title: The development of corticospinal projections to tail and hindlimb motoneurons studied in infant macaques using magnetic brain stimulation.
abstract: The EMG responses evoked in tail, leg and foot muscles by magnetic stimulation (MS) of the brain were investigated in two male macaque monkeys under ketamine sedation. The animals were studied longitudinally over a period of 7 months (from 2.75 to 9.75 months old). MS was generally ineffective in eliciting responses when the animals were 2.75-4.5 months old, even at maximum stimulator output (1.5 Tesla). After this time the threshold for evoking EMG responses decreased considerably, and there was an increase in the probability of occurrence of the responses. These age-related changes plateaued at about 7.5 months, after which they remained fairly constant at adult levels. In both animals the maturation of these responses in tail and hindlimb muscles occurred later than in forelimb muscles.
authors.affiliation: Cambridge University, Department of Anatomy, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flament
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Lemon
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000254:growth & development*; D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000254:growth & development*; D004576:Electromyography; D005552:Forelimb / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008280:Magnetics; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000254:growth & development*; D013623:Tail / Q000294:innervation*