New inhibitors of sepiapterin reductase. Lack of an effect of intracellular tetrahydrobiopterin depletion upon in vitro proliferation of two human cell lines.
N-Acetylserotonin (compound 1) and N-acetyldopamine (compound 7) inhibit bovine adrenal medullary sepiapterin reductase in a manner competitive with the pterin substrate and have Ki values of 0.12 and 0.4 microM, respectively. Molecular modeling suggests that the phenyl rings of the two compounds bind in the pyrimidine pocket of the enzyme with the 3-hydroxyl of dopamine or the 5-hydroxyl of serotonin aligned at the pyrimidine 4-position. Further, the acetyl moieties of the two inhibitors appear to mimic the substrate side chain. Consistent with this analysis, N-acetyl-m-tyramine (compound 13) is also an excellent competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.13 microM), whereas N-acetyltryptamine (compound 2), N-acetyl-p-tyramine (compound 14) and N-acetylphenylethylamine (compound 15) all bind poorly. Interestingly, restricted-rotation analogs of N-acetyldopamine and N-acetyl-m-tyramine are noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme. Modification of N-acetyldopamine to N-chloroacetyldopamine (compound 10) or of N-acetylserotonin to the N-chloroacetyl (5) or N-methoxyacetyl (compound 6) analogs results in greatly increased competitive affinity, with Ki = 0.014 microM for the dopamine analog and 0.006 and 0.008 microM, respectively, for the serotonin analogs. In MOLT-4 T-cell leukemia and MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma in culture, 0.1 mM N-methoxyacetylserotonin depleted tetrahydrobiopterin by greater than or equal to 97 and greater than 50%, respectively, with no effect upon cell growth. In both cell lines, the GTP cyclohydrolase inhibitor, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine at 1-5 mM also depleted tetrahydrobiopterin greater than or equal to 97%. In this case, however, modest growth inhibition did occur. Since the growth inhibition could not be reversed upon tetrahydrobiopterin repletion, inhibition was due to other effects of the inhibitor rather than to tetrahydrobiopterin depletion. The results show that there is no effect on cell growth when at least 97% of the tetrahydrobiopterin in these cell lines is depleted. Since the sepiapterin reductase inhibitor depleted tetrahydrobiopterin with fewer nonspecific effects than the cyclohydrolase inhibitor, it will be useful for determining metabolic effects of tetrahydrobiopterin depletion.
Smith
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Division of Cell Biology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
Duch
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Edelstein
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Bigham
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D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011621:Pteridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011622:Pterins; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D011621:Pteridines; D011622:Pterins; D011743:Pyrimidines; D001708:Biopterins; D012701:Serotonin; C016727:sepiapterin; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C022630:sepiapterin reductase; C003402:sapropterin