title: A novel Ets-related transcription factor, Elf-1, binds to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 regulatory elements that are required for inducible trans activation in T cells.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 are structurally related retroviruses which both cause AIDS in humans. Although both viruses establish latency in quiescent human-peripheral-blood T cells, the asymptomatic phase of HIV-2 infection may be more prolonged than that of HIV-1. The latent phases of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection have been shown to be disrupted by T-cell activation, a process that requires host cell transcription factors. In the case of HIV-1, the transcription factor NF-kappa B is sufficient for inducible transcriptional activation. In contrast, factors in addition to NF-kappa B are required to activate HIV-2 transcription in infected T cells. In this report, we demonstrate that a novel Ets-related transcription factor, Elf-1, binds specifically to two purine-rich motifs in the HIV-2 enhancer. Mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that these Elf-1 binding sites are required for induction of HIV-2 transcription following T-cell-receptor-mediated T-cell activation. Moreover, Elf-1 is the only factor present in activated T-cell nuclear extracts that binds to these sites in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Thus, Elf-1 is a novel transcription factor that appears to be required for the T-cell-receptor-mediated trans activation of HIV-2 gene expression. These results may explain differences in the clinical spectra of diseases caused by HIV-1 and HIV-2 and may also have implications for the design of therapeutic approaches to HIV-2 infection.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0650.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leiden
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petryniak
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Markovitz
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Nabel
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005814:Genes, Viral; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA