title: The mechanism of the interaction between amiodarone and warfarin in humans.
abstract: Amiodarone decreased the total body clearance of both (R)- and (S)-warfarin in normal subjects but did not change volumes of distribution. Warfarin excretion products were quantified and clearance and formation clearance values calculated. Amiodarone and metabolites inhibited the reduction of (R)-warfarin to (R,S)-warfarin alcohol-1 and the oxidation of both (R)- and (S)-warfarin to phenolic metabolites. Inhibition of warfarin hydroxylation by amiodarone in human liver microsomes was compared with the in vivo results. In agreement, the in vitro data indicates that amiodarone is a general inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidation of both enantiomers of warfarin, but the metabolism of (S)-warfarin is more strongly inhibited than that of (R)-warfarin. These data suggest that the enhanced anticoagulant effect observed when amiodarone and warfarin are coadministered is attributable to inhibition of P4502C9, the isozyme of P-450 primarily responsible for the conversion of (S)-warfarin to its major metabolite, (S)-7-hydroxywarfarin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Heimark
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wienkers
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kunze
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gibaldi
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Eddy
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Trager
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goulart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000638:Amiodarone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014859:Warfarin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin; D000638:Amiodarone