title: Topical anaesthesia of the nasal mucosa for fibreoptic airway endoscopy.
abstract: We have compared four methods of topical anaesthesia of the nostril for fibreoptic airway endoscopy in a randomized study with 31 unpremedicated volunteers, each serving as his or her own control. Lignocaine spray, EMLA cream, three cotton swabs soaked in 4% lignocaine solution, or 2% lignocaine gel was applied in a nostril for 3 min. Application of lignocaine spray was rated as the most unpleasant and EMLA cream the least unpleasant. Spray and gel caused an increase in arterial pressure. Anaesthesia of the mucosa, tested by passing a bronchoscope through the nose to the oropharynx was best with lignocaine spray or gel. Gel or EMLA, but not the local anaesthetic applied with swabs, obscured vision. When slight obscurity of vision is not a problem, local anaesthetic gel is recommended for anaesthesia of the nasal mucosa. Premedication or sedation is recommended for all the methods described here.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Randell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yli-Hankala
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lindgren
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011318:Prilocaine
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D011318:Prilocaine; D008012:Lidocaine