title: Progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: association with hypertension in pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that women with insulin-dependent diabetes and chronic or pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders are at increased risk for developing retinopathic complications during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-four women with insulin-dependent diabetes were prospectively followed in an intensive program of diabetes in pregnancy. Ophthalmologic evaluations were obtained through pregnancy and at 6 to 12 weeks post partum, and findings were graded by a standard scale. Association of retinopathic progression with risk factors was tested with chi 2 and multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one women had progression of retinopathy during pregnancy; postpartum regression was observed in 13 women. Changes in glycemic control early in pregnancy, chronic hypertension, and pregnancy-induced hypertension were significantly associated with progression of retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with insulin-dependent diabetes who have hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are at increased risk for progression of retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267-0526.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosenn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miodovnik
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kranias
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Combs
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mimouni
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lipman
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis