title: Changes in student and teacher responses in observed and generalized settings as a function of supervisor observations.
abstract: Two studies are reported in which the effects of supervisor observations of teachers' performance rate and accuracy on both teachers' and severely handicapped students' behaviors were compared with baseline supervisor observations that did not specify rate and accuracy feedback. The latter observation procedure (nonspecific feedback) was more typical of the existing practices of school supervisors. The dependent variables for the teachers were rate and accuracy of teacher behaviors to student responses in individualized instructional settings involving discrete trials or task-analysis steps. The dependent variables for students were the rates of correct and incorrect responding to teacher presentations during the supervisor observation periods. Both studies used a multiple baseline design. The results of Study 1 showed that there were educationally significant changes in teacher and, in turn, student performance as a result of the use of the rate and accuracy procedure. The results of Study 2 replicated those of Study 1 while correcting limitations of Study 1. This latter study also demonstrated that the observation effects of the procedure generalized to teacher performance throughout the day. The results are discussed in terms of the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the procedure to train, monitor, and reinforce teacher effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Greer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D004495:Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities / Q000379:methods*; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D008297:Male; D012931:Social Environment