title: Kinetics of HIV-1 long terminal repeat trans-activation. Use of intragenic ribozyme to assess rate-limiting steps.
abstract: We have examined, using self-cleaving ribozymes, the intracellular trans-activation kinetics of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) by viral protein Tat. Experiments were designed to effect a competition (during RNA chain elongation) between cleavage of a nascent RNA containing the Tat-responsive target sequence (TAR) and Tat interaction with the same TAR in the process of LTR-trans-activation. We found that fast self-cleavage of nascent TAR-containing RNA abolished Tat trans-activation. Slowing the cleavage reaction kinetically rescued trans-activation. Based on our results, we conclude that the rate-limiting step in HIV-1 LTR trans-activation is the initial contact made between Tat/TAR/LTR rather than the promoter proximal pausing of RNA polymerases that are tethered to functional TAR.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Jeang
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berkhout
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000378:metabolism*; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat / Q000502:physiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D007700:Kinetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D015696:Gene Products, tat; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases