title: Correlates of persistent depressive symptoms in widows.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delineation of factors that predict depressive symptom severity 6 or more months after the loss of a spouse may help identify individuals at risk for persistent depressive symptoms. In this study, sociodemographic and clinical correlates of depressive symptom severity were examined among widows 6 to 16 months after the deaths of their husbands.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 50 subjects were identified from the Allegheny County, Penn., death records and were interviewed by telephone. The authors examined the relationship of depressive symptoms to sociodemographic variables, perceptions of sex role and quality of social supports, level of support sought for bereavement, and premorbid personal and family psychiatric history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Widows with persistent depressive symptoms were less likely to have worked outside the home, had less favorable perceptions of their interpersonal support systems, were more likely to have had previous psychiatric disorders, and were likely to have sought professional help in response to their bereavement. In a multivariate model, only premorbid psychiatric history and the perception of interpersonal support system made independent contributions to the prediction of Beck Depression Inventory scores above the normal range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest several factors that may identify women at risk of protracted psychiatric morbidity after their husbands' deaths. They also suggest that the persistence of depressive symptoms an average of 1 year after the loss of a spouse may reflect a pathological condition rather than normal grieving.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Health Services, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Nuss
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Zubenko
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012847:Single Person / Q000523:psychology*; D012938:Social Perception; D012944:Social Support