title: Tissue plasminogen activator cerebrovascular thrombolysis in rabbits is dependent on the rate and route of administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of our study was to assess the cerebrovascular thrombolytic efficacy of different tissue plasminogen activator treatment protocols with Doppler ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  We occluded one internal carotid artery in 48 New Zealand White rabbits with whole blood emboli. Five minutes later the rabbits were assigned to receive one of the following tissue plasminogen activator protocols: 1) intravenous square-wave infusion in a total dose of 10 mg/kg, 2) intravenous constant infusion in a total dose of 10 mg/kg, 3) intravenous square-wave infusion in a total dose of 3 mg/kg, or 4) regional intra-arterial square-wave infusion in a total dose of 3 mg/kg. Blood flow velocities in the internal carotid arteries were continuously monitored during the study with Doppler ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 12 animals treated with a 10-mg/kg square-wave intravenous tissue plasminogen infusion, internal carotid artery blood flow was reestablished within 2 hours (57.9 +/- 33.3 minutes) after the initiation of treatment, whereas this was the case for only six (50%) of the 12 animals treated with a constant 10-mg/kg intravenous tissue plasminogen activator infusion (p less than 0.05, Fisher's exact test). Internal carotid artery blood flow was restored within 2 hours (33.5 +/- 40.4 minutes) in all animals treated with a regional intra-arterial tissue plasminogen infusion in a total dose of 3 mg/kg and in only three (50%) of the six animals treated with the same dosage intravenously (p less than 0.05, signed rank test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thrombolytic efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator in the rabbit cerebral vasculature was superior when the same intravenous dose was given as a square-wave rather than a constant infusion and when the drug was given as a regional intra-arterial infusion rather than intravenously.
authors.affiliation: University of California, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla 92093-0624.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zivin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011817:Rabbits; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator