title: Radiation burdens for humans on prolonged exomagnetospheric voyages.
abstract: The severity of radiation exposure for astronauts outside the magnetosphere poses a critical unanswered question bearing on the use of manned vehicles in extended exploration of the solar system (moon, Mars). Such prolonged exomagnetospheric voyages (1-3 years) enter a radiologic environment more severe than that of low earth orbit, an annual dose equivalent in the range of 0.3-0.5 Sv (30-50 rem), and a lifetime excess cancer fatality risk of 3-5% due to low linear-energy-transfer components of galactic cosmic radiation alone. To this calculus must be added estimates for high-atomic-number, high-energy particles, the probability of solar particle events, and the limited effectiveness of shielding. For a 3-year Mars voyage these could elevate the dose equivalent to 1.5-2.25 Sv (150-225 rem) total (0.5-0.75 Sv [50-75 rem] annual) and risks to 5-9% excess cancer fatality. Both the mission (civilian scientific research) and the alternatives (unmanned robotic devices) enter the policy decision here. This paper presents a brief review of pertinent physical and biological data and of research urgently needed before reaching a decision on this question.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D001822:Body Burden; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012307:Risk Factors; D013026:Space Flight