title: Pressure-driven hemorrhage: a new experimental design for the study of crystalloid and small-volume hypertonic resuscitation in anesthetized dogs.
abstract: Fifty pentobarbital anesthetized dogs were subjected to pressure driven hemorrhage (PDH) in which (a) an initial bleeding rate (25 ml/min) was set, and (b) reset min-to-min in proportion to prevailing mean arterial pressure (MAP). When blood loss reached 40 ml/kg, experimental time was set to zero and dogs were divided into five groups: (1) CTR (untreated controls); (2) HSD (NaCl 7.5%-Dextran70 6%, 6 ml/kg, at zero time); (3) LR (lactated Ringers, 25 ml/min from 0-60 min); (4) HSD-LR (combines HSD and LR); (5) DBL-HSD-LR (as HSD-LR, plus second HSD injection, 4 ml/kg, at 30 min). PDH was continued throughout the postresuscitation period. CTR dogs bled 55.5 +/- 2.1 ml/kg and survived to 34.7 +/- 5.0 min postzero; HSD dogs bled 78.6 +/- 2.0 ml/kg, and survived to 51.2 +/- 2.9 min with transient recovery of MAP, cardiac output (CO), and O2 availability (O2A); LR dogs bled 94.5 +/- 3.4 ml/kg and survived for over 60 min, with sustained, partial recovery of MAP, CO, and O2A. HSD-LR dogs bled 111.5 +/- 3.7 ml/kg and survived for over 60 min with improved hemodynamic and metabolic response. In DBL-HSD-LR dogs, the second HSD produced higher MAP, CO, and O2A, but hematocrit was lowered to a critical level. Thus, standard LR resuscitation is effective in PDH, in spite of increased blood loss; a single HSD lengthens survival when used alone and improves recovery when added to LR.
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prist
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocha e Silva
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Loureiro
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003102:Colloids; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic