title: Creatine and cyclocreatine effects on ischemic myocardium: 31P nuclear magnetic resonance evaluation of intact heart.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prior dietary supplementation with creatine (Cr) or cyclocreatine (Cy, a synthetic analogue of Cr) on high energy phosphate metabolism of the ischemic myocardium. To this end, 48 rats were fed the following powdered rat chow diet for 21 days: 16 were fed chow without additives (CON); 16 were fed a diet containing 1% Cr by weight (CR); 16 were fed a diet containing 1% Cy by weight (CY). At the end of the feeding period, rats were anesthetized, hearts harvested and perfused in the Langendorff mode using Krebs-Henseleit buffer (maintained at 37 degrees C, equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2) to which 11 mM glucose was added. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of myocardial bioenergetics were done using a Bruker AM 500 spectrometer. After acquisition of preischemic spectra, global ischemia was produced by clamping aortic inflow. Ischemia was maintained until adenosine triphosphate (ATP) became NMR invisible (CON = 34 +/- 11 min; CR = 32 +/- 13 min; CY = 56 +/- 13 min; p less than 0.05 CY vs. CR and CON). Half-lives of ATP were 19 min for CON and CR and 37.5 min for CY; half-lives of phosphagen were 4 min for CON and CR and 11 min for CY. Time for return of mechanical function (heart rate x systolic pressure) after ischemia was similar for all three groups (CON = 28 +/- 28, CR = 34 +/- 22, and CY = 22 +/- 15 min), even though the CY group was subjected to longer periods of ischemia). These data indicate that CY, but not CR, pretreatment provides myocardial protection either during and/or after ischemia and allows return of mechanical function after much longer episodes of ischemia than in CON and CR. One factor in the mechanism of protection may be the prolonged maintenance of phosphagen due to the higher equilibrium concentration of phosphocyclocreatine which in turn provides substrate for continued synthesis of ATP during and after ischemia, thus defining Cy as a bioenergetic protective agent. Other mechanisms of protection remain to be defined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osbakken
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ponomarenko
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ivanics
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Jahngen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohn
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003401:Creatine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010477:Perfusion; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D010725:Phosphocreatine; C012260:cyclocreatine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003404:Creatinine; D003401:Creatine