title: Self-perceived stress and the risk of peptic ulcer disease. A longitudinal study of US adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many physicians and laypersons believe that stress plays a role in the occurrence of peptic ulcer disease, the importance of stress in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the relationship between perceived stress and peptic ulcer disease we used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study--a nationally representative cohort study of US adults. This analysis included 4511 persons who had not previously been diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 68% of the cohort perceived themselves as stressed. During 13 years of follow-up, 208 persons developed ulcers; the cumulative incidence of ulcers was 7.2% for persons who were stressed and 4.0% for persons who were not. After we adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking status, and regular aspirin use, persons who perceived themselves as stressed were 1.8 times more likely to develop ulcers than those who did not (95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.5). We also found a graded relationship between the perceived amount of stress and the incidence of peptic ulcers; relative to nonstressed persons, the relative risk of developing an ulcer was 1.4, 1.9, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.9 at five increasing levels of stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that persons who perceive their lives as stressful may be at increased risk for the development of peptic ulcer disease.
authors.affiliation: Office of Surveillance and Analysis, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Anda
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Escobedo
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Remington
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Mast
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Madans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology