title: Noninvasive methods of rejection diagnosis after heart transplantation.
abstract: For clinical follow-up and prognosis in heart transplant patients, it is important to understand accurately the presence and extent of cardiac allograft rejection. Since the introduction of endomyocardial biopsy, almost 40 different noninvasive diagnostic procedures for the recognition of myocardial rejection have been proposed. However, endomyocardial biopsy is invasive and not suitable for frequent monitoring. If the pattern of rejection shows a focal distribution, false-negative results can be expected. Discrepancies between biopsy findings and allograft function are obviously possible. State-of-the-art information will be given on the most reliable noninvasive methods for rejection diagnosis, which can be differentiated from electrophysiology (fast-Fourier-transformed electrocardiography and intramyocardial electrocardiography), echocardiography, immunologic methods (cytoimmunologic monitoring, transferrin receptors, and interleukin-2 receptors), various biochemical markers (neopterines, prolactin, urinary polyamines, and beta 2-microglobulins), radioisotopic techniques (antimyosin-monoclonal antibodies, thallium, technetium, and gallium scintigraphy and indium-labeled cells), as well as magnetic resonance imaging. Thus modified and patient-adapted antirejection therapy can be provided if the decision for or against antirejection therapy is not based on biopsy findings alone but rather is confirmed along with histologic, electrophysiologic, biochemical, immunologic, and functional parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Munich-Grosshadern, Germany.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kemkes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schütz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Brandl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breuer
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006084:Graft Rejection; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic