title: Isolation, characterization and properties of the oversulphated chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan from squid skin with peculiar glycosaminoglycan sulphation pattern.
abstract: Oversulphated chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan from squid skin was isolated from 4 M guanidine hydrochloride extract by ion-exchange chromatography, gel chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. The proteoglycan had Mr 3.5 x 10(5), contained on average six oversulphated chondroitin sulphate chains (Mr 4 x 10(4)) bound on a polypeptide of Mr 2.8 x 10(4), and oligosaccharides consisting of both hexosamines, glucuronic acid, sulphates and fucose as the only neutral monosaccharide. The major amino acids of the proteoglycan protein core are glycine (corresponding to about one third of the total amino acids), aspartic acid/asparagine and serine, together amounting to 50% of the total. The proteoglycan was resistant to the proteolytic enzymes V8 protease, trypsin (treated with diphenylcarbamoyl chloride), alpha-chymotrypsin and pronase, while it was completely degraded by papain and to a large extent by collagenase. Pretreated proteoglycan with chondroitinase AC was degraded by pronase to a large extent and slightly by V8 protease and trypsin. The proteoglycan did not interact with hyaluronic acid and did not form self-aggregates. Oversulphated chondroitin sulphate chains were composed of unusual sulphated disaccharide units which were isolated and characterized by HPLC. In particular, it contained 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(alpha-L-threo-4-enopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose 4-sulphate (delta di-4S) and disulphated disaccharides (delta di-diS) [90% 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(alpha-L-threo-4-enopyranosyluronic acid 2/3-sulphate)-D-galactose 6-sulphate (delta di-diSD) and 10% 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(alpha-L-threo-4-enopyranosyluronic acid 2/3-sulphate)-D-galactose 4-sulphate (delta di-diSK)] as the major disaccharides, significant amounts of trisulphated disaccharides (delta di-triS) and small amounts of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(alpha-L-threo-4-enopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose 6-sulphate (delta di-6S) and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(alpha-L-threo-4-enopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose (delta di-OS). Trisulphated disaccharides contained sulphate groups at C-4 and C-6 of the galactosamine and at C-2 or C-3 of the glucuronic acid. By HPLC analysis of a pure preparation of oversulphated chondroitin sulphate, it was found that it contains glucose, galactose, mannose and fucose most likely as branches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Karamanos
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Aletras
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsegenidis
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Tsiganos
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Antonopoulos
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000378:metabolism; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D049832:Decapodiformes; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D013464:Sulfuric Acids