title: Living arrangements and survival among middle-aged and older adults in the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is concern about but little information on how living alone affects the health and survival of older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between living arrangements (living alone, with a spouse, or with someone other than a spouse) and survival among 7651 adults, aged 45 to 74 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) (1971-1975) and traced at the NHANES I Follow-up Study (1982-1984), to see whether certain sociodemographic factors (race, education, income, and employment), health behaviors (alcohol, smoking, physical activity, and obesity), or chronic medical conditions were influential in the association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a stronger association of living arrangements with survival for men than for women, and for middle-aged men than for older men. For men, those living alone and those living with someone other than a spouse were equally disadvantaged in terms of survival. Income, race, employment, and physical activity influenced the association of living arrangements and survival, but their impact varied by age, gender, and living arrangement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Living arrangements had a weak impact on survival among men, but had no effect among women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0560.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Segal
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D012737:Sex Factors; D012847:Single Person / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology