title: Detection of benzodiazepines in human hair by radioimmunoassay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this preliminary investigation, we sought to determine whether a standard benzodiazepine radioimmunoassay (RIA) could detect three benzodiazepines in human hair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hair samples of 20-50 strands (minimum 10 mg) were cut from eight patients receiving diazepam, two patients receiving alprazolam, three patients receiving lorazepam, and two negative controls. Samples were treated with ethanol and phosphate buffer washes at 37 degrees C to remove external contamination. The protein hair matrix was destroyed using proprietary procedures, then analyzed with Abuscreen RIA designed to detect various benzodiazepines and their metabolites, using oxazepam as a reference standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were hospitalized in a locked psychiatric facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients with chronic psychiatric conditions who had received therapeutic dosages of benzodiazepines for 1-11 months were included in the sample. One outpatient who reported heavy prior diazepam use was also included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detection of benzodiazepines was well above a 1.5 ng/10 mg cutoff level with the Abuscreen assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diazepam was readily detected, but alprazolam and lorazepam were not detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no test that can currently determine duration and extent of prior benzodiazepine use. Hair analysis for diazepam offers a potential, new clinical and research tool for characterizing prior level and extent of usage.
authors.affiliation: California Clinical Trials, Beverly Hills 90211.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sramek
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cutler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000525:Alprazolam / Q000032:analysis; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000032:analysis*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011863:Radioimmunoassay
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines; D008140:Lorazepam; D003975:Diazepam; D000525:Alprazolam