title: The effect of cesarean section on intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm infant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The null hypothesis is that active labor is a more important factor with regard to both timing and progression of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage than is route of delivery. Infants delivered by cesarean section after entering the active phase of labor will behave in a manner similar to that of previously studied infants delivered vaginally as to when periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage occurs and frequency of progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 106 infants of 85 women delivered by cesarean section were the subjects of this study. Forty-six infants were in the no-labor group, 33 in the latent-phase labor group, and 27 in the active-phase labor group. Head ultrasonographic examinations were performed at delivery, at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours, and then daily for the first 7 days of life. Continuous variables were compared by one-way analysis of variance among those infants with no hemorrhage or with periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage. Categoric variables were compared by chi 2 analysis and Fisher's exact test when appropriate. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in the frequency of early hemorrhage (less than or equal to 1 hour of age), late hemorrhage (greater than 1 hour of age), or overall periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in the infants not in labor, in latent-phase labor, or in active-phase labor at the time of cesarean section. However, the frequency of grade 3 or 4 hemorrhage and the progression of hemorrhage were significantly higher in the infants whose mothers had an active phase of labor compared with infants whose mothers had no labor or did not progress beyond the latent phase. Infants who had early periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (less than or equal to 1 hour of age) also had a higher frequency of progression of hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cesarean section before the active phase of labor does not change the overall frequency of hemorrhage but results in a lower frequency of progression to grade 3 or 4 hemorrhage. We do not feel that these data support performing more cesarean sections for preterm delivery as a method of preventing progression of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm infant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee, Memphis.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bada
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Shaver
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Korones
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Arheart
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Magill
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D001946:Breech Presentation; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D005316:Fetal Distress / Q000601:surgery; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors