title: A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for sex and species determination with novel controls for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) template length.
abstract: Human X and Y chromosome alpha-satellite sequences lying within higher order repeats were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated from blood, bone, and several other tissues and specimens of potential forensic science interest. X and Y sequences could be coamplified under some of the PCR conditions employed. Monomorphic sequences in the 3'-apolipoprotein B gene (designated "H") and in an alpha-satellite higher order repeat on Chromosome 17 (p17H8, D17Z1) were likewise amplified in the specimens. X and Y sequence amplification can provide information about the sex of origin. Amplification of the X, H, and D17Z1 sequences was found to be primate-specific among the common animals tested and can thus provide species of origin information about a specimen. The authors suggest that amplification of X and D17Z1 or H sequences might provide "relaxed" and "stringent" controls for appropriate PCR amplification tests on forensic science specimens. Testing was carried out using PCR protocols that employed Thermophilus aquaticus (Taq) and Thermus flavis (Replinase) thermostable DNA polymerases.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Sciences Program and Laboratories, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gaensslen
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Berka
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Pagliaro
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics*; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000737:chemistry*; D014998:Y Chromosome / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA