title: Use of azidobestatin as a photoaffinity label to identify the active site peptide of leucine aminopeptidase.
abstract: Aminopeptidases catalyze the hydrolysis of amino acid residues from the amino terminus of peptide substrates. They are found in most cells and tissues, and their activity has been implicated in myriad fundamental biochemical and physiological processes. Nevertheless, little is known about the structure of the aminopeptidase active sites. Beef lens leucine aminopeptidase (blLAP) can be considered prototypical of many enzymes in this family of peptidases. Bestatin, [(2S,3R)-(3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenyl-butanoyl)-L-leucine] is a nonhydrolyzable substrate analogue of a peptide, PheLeu, which is rapidly cleaved by blLAP. Bestatin incorporates elements of the putative tetrahedral intermediate, and this results in a greater than 10(5)-fold enhancement of binding relative to analogous peptides. Bestatin is the most tightly bound inhibitor of many aminopeptidases. Bestatin was successively converted to nitrobestatin, p-aminobestatin, [3H]-p-aminobestatin, and finally [3H]-p-azidobestatin (pAB). Like bestatin, pAB is a slow binding inhibitor of LAP (Ki*, the dissociation constant for the final complex, = approximately 4 x 10(-9); Ki, the dissociation constant for the initial collision complex, = approximately 10(-8). The t1/2 for binding of 2 x 10(-8) M and 8 x 10(-8) M bestatin are approximately 60 min and approximately 38 min, respectively. pAB, nitrobestatin, bestatin, and physiological peptides appear to bind in the same site, the first three with similar avidity. In the dark, pAB and bestatin protect low concentrations of the enzyme against inactivation upon extensive dialysis. The t1/2 for photoactivation of pAB is approximately 3 s. Irradiation of blLAP for such short periods of time resulted in insignificant change in activity. blLAP which was placed in 254-nm light in the presence of pAB was inactivated significantly. Treatment of photolabeled blLAP with trypsin produces only two peptides. Autoradiography and scintillation counting indicate that the active site is in the peptide which includes residues 138-487. Treatment of the same blLAP with hydroxylamine produces two different peptides, with the active site in the peptide 323-487. This indicates that the active site is in the carboxyl-terminal one-third of the protomer. It is likely that this photoaffinity label will be useful in identifying active sites in other aminopeptidases as well.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: C Z
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Peltier
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Jahngen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laxman
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szewczuk
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Torre
mesh_terms: D000345:Affinity Labels; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001386:Azides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D019811:Hydroxylamine; D006898:Hydroxylamines / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D007930:Leucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007931:Leucyl Aminopeptidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D010777:Photochemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000345:Affinity Labels; D001386:Azides; D006898:Hydroxylamines; D009842:Oligopeptides; C074194:azidobestatin; D019811:Hydroxylamine; D007931:Leucyl Aminopeptidase; D014357:Trypsin; D007930:Leucine; C012211:ubenimex