title: Effects of sodium lactate infusion on cisternal lactate and carbon dioxide levels in nonhuman primates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To further the understanding of lactate-induced panic in patients with panic disorder, the authors examined cisternal lactate and carbon dioxide levels in nonhuman primates after infusions of sodium lactate comparable to those used in studies of human beings.
  
  
  METHODS
  CSF and venous blood lactate, pH, PCO2, PO2, and bicarbonate were measured in five ketamine-anesthetized nonhuman primates, without mechanical ventilation, before and after they underwent infusions of sodium lactate. In addition, the same measurements were made for three of the five subjects who were given saline infusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the development of the characteristic peripheral biochemical effects of infused sodium lactate--increased lactate and bicarbonate levels and metabolic alkalosis--no increases in central lactate or carbon dioxide levels were observed. Saline infusions produced no biochemical effects on venous and cisternal measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study are in keeping with previous findings of nonpermeability of the blood-brain barrier to anionic compounds such as lactate. They therefore support theories of lactate panic based on cognitive and/or brainstem misevaluation of peripheral somatic sensations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York-Health Science Center, Brooklyn.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Coplan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Bassoff
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Barbour
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gorman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001769:Blood; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007773:Lactates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008255:Macaca radiata / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D007773:Lactates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid