title: Protein S deficiency in middle-aged women with stroke.
abstract: We examined the relationship between free protein S deficiency and cerebrovascular disease by reviewing the records of all patients with the diagnoses of cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, and cerebral vascular occlusion who were referred for coagulation studies over a 12-month period. We assayed for free protein S antigen, protein C antigen, and antithrombin III and tested for lupus-like anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibody. Twenty-two of 267 patients (8.2%) admitted with thrombotic strokes were referred for coagulation studies. Free protein S antigen was significantly lower in women than in men (62 +/- 25% versus 88 +/- 24%, p = 0.03; n = 11 in each group). Six women had free protein S antigen levels below the range recorded for a contemporary group of 24 age-matched normal women (17 to 59% versus 70 to 102%, p less than 0.001); four of these women had cerebral arterial thrombosis and two had venous dural sinus thrombosis. The six women were aged 29 to 55 at the time of their first strokes; two had family members with protein S deficiency, and one of these had died of a stroke at age 52. Other abnormalities in this population included a positive test for lupus-like anticoagulant or anticardiolipin in five patients, a modest decrease in protein S in two men, and one patient with an isolated deficiency of antithrombin III. We conclude that protein S deficiency may be an important risk factor for stroke in middle-aged women but this requires confirmation by prospective studies in unselected patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Otoya
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oriba
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rovner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D006801:Humans; D007122:Immunoelectrophoresis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011486:Protein C / Q000032:analysis; D017293:Protein S
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S