title: Facial skeletal expansion: treatment strategies and rationale.
abstract: Forty-three nonconsecutive patients presenting with dentofacial deformity underwent surgical procedures designed intentionally to create skeletal disproportion in the sagittal and/or vertical dimensions. This was accomplished through expansion (enlargement) of the facial skeleton beyond normative standards. At the time of follow-up, which ranged from 14 to 36 months (mean 18.4 months), soft-tissue cephalometric analyses documented facial disproportion to exist in 37 of the 43 patients treated. Thirty-two patients had excessive anterior divergence (facial protrusion) at pogonion, and 17 patients had excessive lower face height as measured from subnasale to menton. All patients were judged to have had a favorable aesthetic outcome. This philosophy of facial skeletal expansion is predicated on two concepts: The first of these is that facial proportions and dimensions beyond those which are considered normal may be extremely attractive in a given individual. Second, the soft-tissue response to skeletal expansion is more favorable and predictable than it is to skeletal contraction in providing for well-supported soft tissues. This treatment planning approach is based on the dynamic interrelationship between the skeletal foundation and the soft-tissue facial mask. It relies on physical examination as the major determinant of aesthetic surgical options.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001852:Bone Lengthening / Q000379:methods*; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery*; D008844:Micrognathism / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011378:Prognathism / Q000601:surgery; D014716:Vertical Dimension