title: The effect of spinal manipulation on pain and prostaglandin levels in women with primary dysmenorrhea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objectives of this study were to compare the effect of spinal manipulation vs. sham manipulation on a) circulating plasma levels of the prostaglandin F2a metabolite, 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin (KDPGF2a), b) perceived abdominal and back pain and c) perceived menstrual distress in women with primary dysmenorrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized clinical pilot study investigated the outcome measures before and after either a spinal manipulation treatment (SMT) or a sham manipulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  All subjects were treated at the National College Chiropractic clinic, a private chiropractic clinic in the suburban Chicago area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five women with a history of primary dysmenorrhea were recruited from the local community. The volunteers ranged in age from 20-49 (mean age = 30.3 yr), and were entered into the study between April 1990 and January 1991. Twenty-four were randomly assigned to the spinal manipulation group and 21 were assigned to the sham group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects treated with spinal manipulation were placed in a side-lying position with the bottom leg straight and the top leg flexed at the knee and hip. They received a high-velocity, short lever, low-amplitude thrust to all clinically relevant vertebral levels within T10 and L5-S1 and the sacroiliac joints. In the sham manipulation, subjects were placed in a side-lying position with both hips and knees flexed. Their manipulation consisted of a similar thrust administered to the midline base of the sacrum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perceived abdominal and back pain were measured with a visual analog scale, and menstrual distress was measured with the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Both were administered 15 min before and 60 min after treatment. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture for the determination of plasma levels of KDPGF2a at the same times. The plasma was then assayed for KDPGF2a by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of covariance and paired Student's t tests were used for the statistical evaluation. Immediately after treatment, the perception of pain and the level of menstrual distress were significantly reduced by SMT. This reduction was associated with a significant reduction in plasma levels of KDGPF2a in the SMT group. A significant and similar reduction in plasma KDPGF2a also occurred in the sham group, indicating that a placebo effect was associated with a single sham intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This randomized pilot study suggests that SMT may be an effective and safe nonpharmacological alternative for relieving the pain and distress of primary dysmenorrhea. However, the large change in KDPGF2a observed in both treatment groups clearly indicates that further studies with more subjects, studied over a longer time frame, are needed to resolve the question of a placebo effect.
authors.affiliation: Research Department, National College of Chiropractic, Lombard, IL 60148-4583.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kokjohn
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Triano
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brennan
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D001416:Back Pain / Q000628:therapy; D002684:Chiropractic; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: C008228:15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha; D015237:Dinoprost