title: Cardiovascular responses to thoracic skin cooling: comparison of incubating and non-incubating Bantam hens.
abstract: Body temperatures, metabolic rate, haemostatic parameters, and cardiovascular reactions to thoracic skin cooling were compared between incubating (broody) and non-broody Bantam hens. Under resting conditions, without thoracic skin cooling, cardiac output of broody hens was twice that of non-broody hens. However, their metabolic rate (VO2) was increased by only one-third over that of non-broody hens, and the arteriovenous difference in oxygen concentration was smaller for broody birds. This indicates a higher rate of non-nutrient blood flow during incubation. A higher thoracic skin temperature (Tths) for broody hens compared to non-broody hens suggests that brood patches are the probable site of this increased flow through arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs). Thoracic skin cooling increased metabolic rate and Q significantly more in broody hens, but did not increase AVA blood flow. The relation between metabolic rate and total peripheral resistance indicated more intense vasodilation for broody hens at the relatively low metabolic rates during moderate cooling, and more intense vasoconstriction for the broody hens at the high metabolic rates during stronger cooling. This corresponds to Tths measurements indicating dilation of brood patch AVAs with moderate cooling and AVA constriction with severe cooling. During moderate cooling, vasoconstriction in the feet and wattles of broody hens (but not of non-broody hens) freed non-nutrient blood flow for redistribution to the brood patches. Thus, the cardiovascular system of the hen seems to adjust to the special demands of incubation by a permanent increase of AVA flow in the brood patch, and by an additional capacity for brood patch vasodilation induced by cold stimuli in the range from 35 to 25 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brummermann
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Reinertsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology