title: Secondary craniomaxillofacial deformities. Current principles of management.
abstract: This article focuses on secondary reconstruction of naso-orbital frontal injuries. Pertinent clinical anatomy, physical examination/documentation, and radiographic imaging are examined first. Pretreatment planning, operative exposures, and case examples are discussed in the second part of the article.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hardesty
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Coffey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D010781:Photography; D010808:Physical Examination; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed