title: Fentanyl and medetomidine anaesthesia in the rat and its reversal using atipamazole and either nalbuphine or butorphanol.
abstract: The intraperitoneal injection of anaesthetic agents is a simple and convenient method of anaesthetizing rats. However, all of the anaesthetic combinations in current use which are administered by intraperitoneal injection produce prolonged sedation, and full recovery of consciousness may take several hours. Fentanyl, a mu agonist opioid, and medetomidine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist were mixed and administered as a single intraperitoneal injection. Combinations of 300 micrograms/300 micrograms/kg and 300 micrograms/200 micrograms/kg of fentanyl/medetomidine were shown to produce surgical anaesthesia in the rat. This anaesthetic regimen produced significant respiratory depression (P less than 0.01) and animals did not regain their righting reflex until 193 +/- 21 min (mean +/- 1 SD) after injection. Administration by intraperitoneal injection of atipamezole, a specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist (1 mg/kg) mixed with a mu antagonist/k agonist opioid (nalbuphine, 2 mg/kg or butorphanol 0.4 mg/kg), resulted in a rapid (less than 8 min) reversal of anaesthesia and the associated respiratory depression, and apparent full recovery of consciousness.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Centre, National University of Singapore.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Flecknell
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Liles
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005528:Foot; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020926:Medetomidine; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013623:Tail
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007093:Imidazoles; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; C050701:atipamezole; D009266:Nalbuphine; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol; D005283:Fentanyl