title: Determining the collection efficiency of gummed paper for the deposition of radioactive contaminants in simulated rain.
abstract: An extensive network of gummed paper collectors was used during the 1950s for routine monitoring of radioactive fallout from weapons testing. The experiments reported in this paper were designed to examine the collection efficiency of gummed paper for wet deposition of several types of soluble and insoluble radioactive contaminants under conditions similar to those found during natural rainstorms. The collection efficiencies for each substance were determined over a range of rainfall amounts and at two separate rainfall intensities. The collection efficiency of the gummed paper is highest for large insoluble particles and lowest for soluble ionic substances. The values for 7Be and 131I ranged from about 0.30 (30%) at 2.5 mm of rain to 0.04-0.06 (4%-6%) at 20 mm of rain. These values were negatively correlated with the amount of rain and were unaffected by rain intensity. This suggests that the collection efficiency of either ion is simply a matter of rapid saturation and runoff. Neither rain amount nor rain intensity has much effect on the collection efficiency of large insoluble particles. These particles seem to settle readily onto the surface of the gummed paper from which they are not easily removed by additional rain. Analysis of the collection efficiencies of the gummed paper included the activity of both the gummed paper and the standing water on the paper. A large portion of the activity for the ionic substances was found in the standing water. There was less activity by insoluble particles in standing water. This indicates that for estimates of deposition of soluble substances, considerable bias could be introduced into the results if the standing water is discarded prior to analysis.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831.
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Thiessen
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Blaylock
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives; D010209:Paper; D011847:Radioactive Fallout / Q000032:analysis*; D011891:Rain
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D011847:Radioactive Fallout