Controversies in therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
There are several important controversial in therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia including: 1. What is the best initial chemotherapy; 2. Is maintenance chemotherapy effective; 3. How is cure achieved; 4. Are assays of residual leukemia cells useful; 5. Why are some persons currently incurable; 6. What is the best treatment strategy in children; 7. What is the best treatment strategy in adults; and 8. What are new approaches to cure the incurable. Here, we consider these issues. Our conclusion is that more intensive treatment is more effective but that no specific regimen is superior. Further dose escalations are unlikely to increase cures substantially. Maintenance chemotherapy is effective; it may work by controlling the ALL clone so that normal mechanisms regulating B-cell survival operate. Cure of ALL is probably achieved by diverse mechanisms including leukemia eradication in children and leukemia control in adults. Assays of minimal residual leukemia are possible but should not yet be used to direct therapy. There are several reasons why some persons are incurable including treatment resistance and a stem cell origin of leukemia. In most children and adults, chemotherapy is the best strategy followed by allogeneic transplants in those who relapse. Autotransplants are of minimal efficacy. Finally we consider new therapy approaches including immune therapy and regulation of leukemia-related genes.
Gale
R P
RP
Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-1678.
Butturini
A
A
D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002648:Child; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D012008:Recurrence; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents