title: Biphasic production of IL-8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human whole blood. Separation of LPS- and cytokine-stimulated components using anti-tumor necrosis factor and anti-IL-1 antibodies.
abstract: TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 are integral components of the cytokine cascade released in the response to inflammatory stimuli such as LPS. IL-8 is produced both in response to LPS as well as TNF and IL-1. The early, local production of TNF and IL-1 may therefore contribute to the subsequent expression of IL-8. This hypothesis was tested using LPS-stimulated human whole blood as an ex vivo model of local cytokine production. The production of TNF, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8 was found to be responsive to a wide range of LPS concentrations (0.1 ng/ml-10 micrograms/ml). These cytokines were first detected between 1 to 4 h post-LPS stimulation, and reached plateau levels after 6 to 12 h. IL-8, however, also displayed a secondary wave of production, with the levels again increasing between 12 to 24 h. The IL-8 present in the plasma after LPS stimulation was biologically active, as assessed by neutrophil chemotaxis. In further studies, addition of anti-TNF and anti-IL-1 neutralizing antibodies, alone and in combination, to LPS-stimulated blood resulted in nearly complete ablation of the secondary phase of IL-8 synthesis at both the levels of protein and mRNA, while leaving the first, LPS-mediated phase of IL-8 synthesis unaffected. This model of cytokine production in human whole blood may reflect the sequence of events in a localized environment of inflammation where both a primary stimulus and the induced early cytokine mediators may serve to elicit multiple, temporally distinct phases of IL-8 production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0602.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: DeForge
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Remick
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha