title: Measurement of 226Ra and 228Ra in water by gamma-ray counting after preconcentration on ion-exchange resin.
abstract: A rugged resin concentration method followed by gamma counting was developed for measuring 226Ra and 228Ra in drinking water. Using typical distribution system pressure, 310 kPa (45 psig), radium in a 20-L sample was concentrated 100-fold onto 200 mL of ion-exchange resin beads that were then sealed in a glass jar for gamma activity measurement. Parameters and materials affecting the concentration step were studied with the objective of maximizing radium recovery in a short time. Empty bed contact times were varied from 0.1-3.0 min (2.0-0.67 mL min-1) and input concentrations of radium were varied from 370-3700 Bq m-3 (10-100 pCi L-1). Varying these parameters did not affect the percentage recovery of radium by the resin. At each empty bed contact time after all adsorbent media were tested, more than 99% of the influent radium was adsorbed. In these experiments, activities were counted for 100 min using a gamma-ray spectrometer equipped with a 3 x 3-inch sodium iodide (thalium-activated) [NaI(Tl)] crystal detector. Activity calculations were based on resin loaded with traceable standard solutions of 226Ra and 286Ra from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Analyzing entire spectra with a least-squares analysis program resulted in limits of detection for 226Ra and 228Ra of 7.4 Bq m-3 (0.2 pCi L-1) and 33.3 Bq m-3 (0.9 pCi L-1), respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, TX 77624-4791.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D007475:Ion Exchange Resins; D011883:Radium / Q000032:analysis*; D013051:Spectrometry, Gamma / Q000379:methods; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007475:Ion Exchange Resins; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D011883:Radium