title: The effect of psychological strategies upon cardiorespiratory and muscular activity during treadmill running.
abstract: Twelve aerobically trained males (age 22 +/- 1.3 yr, range 18-31) were studied to determine the effects of VE and EMG feedback upon cardiorespiratory and muscular activity during one segment of a continuous 36-min bout of treadmill running just below ventilatory threshold (VT). Ventilatory, metabolic, cardiovascular, RPE, and EMG variables recorded during a 12-min feedback segment were compared with those observed during 12-min attentional distraction and control conditions. The three treatments were counterbalanced. Mean VO2 (2987 ml.min-1) remained constant across the three periods as did VCO2 (3102 ml.min-1), HR (168 bpm), RQ (0.95), and O2 pulse (18.5 ml.beat-1). However, VE was significantly reduced during feedback (Fb) as compared with both the distraction (D) and control (C) conditions (mean +/- SE: 83.2 +/- 3.6 vs 86.6 +/- 4.2 and 87.8 +/- 4.2 l.min-1, respectively). This effect was marked by a reduction in respiratory rate (RR) (41.1 +/- 2.1 vs 44.5 +/- 1.9 and 46.8 +/- 1.9 breaths.min-1 for Fb, D, and C, respectively) and an increase in tidal volume (TV) (2115 +/- 144 vs 1904 +/- 110 and 2020 +/- 102 ml.breath-1 for Fb, D, and C, respectively). These changes resulted in significant reductions in VE/VO2 (26.5 +/- 0.7 vs 28.9 +/- 1.0 and 28.3 +/- 0.9 ratio magnitudes), VE/VO2 (28.1 +/- 0.8 vs 30.2 +/- 1.0 and 29.7 +/- 1.0 ratio magnitudes), and PETO2 (105.5 +/- 1.0 vs 108.4 +/- 1.1 and 107.6 +/- 1.2 mm Hg) during Fb as compared with D and C, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hatfield
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Spalding
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mahon
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition; D004576:Electromyography; D005080:Exercise Test; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012119:Respiration; D012420:Running / Q000523:psychology; D013990:Tidal Volume