title: Effects of lidocaine on relation between defibrillation threshold and upper limit of vulnerability in open-chest dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the present study was to test the effects of lidocaine on the relation between the defibrillation threshold and the upper limit of vulnerability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The shock strength associated with a 50% probability of successful defibrillation (DFT50) and the shock strength associated with a 50% probability of reaching the upper limit of vulnerability (ULV50) were determined in 11 open-chest dogs by using the delayed up-down method before and during lidocaine (seven dogs) or normal saline (four dogs) infusion. The ventricles were paced at a cycle length of 300 msec. Shocks of various strengths were then given via a patch-patch electrode configuration on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the ventricle to determine the ULV50. Once ventricular fibrillation was induced, shocks were given 15-20 seconds later via the same electrode configuration to determine the DFT50. Lidocaine infusion resulted in a serum level of 15 +/- 4 micrograms/ml. This was associated with a lengthening of the QT interval but not with the widening of the QRS complex. In all dogs, both the ULV50 and the DFT50 increased significantly when tested during lidocaine infusion. Mean ULV50 during lidocaine infusion was 496 +/- 70 V or 13.1 +/- 4.3 J, which were significantly higher than the baseline values of 333 +/- 67 V or 5.3 +/- 2.2 J (p less than 0.001 for both voltage and energy). Mean DFT50 during lidocaine infusion was 407 +/- 41 V or 8.7 +/- 1.7 J, which were significantly higher than the baseline values of 300 +/- 38 V and 4.4 +/- 1.1 J (p = 0.004 for voltage and p = 0.013 for energy). The r values between the ULV50 and the DFT50 were 0.79 (p = 0.037) for voltage and 0.80 (p = 0.030) for energy at baseline and 0.85 (p = 0.016) for voltage and 0.88 (p = 0.009) for energy during the lidocaine infusion. However, the increments of the ULV50 (163 +/- 88 V or 7.8 +/- 4.6 J) were significantly greater than the increments of the DFT50 (107 +/- 51 V or 4.4 +/- 1.9 J, p = 0.035 for voltage and p = 0.023 for energy). Normal saline infusion did not alter DFT50 or ULV50.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lidocaine infusion significantly increases both ULV50 and DFT50. These results are compatible with the upper limit of vulnerability hypothesis of defibrillation. However, the greater increase of the upper limit of vulnerability than the defibrillation threshold with lidocaine infusion indicates that other factors may also need to be considered to explain the results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center 92103-8411.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Topham
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004285:Dogs; D004554:Electric Countershock; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine