title: Data compression for storage of resting ECGs digitized at 500 samples/second.
abstract: Data compression of resting electrocardiograms (ECGs) digitized at 500 samples per second (sps) is presented. Tradeoffs between the fidelity of reconstructed data and the overall compression are examined. Data of the median (average) complexes are retained at 500 sps and full resolution and encoded only to reduce redundancy. The raw data for rhythm analysis are evaluated for lowpass filtering and down-sampling (decimation) and requantization. After subtracting the medians from the raw data, the resulting residue signal is examined in detail for data reduction and encoding. Various options for compression of the residue signal are presented. Specific issues examined are the acceptable decimation and requantization of the residue signal. Another important aspect evaluated is the bimodal decimation of the QRS and the rest of the cardiac complex. Here, the QRS complexes are kept at 500 sps and the rest of the data decimated to lower sampling rates. This novel approach reduces data distortion while achieving significant compression. Details of the compression scheme and its evaluation on uncompressed 500-sps ECGs from the European Common Standards for Electrocardiography (CSE) database (128 ECGs with normal sinus rhythm, atrioventricular blocks, atrial fibrillation and flutter, ventricular arrhythmias, and excessive noise) are elucidated. Performance indexes [root mean square (RMS) error, percent RMS difference, normalized RMS difference, maximum peak error, and compression ratio] are computed. To validate the compression method, qualitative evaluation was performed by two physicians overreading the ECGs by comparing the reconstructed waveforms with the original uncompressed data. The median data are retained at 500 sps and full precision. For rhythm data, the bimodal decimation of the residue signal to 125 sps at 10 microvolts resolution preserved the fidelity of the ECG signals well, while giving good data compression. Abnormal atrial activity was well preserved and the QRS was retained without distortion. The average size of a 10-sec compressed ECG with the medians is around 4.5 kilobytes.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostics Division, Marquette Electronics, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Christenson
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Rowlandson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zywietz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sheffield
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brohet
mesh_terms: D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted