Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and congenital defects.
We analyzed data from a survey of occupational and other factors and pregnancy outcome to assess the effects of cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption. There was no evidence of an association between any congenital defect and smoking. Results for alcohol and coffee consumption were largely negative, but there was a weak association with musculoskeletal defects in babies born to women who drank one or more alcoholic drinks a day.
McDonald
A D
AD
School of Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Armstrong
B G
BG
Sloan
M
M
D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015984:Causality; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology
D003069:Coffee