title: Normal amniotic pressure throughout gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize amniotic pressure (AP) in pregnancies with normal amniotic fluid volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study, mainly cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal medicine unit within a tertiary referral hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing transamniotic invasive procedures in whom amniotic fluid volume was subjectively assessed as normal on ultrasound. Those beyond 16 weeks with a deepest vertical pool on ultrasound less than 3.0 or greater than 8.0 cm were excluded. Overall 194 pregnancies were studied on 232 occasions between 7 and 38 weeks gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Manometry readings referenced to the top of the maternal abdomen were obtained via a fluid-filled line from the needle hub and either connected to a pressure transducer (n = 190) or held vertically against a ruler (n = 42).
  
  
  METHODS
  AP in mm Hg, AP corrected for gestational age (z scores), semi-quantitative ultrasonic indices of amniotic fluid volume, clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AP in singleton pregnancies increased with advancing gestation (P less than 0.001), and the sigmoid-shaped regression curve plateaued in the mid-trimester. AP z scores were not influenced by volume-related phenomena such as twin gestation, the deepest vertical pool, or amniotic fluid index, nor by maternal age, parity, gravidity, fetal sex, or subsequent spontaneous preterm delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that AP is not principally determined by intrauterine volume. We speculate that AP, which reflects change in uterine tension as a function of radius, may instead be determined by gestation-specific anatomical and hormonal influences on gravid uterine musculature. A reference range for AP has been constructed for use in amnioinfusion and amnioreduction procedures.
authors.affiliation: Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Fisk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ronderos-Dumit
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tannirandorn
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nicolini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Talbert
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Rodeck
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D012016:Reference Values