title: Behavioral contrast: Pavlovian effects and anticipatory contrast.
abstract: Two sources of behavioral contrast have been identified previously: Pavlovian stimulus-reinforcer relations and component sequence effects (anticipatory contrast). This study sought to isolate these sources of control procedurally in a four-ply multiple schedule composed of two fixed two-component sequences. Different cues were associated with the first component of each sequence, and contrast effects were studied in these target components. In Experiment 1, differential cuing of Component 2 between sequences and availability of reinforcement during target components were varied across three groups of pigeons; the stimulus-reinforcer relation between target-component cues and schedule of reinforcement in Component 2 was varied within subjects. Control by the Pavlovian relation was demonstrated under all conditions, and anticipatory contrast was not observed. In Experiment 2, target-component duration was systematically varied in the three groups of Experiment 1. Control by the Pavlovian relation was reliably obtained only when target-component behavior was unreinforced, and diminished with increases in component duration. Anticipatory contrast emerged in the two groups for which target-component reinforcement was available. These and other data indicate that Pavlovian effects in multiple schedules may be obscured when the requisite conditions for anticipatory contrast are present.
authors.affiliation: Queens College, City University of New York.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hassin-Herman
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Hemmes
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal; D001245:Association Learning; D001288:Attention; D003118:Color Perception; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D003463:Cues; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule