title: Bias in the attribution of lung cancer as cause of death and its possible consequences for calculating smoking-related risks.
abstract: Most published calculations of mortality risk, especially those for lung cancer associated with smoking, are based almost exclusively on the underlying cause as recorded on death certificates. Such risk calculations implicitly assume that the conditional probability of recording lung cancer as the underlying cause of death, given that it really is the underlying cause, is the same for all exposure groups. If these probabilities are not equal for all exposure groups, we call the resulting bias a cause of death attribution bias. We analyzed the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey, a sample of 18,733 U.S. death certificates, and the 1954-1962 Dorn study, a follow-up study of approximately 250,000 holders of U.S. Veterans Life Insurance. Both data sets include information on the smoking habits of decedents and on the underlying and contributing causes of their deaths. We found that lung cancer as an underlying cause is recorded with a much smaller relative frequency if the decedent is known to be a never-smoker and with a much larger relative frequency when the decedent is known to be a smoker. On the other hand, lung cancer as a contributing cause is recorded with a much larger frequency if the decedent is known to be a never-smoker and with a much smaller frequency when the decedent is known to be a smoker. The reverse is true for cancers other than of the lung. There is no similar pattern related to smoking for other causes of death (specifically for myocardial infarction, other chronic ischemic heart disease, diabetes, or cerebrovascular disease).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Sterling
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Weinkam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D002423:Cause of Death; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D003625:Data Collection; D003644:Death Certificates; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States