title: Co-release of acetylcholine and GABA by the starburst amacrine cells.
abstract: Rabbit retinas were isolated from the eye and maintained in vitro. When they were incubated for 60 min in the presence of 3H-GABA, subsequent autoradiography showed radioactivity to be present primarily in amacrine cells. Under these conditions, most of the radioactivity contained in the retinas remained in the chemical form of GABA. Autoradiography and immunohistochemistry of alternate sections showed the amacrine cells that accumulate 3H-GABA to be the same cells that contain endogenous GABA immunoreactivity. These include the starburst cells, the indoleamine-accumulating cells, and other, as yet unidentified amacrine cells. The localization confirms previous immunohistochemical findings. When retinas containing 3H-GABA were expressed to elevated concentrations of K+, their content of 3H-GABA decreased. Autoradiography showed a reduced 3H-GABA content in all of the cells that contained 3H-GABA. Since those include the starburst cells, previously shown to be cholinergic, the finding demonstrates that the starburst cells release both ACh and GABA. Retinas simultaneously labeled with 14C-GABA and 3H-ACh were superfused, and the release of radioactive compounds from the retina was studied. Depolarization by elevated K+ caused an increased recovery of both ACh and GABA in the superfusate, but the predominant mechanisms of their release appeared to be different. The stimulated release of ACh was entirely Ca2+ dependent, while the release of radioactivity originating from GABA was much less so. A concentration-dependent counterflux (homoexchange) of intracellular GABA was demonstrated by raising the extracellular concentration of GABA (or nipecotic acid). These results suggest that a large outward flux of GABA occurs via the GABA transporter, probably by the potential-sensitive mechanism studied by Schwartz (1982, 1987). Stimulation of double-labeled retinas by flashing light or moving bars always increased the release of ACh, and the release was entirely dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Stimulation with light never caused a detectable release of GABA. This was unexpected, since the two neurotransmitters are present in the same amacrine cells: stimulation adequate to release one neurotransmitter should release both.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sandell
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Masland
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D004337:Drug Carriers; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D009557:Nipecotic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D011392:Proline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D018756:GABA Antagonists; D009557:Nipecotic Acids; C030278:nipecotic acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C045598:N-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid; D011392:Proline; C010983:homoproline; D000109:Acetylcholine