title: Non-employment and changes in smoking, drinking, and body weight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of unemployment and early retirement on cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and body weight in middle aged British men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study (British regional heart study).
  
  
  METHODS
  One general practice in 24 towns in Britain.
  
  
  METHODS
  6057 men aged 40-59 who had been continuously employed for five years before the initial screening. Five years after screening 4412 men had been continuously employed and 1645 had experienced some unemployment or retired.
  
  
  METHODS
  Numbers of cigarettes smoked and units of alcohol consumed per week and body mass index (kg/m2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An initial screening significantly higher percentages of men who subsequently experienced non-employment smoked or had high alcohol consumption than of men who remained continuously employed: 43.0% versus 37.0% continuously employed for cigarette smoking (95% confidence interval for difference 3.2% to 9.0%) and 12.1% versus 9.0% for heavy drinking (1.3% to 5.1%). There was no evidence that men increased their smoking or drinking on becoming non-employed. Men non-employed through illness were significantly more likely to reduce their smoking and drinking than men who remained continuously employed. Men who experienced non-employment were significantly more likely to gain over 10% in weight than men who remained continuously employed: 7.5% versus 5.0% continuously employed (0.9% to 4.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loss of employment was not associated with increased smoking or drinking but was associated with an increased likelihood of gaining weight. The long term effects of the higher levels of smoking and alcohol consumption before nonemployment should be taken into account when comparing mortality and morbidity in groups of unemployed and employed people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Shaper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001835:Body Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012179:Retirement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class; D013997:Time Factors; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006113:United Kingdom