title: Morphology of the large granular alveoli of the parotid glands in toad (Bufo ictericus) before and after compression.
abstract: The parotid glands of toads are constituted by an accumulation of venom-producing granular alveoli. Parotid glands of Bufo ictericus were manually compressed and immediately excised. Normal glands (not submitted to compression) were also excised and processed for histological and ultrastructural observations. The glandular body of large granular alveoli in parotid glands is formed by a myoepithelial layer, internally covered by a syncytial secretory layer. In the normal parotid gland this layer is very electron dense, thus preventing clear visualization of organelles. Large secretion granules are located in the main secretion mass, near the syncytium. In the compressed parotid gland, the myoepithelium shows a number of alterations, including presence of myelin figures and foci of degradation in the cytoplasm. The organelles of the syncytial cytoplasm are easily observed. The mitochondria are swollen; the cristae are shortened or absent. Syncytial secretion granules and lengthened structures linked to the syncytial matrix are to be seen. A large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is present, while the rough endoplasmic reticulum is reduced. This large quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum suggests enhanced synthesis of the cardiotoxic steroids of the venom. Alterations in the mitochondria and the presence of myelin figures and degenerative foci in the cytoplasm may probably be regarded as consequences of the cellular injury provoked by compression.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jared
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brunner Juńior
mesh_terms: D000664:Amphibian Venoms; D000818:Animals; D002025:Bufonidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D000664:Amphibian Venoms