title: The influence of social and political violence on the risk of pregnancy complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Events in Chile provided an opportunity to evaluate health effects associated with exposure to high levels of social and political violence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neighborhoods in Santiago, Chile, were mapped for occurrences of sociopolitical violence during 1985-86, such as bomb threats, military presence, undercover surveillance, and political demonstrations. Six health centers providing prenatal care were then chosen at random: three from "high-violence" and three from "low-violence" neighborhoods. The 161 healthy, pregnant women due to deliver between August 1 and September 7, 1986, who attended these health centers were interviewed twice about their living conditions. Pregnancy complications and labor/delivery information were subsequently obtained from clinic and hospital records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women living in the high-violence neighborhoods were significantly more likely to experience pregnancy complications than women living in lower violence neighborhoods (OR = 5.0; 95% CI = 1.9-12.6; p less than 0.01). Residence in a high-violence neighborhood was the strongest risk factor observed; results persisted after controlling for several sets of potential confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Living in areas of high social and political violence increased the risk of pregnancy complications among otherwise healthy women.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill 27599-7400.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Zapata
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rebolledo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atalah
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D002960:Civil Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011057:Politics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012924:Social Conditions; D014754:Violence