title: Hypnosis and autogenic training in the treatment of tension headaches: a two-phase constructive design study with follow-up.
abstract: Tension headaches can form a chronic (very long duration) condition. EMG biofeedback, relaxation training and analgesia by hypnotic suggestion can reduce the pain. So far, no differences have been demonstrated between the effects of various psychological treatments. In a constructively designed study, we firstly compared an abbreviated form of autogenic training to a form of hypnotherapy (future oriented hypnotic imagery) which was not presented as hypnosis and secondly we compared both treatments to the same future oriented hypnotic imagery, but this time explicitly presented as hypnosis. The three treatments were equally effective at post-treatment, but after a 6-month follow-up period, the future oriented hypnotic imagery which had been explicitly presented as hypnosis was superior to autogenic training. Contrary to common belief, it could be demonstrated that the therapists were as effective with the treatment modality they preferred as with the treatment modality they felt to be less remedial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University, Nymegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zitman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Dyck
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spinhoven
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Linssen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001326:Autogenic Training / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006261:Headache / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012803:Sick Role