title: Cytokine gene expression in rejecting cardiac allografts.
abstract: Heart transplantation is now a viable therapeutic option for patients with certain end-stage cardiac diseases. However, episodes of rejection, opportunistic infection, and life-threatening side effects of generalized immunosuppression remain very real problems for these patients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying rejection may provide the basis for the development of more specific, less toxic immunosuppressive therapies. While cytokines have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of rejection, the precise role of each cytokine in this process has yet to be defined. We report here the application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to the detection of cytokine mRNA in biopsies obtained from heterotopic abdominal cardiac allografts in cynomolgus monkeys. With the exception of IL-6 and IL-8, cytokine transcripts were undetectable in samples obtained from the donor heart pretransplant. In contrast, IFN-gamma transcripts were detected in all transplants two days after surgery before evidence of rejection was demonstrable by histopathologic analysis. IL-1 beta, IL-2, and IL-6 transcripts were detected when minimal rejection was noted. At later times, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-beta, and IFN-gamma transcripts were detectable. Further characterization of the spectrum of cytokines expressed at various stages of rejection may lead to insights into the biology of transplant rejection and to the development of more specific and potent reagents to diagnose and/or treat rejection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, California 94305.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lovett
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong-Lee
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Goralski
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Billingham
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Starnes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clayberger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006084:Graft Rejection; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007371:Interferon-gamma