title: Intracranial hemorrhage after coronary thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We analyzed the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data in nine patients who sustained an intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) after receiving intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and heparin for treatment of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Our purpose was to delineate the clinical and radiologic features of the ICHs, as well as to determine their potential risk factors and mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1,700 patients with an acute MI treated with an investigational two-chain rt-PA, duteplase (Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, NC), nine (0.53%) developed symptomatic ICH. Neurologic symptoms occurred between 7 and 96 hours after onset of rt-PA therapy. All patients received heparin concomitantly for prevention of coronary reocclusion. The activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs) in five of eight (63%) patients at onset of ICH were excessively prolonged (greater than two times control); hypofibrinogenemia occurred in only one of five (20%) patients tested; and thrombocytopenia was present in only one of the nine (11%) patients. Fibrin degradation products (FDPs) were elevated in all five patients tested. Minor hemorrhage (not requiring transfusion) outside the central nervous system occurred in five of the nine patients with ICH. The ICHs were often of lobar location and of moderate to large size. They occurred at multiple sites in three patients, and were fatal in four instances (44%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of ICH in this series was low, and consistent with figures reported from studies with alteplase in patients with acute MI. The mechanisms of these hemorrhages remain unclear; while hypofibrinogenemia was not a uniform finding, excessive prolongation of the aPTT and elevated FDPs may have contributed to the occurrence of ICH in some patients. Still unidentified local cerebrovascular factors may play an additional role in causing ICH. In order to further clarify the mechanisms of ICH in the setting of thrombolytic therapy, prospective data collection on probable risk factors for ICH in patients with acute MI treated with rt-PA will be required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pessin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zivin
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: del Zoppo
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Furlan
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Snipes
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: LittleJohn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000150:complications; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006493:Heparin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; C068645:duteplase