title: Autonomic nervous system regulation of baseline heart rate in the fetal lamb.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined 29 chronically instrumented fetal lambs from 125 to 143 days' gestation to investigate the effects of fetal behavioral states and autonomic nervous system maturation on baseline fetal heart rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Behavioral states were defined from electrocorticographic analysis as low-voltage fast activity or high-voltage slow activity. Decrease and increase in baseline fetal heart rate subsequent to administration of propranolol and methylatropine represented beta-sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline fetal heart rate decreased with gestation in both states, with steeper regression in low-voltage fast activity (p less than 0.001). Positive correlation was noted between gestational age and percent decrease baseline fetal heart rate in both states with steeper regression in high-voltage slow activity (p less than 0.001), and between gestational age and percent increase baseline fetal heart rate with steeper regression in low-voltage fast activity (p less than 0.001). Fetal heart rate beta-sympathetic and parasympathetic tones increased with age in both states, with elevation of beta-sympathetic tone in high-voltage slow activity and parasympathetic tone in low-voltage fast activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems influence baseline fetal heart rate in these behavioral states and with age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine 92613-1491.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wakatsuki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Masaoka
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tyner
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kutty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001286:Atropine Derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000196:embryology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012756:Sheep / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D001286:Atropine Derivatives; D010276:Parasympatholytics; C006649:methylatropine