ambulatory settings is a continuous challenge to the PACU nurse. Ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol, Syntex, Palo Alto, CA) is a new parenteral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) approved for use in the United States. Ketorolac is useful in the management of short term, moderate to severe postoperative pain. It is used by itself or as an adjunct to traditional opioid analgesics. Ketorolac, like other NSAIDs, has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Unlike morphine or meperidine, ketorolac does not bind to opioid receptors and is not a centrally acting agent. Administered intramuscularly, peak plasma levels are reached in 45 to 50 minutes. It is administered as a 30- or 60-mg intramuscular (IM) loading dose followed by 15- or 30-mg doses IM every 6 hours, with a maximum first-day dose of 150 mg and 120 mg on subsequent days up to a recommended maximum of 5 days. The lower dose range is recommended for elderly patients, patients weighing less than 50 kg, and patients with impaired kidney function. Initial studies show that use of ketorolac decreases the overall amount of opioid analgesia needed for postoperative pain control. To date, reported occurrence of side effects is low. A case study presents a healthy ambulatory surgical patient admitted for inguinal hernia repair using epidural anesthesia. Use of ketorolac has shown initial favorable results. More research is needed to further define its role and side effects in postoperative pain management.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lassen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epstein-Stiles
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D014325:Tromethamine; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D014046:Tolmetin