title: Injection pain, cardiovascular changes and recovery following induction of anaesthesia with propofol in combination with alfentanil or lignocaine in children.
abstract: The effect of pretreatment with alfentanil 10 (Alf10), 15 (Alf15) or 20 (Alf20) micrograms.kg-1 on reducing injection pain caused by propofol was compared with lignocaine 10 mg mixed with propofol (Lign). This double-blind, double-dummy and randomized study included 100 children with a mean age of 4.3 +/- 0.6 years, 25 children in each group, undergoing minor otolaryngological surgery. The children were premedicated orally with midazolam 0.5 mg.kg-1 and atropine 0.03 mg.kg-1. Injection pain occurred in 4% in the Lign group. The corresponding figures were 40, 16 and 20% in the Alf10, Alf15 and Alf20 groups, respectively. Both 1% lignocaine 10 mg and alfentanil 15 micrograms.kg-1 reduced injection pain significantly compared with alfentanil 10 micrograms.kg-1. Pretreatment with alfentanil significantly diminished haemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation. Furthermore, the concomitant use of alfentanil and propofol caused transient severe bradycardia and a significant decrease in heart rate after laryngoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Otolaryngological Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiller
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saarnivaara
mesh_terms: D015760:Alfentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015742:Propofol
chemical_list: D015760:Alfentanil; D008012:Lidocaine; D015742:Propofol