title: Prevalence of radiographic evidence of paint chip ingestion among children with moderate to severe lead poisoning, St Louis, Missouri, 1989 through 1990.
abstract: Although experts once believed that ingesting chips of lead-based paint was the major cause of lead poisoning among children, conventional wisdom now holds that lead-contaminated dust and soil are the major routes of exposure. Data from a childhood lead-poisoning treatment clinic were examined to assess the frequency with which children ingest paint chips. For this study, the reports on abdominal radiographs of 90 children with moderate to severe lead poisoning who had received their first chelation treatment during 1989 or 1990 were reviewed. According to a radiologist's evaluation, 13 of 90 abdominal radiographs (14%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7% to 22%) showed evidence of paint chip ingestion. Of 46 children with blood lead levels greater than or equal to 55 micrograms/dL, 12 (26%) had radiographs that showed paint chips, whereas only 1 (2%) of 44 children with blood lead levels less than 55 micrograms/dL had such radiographs (prevalence ratio = 11.5; 95% CI 1.6 to 84.6). The actual proportion of children with moderate to severe lead poisoning who have consumed leaded-paint chips is likely to be higher than this estimate based on radiographic evidence. While lead-contaminated dust is a major source of lead exposure, ingestion of leaded-paint chips clearly remains an important source of exposure among children with moderate to severe lead poisoning.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McElvaine
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: DeUngria
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Matté
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Copley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Binder
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006801:Humans; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008923:Missouri / Q000453:epidemiology; D010150:Paint / Q000506:poisoning*; D015995:Prevalence; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*