title: Effects of offering advance directives on medical treatments and costs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of advance directives on medical treatments and on patient satisfaction and well-being and to determine whether the enhancement of patient autonomy through advance directives provides a more ethically feasible approach to cost control than does the imposition of limits through rationing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University and Veterans Affairs medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and four patients with life-threatening illnesses, 100 of whom died after enrollment in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients randomly assigned to the experimental group were offered the California Durable Power of Attorney (a typical proxy-instruction directive), and patients assigned to the control group were not offered the advance directive. Hospital admissions were monitored to assure that a summary of the document was present in the active medical record at each hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive function, patient satisfaction, psychological well-being, health locus of control, sense of coherence, health-related quality of life, receipt of medical treatments, and medical treatment charges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found between advance-directive and control groups regarding psychosocial variables, health outcome variables, and medical treatments or charges. Patients offered an advance directive had an average hospital stay of 40.8 days (95% CI, 32.2 to 49.4 days), compared with an average of 33.1 days (95% CI, 26.0 to 40.2 days) for controls. Patients offered an advance directive were charged an average of $19,502 (95% CI, $13,030 to $25,974) for medical treatments in the last month of life compared with $19,700 (95% CI, $13,704 to $25,696) for controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite claims that public demand for longer life accounts for rising medical costs, most surveys suggest that patients are calling for less, not more, of the expensive, high-technology treatment often used in terminal phases of illness. Executing the California Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care and having a summary copy placed in the patient's medical record had no significant positive or negative effect on a patient's well-being, health status, medical treatments, or medical treatment charges.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Schneiderman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kronick
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology; D002140:California; D035061:Control Groups; D003363:Cost Control / Q000379:methods; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D040841:Resource Allocation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D028761:Withholding Treatment