title: Referral patterns for coronary artery disease treatment: gender bias or good clinical judgment?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a gender bias exists in referral for coronary bypass graft surgery among patients with catheterization-documented coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical cohort study (1969 to 1984).
  
  
  METHODS
  A referral medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5795 patients with catheterization-documented coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical referral patterns of men and women grouped by risk for cardiac death and by treatment effectiveness. Time trends were evaluated for three periods: 1969 to 1974, 1975 to 1979, and 1980 to 1984.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, when no adjustment was made for baseline risk for cardiac death, no statistical difference was found between men and women regarding referral for surgery (46% compared with 44%, respectively). When an adjustment was made for such risk, the male-to-female odds ratio for surgical referral was 1.28 (95% Cl, 1.05 to 1.58) among patients with a low risk for cardiac death. This effect was most evident in the 1980 to 1984 period (odds ratio, 1.73; Cl, 1.29 to 2.31). In the high-risk group, the odds ratio was 0.84 (Cl, 0.68 to 1.04), with little change occurring during the study. Men were more likely to be referred for surgery when surgery offered the least survival benefit relative to medical therapy (odds ratio, 1.29; Cl, 1.08 to 1.54). This effect was most pronounced in the 1980 to 1984 period (odds ratio, 1.63; Cl, 1.27 to 2.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women are less likely than men to be referred for coronary bypass graft surgery among patients with a low risk for cardiac death, in whom surgery offers little or no survival benefit over medical treatment. Women are at least as likely as men to be referred for bypass surgery among more symptomatic and more severely diseased patients, in whom surgery offers the greatest survival benefits. These trends were most prominent in the recent years of the study. Based on surgical survival benefits, these referral patterns may represent more appropriate treatment referral for women than men.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bickell
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Glower
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Pryor
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
mesh_terms: D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018579:Patient Selection; D011287:Prejudice; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome