title: Prediction of the site and severity of obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by color flow mapping and continuous wave Doppler echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether the site and severity of an obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be accurately predicted by the combined use of color-coded and continuous wave Doppler echocardiography.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Predicting the site of obstruction by end-systolic cavity shape is not reliable. Therefore, hemodynamic localization of the obstruction is required before surgery is performed. Such localization should be possible with color flow imaging, which provides two-dimensional velocity mapping reflecting the distribution of pressures within the left ventricle. Discrepancies in assessment of the pressure gradient by Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterization (which are usually not performed simultaneously) may be due to spontaneous variation of the dynamic obstruction in addition to technical factors related to both methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consecutive patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were examined 1 day before transseptal left heart catheterization. The obstruction site was defined by color flow mapping. The pressure gradient was determined by continuous wave Doppler echocardiography. Measurements were also performed simultaneously in 10 patients during cardiac catheterization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Midventricular obstruction was correctly identified in 4 patients and subvalvular obstruction in 15 patients. One patient had no obstruction at rest. Invasively and noninvasively determined pressure gradients correlated well (r = 0.89, SEE = 16.3 mm Hg). Multiple single-beat analysis in 10 patients, also simultaneously examined with Doppler echocardiography and catheterization, yielded an excellent correlation (r = 0.97, SEE = 13.1 mm Hg). Comparing the simultaneous (r = 0.96, SEE = 12.5 mm Hg) and nonsimultaneous (r = 0.81, SEE = 23.8 mm Hg) recordings in these patients, we found that the spontaneous variation of the dynamic obstruction mainly accounted for discrepancies (p less than 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined use of color-coded and continuous wave Doppler echocardiography provides the relevant hemodynamic information required for decision-making in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who are considered for transaortic myectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schwammenthal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwartzkopff
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lösse
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borggrefe
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bircks
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breithardt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies