title: The kappa statistic for establishing interrater reliability in the secondary analysis of qualitative clinical data.
abstract: Analysis of extant clinical records is receiving increased emphasis in nursing investigations. Appropriate use of this approach to patient research requires careful attention to data management, including assessment of reliability. Percent agreement, phi, and Kappa all serve as estimates of interrater reliability in the analysis of data. Kappa has particular merit as a measure of interrater reliability; it also has some peculiar problems in implementation and interpretation. The nature and computation of Kappa and its application in analysis of clinical data are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Frances Payne Bolten School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hays
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research / Q000592:standards*; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results