title: Normal fetal Doppler inferior vena cava, transtricuspid, and umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms between 11 and 16 weeks' gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objectives were to determine flow velocity waveform patterns in the fetal inferior vena cava and to relate these waveforms to transtricuspid and umbilical artery waveforms and fetal heart rate in early gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Doppler waveforms were recorded in 40 normal fetuses at 11 to 16 weeks of gestation. Only transvaginal scanning was carried out at 11 to 12 weeks and only transabdominal scanning was used at 15 to 16 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ratio of time velocity integrals of flow from the inferior vena cava during systole and early diastole, the percentage of reverse flow in this vessel, the pulsatility index from the umbilical artery, and the fetal heart rate were negatively correlated with gestational age. Peak E-wave and A-wave velocities and E/A ratios from the transtricuspid waveforms were positively correlated with gestational age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early normal pregnancies are associated with remarkable changes in fetal flow velocity waveforms at both the cardiac and the extracardiac level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt, Erasmus University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wladimiroff
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Huisman
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stijnen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000196:embryology*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000196:embryology*