title: Breast cancer screening for elderly women with and without comorbid conditions. A decision analysis model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether breast cancer screening extends life for women aged 65 years or more with and without comorbid medical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A provider-patient encounter.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision analysis of the utility of screening for breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical examination and mammography among four groups of women aged 65 to 85 or more years: average health, mild hypertension, congestive heart failure, and average-health black women. The effects of screening were estimated using the best quality data available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening saved life at all ages among patients studied. Savings were highest for black women and decreased with increasing age and comorbidity. Screening all average-health women aged 65 or more saved 67,912 years of life. For women who had cancer, screening extended life by 617 days for average-health women between 65 and 69 years of age and 178 days for those aged 85 years or more. Perioperative mortality and test characteristics had little effect on the results. The risks equaled the benefits of screening only when operative mortality was between 27% and 62%. The marginal costs of screening during a routine office visit were $138 and increased with advancing age and decreasing test specificity. Benefits persisted after adjustment for changes in long-term quality of life; however, for women aged 85 years and older (with and without comorbidities), the short-term morbidity of anxiety or discomfort associated with screening may have outweighed the benefits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No inherent reason exists to impose an upper-age limit for breast cancer screening; however, more data are needed on women's preferences for screening strategies.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Control, New York, NY 10021.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mandelblatt
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wheat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monane
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moshief
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hollenberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate