title: Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses in the medical literature. Are the methods being used correctly?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether published cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses have adhered to basic analytic principles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured methodologic review of published articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven articles published either from 1978 to 1980 or from 1985 to 1987 in general medical, general surgical, and medical subspecialty journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were reviewed to assess the use and reporting of six fundamental principles of analysis. These principles were derived by reviewing widely cited textbooks and articles describing the methods for performing economic analyses and by selecting the methods universally recommended.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall performance was only fair. Three articles adhered to all six principles, and the median number of principles to which articles adhered was three. Among the problems noted were failure to make underlying assumptions explicit and, therefore, verifiable, and failure to test assumptions with sensitivity analyses. No improvement in performance was observed between 1978 and 1987. Articles in general medical journals, however, were more likely to use analytic methods appropriately than articles in the general surgical or medical subspecialty literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater attention should be devoted to ensuring the appropriate use of analytic methods for economic analyses, and readers should make note of the methods used when interpreting the results of economic analyses.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Udvarhelyi
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D016239:MEDLINE; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D012107:Research Design