title: Industry-funded dermatologic research within academia in the United States: fiscal and ethical considerations.
abstract: Private-sector funding of biomedical research within academia may come from industry, foundations, the dermatologists themselves, and the public at large. Industry-funding is of benefit to both academia and industry. Industry may fund clinical and basic research and product testing. Industry is more willing to fund product testing and clinical research than basic research. Funds for dermatologic research may be obtained from manufacturers of drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, soaps, and detergents. Questions of academic freedom arise when research is funded by industry. The results of academic research are in the public domain; the results of intramural industry research are often proprietary, i.e., "trade secrets." When there is industry funding within academia, any restraints on publication should be held to a minimum and be temporary. Publication should occur in a timely fashion, although recognizing the need for delayed publication if the results concern patentable material. When there is a consultantship, pre-arranged terms of agreement may restrict communication. Patents usually are held by the investigator's institution. The funding company may be granted world-wide, royalty-bearing licenses. Conflicts of interest may arise during any research endeavor; this warrants close attention when the research is industry funded. Stock ownership, speaker fees, blind contracts, etc., should be avoided. In any communication, funding agreements should be stated. Indirect costs are a "necessary evil." There are non-research expenditures associated with all research projects for which the institution is justified in requesting compensation. Indirect costs must have definite connections to a project. As industrial funding of research within academia increases, various facets of the academia-industry relationship are receiving increasing attention. Several aspects of conflicts of interest and indirect costs must yet be resolved. When faced openly and directly, all of these issues are manageable and need not reduce the benefits to both industry and academia that are inherent in this relationship. Federal funding of academic research uses tax dollars; industry funding comes from private capital. Academia will benefit from the funding of academic biomedical research by industry. The ultimate beneficiary of the funding of academic research by industry, however, will be society at large as the medical advances derived from sound biomedical research and carefully controlled clinical trials aid patients. A solidly established academia-industry relationship is essential to the effective funding by industry of biomedical research within academia.
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Blank
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D003880:Dermatology; D004989:Ethics; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D033181:Information Dissemination; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States