title: Early single-stage repair of complex craniofacial trauma.
abstract: The traditional surgical management of complex craniofacial injuries is performed in three stages: immediate craniotomy, orbitofacial repair in 7 to 10 days, and cranioplasty delayed 6 to 12 months because of the perceived risks of infection and prolonged anesthesia in the head-injured patient. Cosmetic considerations have always played a secondary role; however, there are reports that suggest that bone fragments and grafts can be safely placed even in contaminated wounds. In addition, advances in neuroanesthetic technique allow for prolonged administration of anesthesia without untoward effects on the patient. The purpose of this prospective study was to determine if early single-stage repair of complex craniofacial injuries could be accomplished with acceptable morbidity and mortality. In this study, 13 patients (9 men, 4 women) ranging in age from 3 to 53 years, with Glascow Coma Scale scores of 10 to 15, all had a combined single-stage repair of their complex craniofacial injuries within 24 hours of their trauma. After initial assessment and resuscitation, all patients were evaluated with computerized tomography of the face and head before surgery. Bicoronal skin flaps were used for maximum exposure for frontal sinus exenteration as well as dural repair, cortical debridement, and calvarial reconstruction. Dural grafts were necessary in 12 of 13 patients (92%), and supplementary bone grafting was required in 9 of 13 patients (69%), of which 3 of the 9 (33%) had iliac bone grafts, where split calvarial grafts were used in the other 6 of 9 (67%). No artificial cranioplasty material was used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Benzil
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robotti
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Dagi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bevivino
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Knuckey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003646:Debridement; D004954:Esthetics; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome