title: Gastric colonization and pneumonia in intubated critically ill patients receiving stress ulcer prophylaxis: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of pharmacologically increasing gastric pH on gastric colonization and the development of pneumonia in intubated critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical ICU in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four tracheotomized patients with tetanus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients received iv ranitidine to increase gastric pH greater than 4 (ranitidine group), while 18 patients received no prophylaxis for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (control group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean gastric pH was higher in the ranitidine group (median 4.7, range 3.6 to 6.1) than in the control group (median 2.1, range 1.2 to 4.9; p less than .05). Gastric colonization occurred in 15 (94%) of 16 patients who received ranitidine, 2 days (median; range 1 to 5) after intubation; gastric colonization also occurred in all control patients (median 4 days, range 1 to 9; p less than .05). Pneumonia occurred in 13 (81%) of 16 patients who received ranitidine, 3 days (median, range 1 to 5) after intubation and in nine (50%) of 18 control patients (p less than .01) 5 days after tracheal intubation (median, range 3 to 14; p less than .01). Prior gastric colonization by the pathogen that caused pneumonia was demonstrable in nine (56%) of 16 patients who received ranitidine vs. eight (44%) of 18 control patients (p greater than .05). The risk for developing pneumonia in the ranitidine-treated group was highest in the first 4 days after tracheal intubation. There was no difference in the frequency of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacologically increasing gastric pH increases the risk for developing pneumonia in intubated critically ill patients. The pneumonia occurs earlier than in untreated control patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Bombay, India.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Apte
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Karnad
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Medhekar
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Tilve
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morye
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Bhave
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D016638:Critical Illness; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000187:drug effects; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D013742:Tetanus / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D011899:Ranitidine