title: Reducing and managing restraints in long-term-care facilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a management system designed to improve staff adherence to a federal regulation that stated restrained residents should be released, exercised, and repositioned every 2 hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  A delayed intervention, controlled, cross-over design with three phases. During phase one, baseline, the length of intervals that residents remained in restraints was monitored. The intervention was implemented at site A in Phase two while site B remained in baseline. During Phase three, the intervention was replicated at site B.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two long-term care proprietary nursing facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three physically restrained residents in the two facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention was a system of restraint release using colored pads corresponding to specific hours. The management rule was that the resident should be on a different colored pad every 2 hours. Staff had to lift residents to place the pad, and the colors made the system easy for supervisors to check.
  
  
  METHODS
  Checks by research personnel by black light and invisible ink, to detect movement of the knot tying the restraints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the baseline phase, the majority of residents at both sites were inappropriately restrained longer than 2 hours (site A: 54.1%; site B: 60.1%). The percentage of residents restrained over 2 hours was significantly reduced during the intervention phase to 13.9% (site A) and 19.4% (site B). Three weeks after the end of the intervention, inappropriate use of restraints remained low, 14.2%, but rose to 47.7% after another 3 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management system is an effective way to increase the consistency with which nursing-home staff release and reposition restrained residents.
authors.affiliation: UCLA School of Medicine.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Schnelle
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Volner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cronqvist
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ory
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000592:standards*; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research / Q000379:methods; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000458:organization & administration; D009745:Nursing, Supervisory / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*