title: Investigation of long term problems after obstetric epidural anaesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between obstetric epidural anaesthesia and subsequent long term problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postal questionnaire on health problems after childbirth linked to maternity case note data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternity hospital in Birmingham.
  
  
  METHODS
  11701 women who delivered their most recent child during 1978-85 and who returned completed questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequencies of long term symptoms after childbirth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the 6935 women who did not have epidural anaesthesia the 4766 women who did more commonly experienced backache (903 (18.9%) with epidural v 731 (10.5%) without epidural), frequent headaches 220 (4.6%) v 199 (2.9%)), migraine (92 (1.9%) v 73 (1.1%)), neckache (116 (2.4%) v 112 (1.6%)), and tingling in hands or fingers (143 (3.0%) v 150 (2.2%)). The results could not be explained by correlated social or obstetric factors. The associations with head, neck, and hand symptoms were found only in women who reported backache. An excess of visual disturbances among women who had epidural anaesthesia (83 (1.7%) v 91 (1.3%)) was present only in association with migraine, but excess of dizziness or fainting (102 (2.1%) v 109 (1.6%)) was independent of other symptoms. 26 women had numbness or tingling in the lower back, buttocks, and leg, of whom 23 had had epidural anaesthesia. Of 34 women with spinal headache, nine (five after accidental dural puncture; four after spinal block) reported long term headaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These associations may indicate a causal sequence, although this cannot be proved from this type of study. Randomised trials of epidural anaesthesia are required to determine whether causal relations exist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Birmingham.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacArthur
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Knox
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D009333:Neck; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology