title: Sexual dysfunction, Part II: Diagnosis, management, and prognosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sexual problems are common but infrequently diagnosed. They are classified into four major categories: (1) sexual desire disorders, (2) sexual arousal disorders, (3) orgasmic disorders, and (4) sexual pain disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE files from 1966 to the present were searched using the specific sexual dysfunctions as key words along with the general key word "sexual dysfunction" to review the published literature. Additional articles came from the reference lists of dysfunction-specific reviews.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The key to diagnosis often rests on the physician's willingness to raise the issue with patients. A rational protocol can be followed to identify causative organic and psychogenic factors using the psychosexual and medical history, a comprehensive physical examination, psychological assessment instruments, laboratory tests, and special procedures. Current psychological treatment includes one or more of the following components: sensate focus exercises, cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation training, hypnosis and guided imagery, and group therapies. Specific techniques, such as directed self-stimulation, the stop-start and squeeze techniques, the sexological examination, systematic desensitization, and Kegel exercises, are added therapy when appropriate. Marital therapy to improve communication and resolve conflict is also part of standard therapy. Medical management can include pharmacologic agents to correct endocrine dysfunctions or to alter the progression of the sexual response. Surgical management can involve arterial revascularization, venous ligation, and penile implants. A noninvasive vacuum constriction device is also used to treat erectile disorders. The long-term prognosis of the sexual dysfunctions varies with the type of disorder and its causes. Generally good results (80 to 95 percent satisfaction) are obtained when treating vaginismus, dyspareunia, male erectile disorders, and female orgasmic dysfunctions. Long-term results are modestly successful (40 to 80 percent) when treating inhibited male orgasm and premature ejaculation. Long-term success is poorest at present for treating sexual desire disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Halvorsen
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Metz
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008388:Marital Therapy; D008487:Medical History Taking; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010808:Physical Examination; D011379:Prognosis; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012731:Sex Counseling; D012736:Sex Education; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome