title: Progression to AIDS in HIV-infected homosexual and bisexual men with hairy leukoplakia and oral candidiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess the significance of HIV-related oral lesions in predicting the rate of progression to AIDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohorts were investigated prospectively, and oral examinations were performed by clinicians trained in the diagnosis of oral lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied three existing cohorts of homosexual and bisexual men in San Francisco, California, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the HIV-infected men who received standardized oral examinations (n = 791), 603 were eligible for analysis of baseline examinations and 448 for analysis of follow-up examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined time from presence of oral lesion at baseline or follow-up examination, or from participant self-reported history of the lesion, to diagnosis of AIDS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using proportional hazard regression and stratifying by CD4 lymphocyte count at the time of baseline oral examination, we found that the rate of development of AIDS was increased among men with hairy leukoplakia [relative hazard, 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-2.7], oral candidiasis (relative hazard, 7.3; 95% CI, 3.1-17.3), and both lesions (relative hazard, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.6-6.1) compared with men with normal findings. On follow-up examination, stratifying for CD4 count, the rate of progression to AIDS was similar for those with hairy leukoplakia compared with those with oral candidiasis. The progression rate from oral candidiasis to AIDS was faster from presence on baseline examination than from presence on follow-up examination or from self-reported history of the lesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of oral candidiasis and/or hairy leukoplakia on baseline examination confers independent prognostic information and should be incorporated into HIV-staging schemes.
authors.affiliation: Oral AIDS Center, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94143-0512.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenspan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westenhouse
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hessol
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Buchbinder
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lifson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiboski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samuel
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000328:Adult; D001727:Bisexuality; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006716:Homosexuality; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D007971:Leukoplakia / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies