title: Solid-phase extraction techniques for the determination of glycopyrrolate from equine urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: Glycopyrrolate (Robinul) is a quaternary ammonium salt which serves as a respiratory enhancing drug. It is reportedly used in horse racing to improve breathing. Extraction of glycopyrrolate from equine urine employing unique solid-phase extraction techniques gave a residue suitable for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). LC-MS-MS analysis employed an extract derived from 5 ml of urine subjected to cation-exchange chromatography. The daughter ion of m/z 318 monitored in the positive-ion mode was m/z 116. Recovery of glycopyrrolate was 99.5% and the within-run coefficient of variation of two quality control samples (1.0 and 10 ng/ml) was less than 5%. The between-run coefficient of variation for the same two quality control samples was less than 6.5%. The minimal detectable concentration for the assay was 250 pg/ml. Due to the extremely low concentration of glycopyrrolate in urine, qualitative detection via full-scan GC-MS required XAD-2 extraction of 50 ml of urine, cation-exchange chromatography clean-up and a tandem hydrolysis-derivatization procedure. The target analyte for GC-MS qualitative analysis was the methyl ester of hydrolyzed glycopyrrolate. Glycopyrrolate could be detected in post-administration (1 mg intravenously) urine samples for up to 9 h by both LC-MS-MS and GC-MS. The success of the method was due to a combination of the extreme sensitivity of the LC-MS-MS method and the very selective extraction process for quaternary ammonium salts.
authors.affiliation: Mann Testing Laboratories Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Matassa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Woodard
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Leavitt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Firby
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beaumier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006024:Glycopyrrolate / Q000652:urine*; D006736:Horses / Q000652:urine*; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D006024:Glycopyrrolate