title: The hyperventilation provocation test in panic disorder.
abstract: Forty-eight patients with DSM-III-R Panic Disorder underwent a hyperventilation provocation Test (HVPT). Twenty-four patients rated the symptoms induced during the HVPT as similar to those occurring during panic attacks in daily life. Contrary to the classical hyperventilation model of panic, no differences were found in respiratory physiology between recognizers and non-recognizers before and during voluntary hyperventilation. Moreover, recognizers and non-recognizers reported comparable levels of panic and hyperventilation symptoms and state anxiety during panic attacks in daily life. Ten of the recognizers also had a panic attack during the HVPT, independent of any differential CO2 alterations. Compared to non-panickers, panickers obtained higher scores for agoraphobia and depression. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that recognizers or panickers do not show a tendency towards hyperventilation, but that reports of severe panic and hyperventilation symptoms are more closely related to the level of anxiety. These results are more consistent with the cognitive model of panic, which emphasizes the patient's tendency to interpret somatic symptoms catastrophically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, State University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spinhoven
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Onstein
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sterk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Le Haen-Versteijnen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide