title: Greenfield filter instead of heparin as primary treatment for deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer.
abstract: METHODS
  During the last 5 years, the authors placed Greenfield filters as primary therapy in 41 patients with cancer with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) instead of administering heparin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no operative deaths. Complications included erythema of the incision in one patient, recurrent PE in one patient, and chronic filter prong penetration of the inferior vena caval wall in one patient. Follow-up was complete for 90% (37 of 41) of the patients. Forty-six percent of the patients died of their cancer early in the study. In follow-up, leg swelling improved completely or partially in 74.5% of patients and was unchanged in 22% of patients. The condition of one patient worsened secondary to recurrent DVT. The patients with improved symptoms also had improved functional ability, whereas those whose condition did not change were mostly bedridden, many with end-stage advanced metastatic disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that Greenfield filter insertion is safe and effective as primary therapy in patients with cancer with DVT and/or PE.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery and Medical Oncology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11042.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Citron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D016306:Vena Cava Filters
chemical_list: D006493:Heparin