title: Effects of reperfusion intervals on skeletal muscle injury beneath and distal to a pneumatic tourniquet.
abstract: To date there have been no experimental studies specifically directed at effects of reperfusion intervals on skeletal muscle injury beneath the tourniquet. 99mTechnetium pyrophosphate (Tc 99) incorporation and correlative histology were used to assess injury 2 days after tourniquet application in muscles beneath (thigh) and distal (leg) to the cuff. Tourniquets were applied to rabbit hindlimbs for a total of either 2 or 4 hours. In the 4-hour series, tourniquet compression (either 125 mm Hg or 350 mm Hg cuff inflation pressure) was either continuous or interrupted by 10-minute reperfusion intervals after 2 hours or after every hour of cuff inflation. In the 2-hour series, tourniquet compression (350 mm Hg) was either continuous or interrupted by 10-minute reperfusion intervals after 2 hours or after every hour of cuff inflation. In the 2-hour series, tourniquet compression (350 mm Hg) was either continuous or interrupted by a 10-minute reperfusion interval after 1 hour. Pyrophosphate incorporation (Tc 99 uptake) was significantly greater in the thigh region than in the leg region in all of the 4-hour tourniquet groups. Tc 99 uptake was significantly reduced by reperfusion after each hour of cuff inflation. With 350 mm Hg tourniquet pressure, a reperfusion interval after 2 hours of cuff inflation tended to exacerbate tourniquet compression injury. Reperfusion intervals did not significantly affect Tc 99 uptake in the leg region of these groups. With a 2-hour tourniquet time, Tc 99 uptake in the thigh was significantly decreased by reperfusion after 1 hour of cuff inflation. Previous clinical recommendations, based on serum creatine phosphokinase abnormalities after experimental tourniquet ischemia, probably reflected tourniquet compression injury. Hourly reperfusion limits skeletal muscle injury during extended periods of tourniquet use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego 92103.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pedowitz
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Gershuni
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fridén
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Garfin
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Rydevik
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hargens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005070:Evans Blue; D005260:Female; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D009336:Necrosis; D011817:Rabbits; D015424:Reperfusion; D016698:Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate; D013997:Time Factors; D014111:Tourniquets / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D005070:Evans Blue; D016698:Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate