title: Combination therapy with nimodipine and dizocilpine in a rat model of transient forebrain ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explored the effectiveness of dual blockade of calcium channels in preventing ischemic necrosis in a rat model of transient forebrain ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess all the major brain regions, the entire brain was subserially sectioned and examined histologically 1 week after ischemia in 44 male Wistar rats. Brain temperature was monitored and controlled to avoid hypothermia or intergroup temperature differences at the time drugs were administered. All regimens were begun 20 minutes after ischemia. Treated animals received either the L-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine (0.25 microgram/min x 24-hour i.v. infusion), the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine; 5 mg/kg i.v.), or both regimens in combination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the neocortex (p less than 0.05) and striatum (p less than 0.05), only double-treated animals showed a statistically significant reduction in neuronal necrosis. Dual therapy eliminated neuronal necrosis in the caudate nucleus entirely. In the septal (densely ischemic) hippocampus, protection was weak and inconsistent (0.012 less than p less than 0.788), but in the temporal (incompletely ischemic) hippocampus, the dual-treated group showed the most significant reduction (p less than 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the combination of nimodipine and MK-801, if begun 20 minutes after ischemia, may offer a neuroprotective effect against neuronal necrosis in transient forebrain ischemia and that protection is maximal in the major extrahippocampal brain regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rod
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Auer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D009553:Nimodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D009553:Nimodipine; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate