title: The effect of 30% nitrous oxide on thermoregulatory responses in humans during hypothermia.
abstract: Clinical studies have reported that body core temperature decreases during prolonged surgery and anesthesia. Although this finding has been attributed primarily to increased heat loss resulting from exposure of body cavities and infusion of cold solutions, it is generally recognized that anesthesia interferes with the thermoregulatory system. The present study examined the effects of mild narcosis induced by 30% N2O on shivering thermogenesis and cutaneous thermoregulatory vasoconstriction in humans, during exposure in a much more intense peripheral thermal stimulus than the ones often used in clinical studies. Nine male subjects were immersed in 15 degrees C water on two separate occasions. During one occasion subjects inspired air (control condition), and during the other occasion the inspired gas mixture contained 20% O2, 30% N2O, and 50% N2 (N2O condition). On both occasions, subjects were immersed to the neck for 60 min, or until their core temperature decreased by 2 degrees C from the preimmersion value. Following the cooling phase, subjects rewarmed via endogenous thermogenesis while lying in a well-insulated bed for 48 min. In the N2O condition, subjects continued to inspire the anesthetic gas mixture during the 48-min period of recovery. O2 uptake (VO2), esophageal temperature (Tes), mean skin temperature (Tsk), mean heat flux (Q) and forearm-fingertip temperature gradient (Tsk-gr) were recorded at 1-min intervals. Tsk and Q in both conditions stabilized within 10 and 25 min of immersion, respectively, and were not significantly different between the two conditions. The cooling rate of Tes was greater during the N2O than the control condition. VO2 increased during the immersion in both conditions and was greater in the control than in the N2O condition. In both conditions, VO2 increased linearly with decreasing Tes, but at any given Tes, VO2 was higher in the control than in the N2O condition. No significant difference was observed in cutaneous thermoregulatory vasoconstriction between the two experimental conditions, as indicated by the Tsk-gr values. The estimated Tes threshold for shivering (estimated from the O2 consumption vs. delta Tes regression) was reduced by 0.95 +/- 0.26 (SE) degrees C during the immersion phase and by 0.39 +/- 0.05 (SE) degrees C during the rewarming phase in the N2O condition compared to the control conditions. Although the thermosensitivity (gain) of shivering appeared preserved during the immersion phase, it was reduced during the N2O rewarming phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Passias
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Mekjavić
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Eiken
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D012768:Shivering; D012881:Skin Temperature
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009609:Nitrous Oxide