title: Frequency of chronic lung disease in infants with severe respiratory failure treated with high-frequency ventilation and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the frequency of chronic lung disease and factors associated with its development in term infants with severe respiratory failure who receive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, or high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of pulmonary outcome of all ECMO candidates admitted to Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center between July 1985 and September 1989.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary, level III, neonatal ICU accepting regional referrals for high-frequency ventilation and ECMO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-four patients who were candidates for ECMO were studied. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation alone was used in 48 infants. Forty-six infants were treated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and ECMO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty (24%) of 84 survivors developed chronic lung disease. There were no differences in gestational age, birth weight, or gender between those infants who developed chronic lung disease and those infants who did not. Arterial blood gas and ventilatory settings at initiation of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation were similar between those infants who did and those who did not develop chronic disease. Patients who developed chronic lung disease more often had lung hypoplasia (40% vs. 5%) and more often required ECMO (75% vs. 39%) than those patients who did not. In patients without lung hypoplasia, those patients who developed chronic lung disease were older at initiation of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation rescue than those patients who did not develop chronic lung disease (median 91 vs. 46 hrs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of chronic lung disease in ECMO candidates is clinically important. Factors associated with chronic lung disease in ECMO candidates are: the presence of lung hypoplasia, delayed referral, and the need for ECMO to support gas exchange.
authors.affiliation: Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, TX.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Schwendeman
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Null
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gerstmann
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Delemos
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies