title: Body fatness and risk for elevated blood pressure, total cholesterol, and serum lipoprotein ratios in children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have shown considerable variation in body fatness among children and adolescents defined as obese by a percentile rank for skinfold thickness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the relationship between percent body fat and risk for elevated blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and serum lipoprotein ratios in a biracial sample of 3320 children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years. Equations developed specifically for children using the sum of subscapular (S) and triceps (T) skinfolds were used to estimate percent fat. The S/T ratio provided an index of trunkal fat patterning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant overrepresentation (greater than 20%) of the uppermost quintile (UQ) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors was evident at or above 25% fat in males (32.2% to 37.3% in UQ) and at or above 30% fat in females (26.6% to 45.4% in UQ), even after adjusting for age, race, fasting status, and trunkal fat patterning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the concept of body fatness standards in White and Black children and adolescents as significant predictors of CVD risk factors. Potential applications of these obesity standards include epidemiologic surveys, pediatric health screenings, and youth fitness tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Going
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Lohman
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Harsha
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Berenson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044383:Black People; D001823:Body Composition; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006951:Hyperlipoproteinemias / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American