title: Atenolol compared with nifedipine: effect on cognitive function and mood in elderly hypertensive patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of atenolol and nifedipine on mood and cognitive function in elderly hypertensive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, crossover trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one elderly volunteers (7 women and 4 men) 60 to 81 years of age with mild to moderate hypertension were recruited from the general community and a Veterans Affairs hospital hypertension clinic. Six volunteers withdrew at early phases of the study for reasons unrelated to adverse drug effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants had 2 weeks of placebo, to 6 weeks of titration with atenolol or nifedipine, and weeks of treatment followed by similar periods with the other drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychometric tests designed to assess mood and cognitive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the group first treated with nifedipine, the summed recall score on the Buschke selective reminding test (a test of verbal learning and memory) decreased by 9.3 words (95% CI, 2.8 to 15.6 words), or 0%, during nifedipine treatment compared with placebo (P = 0.031). The group first treated with atenolol showed no improvement in summed recall scores when results seen during atenolol therapy and placebo administration were compared (P = 0.10); however, this group had an improvement of 16.1 words (CI, 5.6 to 26.5 words), or of 16%, when the atenolol score was compared with the nifedipine score (P = 0.026). In the group first treated with nifedipine, 6 of 11 patients 55%) showed a decrease of 5 words or more during nifedipine therapy compared with placebo, whereas only 1 of the 14 patients (7%) in the group first treated with atenolol showed a similar decrease (P less than 0.01). On the digit symbol test (a psychomotor test), patients treated first with atenolol tended to improve, whereas patients treated first with nifedipine tended to decline. The difference between nifedipine and atenolol, in terms of the change from the score seen during placebo, was 4.3 codings (CI, 0.7 to 7.9 codings) or 10% (P = 0.043). No statistically significant differences were seen between nifedipine and atenolol therapy regarding the other measures of psychomotor ability, sustained attention, motor performance, verbal fluency, or abstract reasoning, and no effects of either drug on mood or psychopathologic symptoms were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although atenolol and nifedipine are generally free of gross effects on cognition or mood, nifedipine may subtly impair learning and memory in some elderly hypertensive patients.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Medical Center, California.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Futterman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morrissette
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Blaschke
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001262:Atenolol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D001262:Atenolol; D009543:Nifedipine