title: Clinical staging: its importance in therapeutic decisions and clinical trials.
abstract: International collaboration has resulted in a revised and unified 1987 formulation for the TNM classification in solid tumors. The simplification and eliminations of most variables caused difficulties for the clinical use of the system in some tumors such as bladder cancer. The approval of the proposed adaptation covering the tumor mass, subdividing the T4 category and adapting the stage grouping, resolves these difficulties. Published reports demonstrate support for the TNM system as a clinical base for treatment decisions and prognosis. The TNMG stage and grade are important basic prognostic factors, but other prognostic factors, especially biologic tumor activity, are under clinical investigation. The TNM classification is the initial evaluation after histologic confirmation of cancer to guide treatment and prognosis. The quality of the evaluation is enhanced by precise communication on the employed methodology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, AZ Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Denis
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*