title: Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extent to which polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages contribute to the pathobiology of cerebral ischemia and stroke is an issue of long-standing contradiction and controversy. Recent developments in the ability to selectively modify leukocyte adhesion with antiadhesion antibodies and the potential clinical application of this therapeutic approach have spurred a resurgence of experimental studies examining the role of leukocytes in cerebral ischemia and stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We review studies examining leukocyte accumulation, initiation of thrombosis, and exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in stroke, and we examine other proposed contributions of leukocytes to cerebrovascular pathophysiology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The importance of specific characteristics of a given ischemia model and of underlying stroke risk factors in determining the degree of leukocyte involvement and effectiveness of therapies directed against these cells is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pa.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kochanek
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hallenbeck
mesh_terms: D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002465:Cell Movement; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology