title: Access to recombinant erythropoietin by Medicare-entitled dialysis patients in the first year after FDA approval.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine access to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) by dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients during the first year after FDA approval for use in clinical practice and Medicare coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal and cross-sectional claims data analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  All US providers of outpatient dialysis treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  126,201 Medicare-entitled dialysis patients (approximately 93% of all US dialysis patients).
  
  
  METHODS
  Percentage of patients who received rHuEPO, odds of receiving rHuEPO according to patient characteristics, and cost of rHuEPO to Medicare.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One year after FDA approval, 52% of all dialysis and 60% of in-center hemodialysis patients who regularly had Medicare-paid dialysis services received rHuEPO at a monthly cost to Medicare of $19 million (18% of Medicare ESRD outpatient expenditures and 6% of all ESRD program expenditures). Blacks were less likely than whites to receive rHuEPO (odds ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.86 to 0.91). Home peritoneal and hemodialysis patients were less likely than in-center hemodialysis patients to receive rHuEPO (odds ratios, 0.17 and 0.22, respectively; 95% confidence intervals, 0.16 to 0.17 and 0.20 to 0.24, respectively). Use of rHuEPO varied across geographic regions. The odds of receiving rHuEPO were lower for patients of male vs female sex, of ages 35 through 64 years vs less than 35 years and greater than 65 years, with a longer history of ESRD, with polycystic kidney disease vs other causes of ESRD, and receiving care in nonprofit vs for-profit facilities. First-month hematocrits were slightly higher (1.2 percentage points) for patients starting rHuEPO in the 12th month than in the first month after FDA approval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With prompt insurance coverage, the majority of Medicare-entitled dialysis patients received rHuEPO following widespread availability. Factors that may not be related to clinical need (race, setting of care, and geography) possibly influenced early patient access. More attention should be paid to monitoring the appropriate use of high-cost biotechnologic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Powe
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Lissovoy
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Eggers
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Milam
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Whelton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D035082:Federal Government; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006400:Hematocrit; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018579:Patient Selection; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin