title: Functional analysis of the transcriptional activator encoded by the maize B gene: evidence for a direct functional interaction between two classes of regulatory proteins.
abstract: The B, R, C1, and Pl genes regulating the maize anthocyanin pigment biosynthetic pathway encode tissue-specific transcriptional activators. B and R are functionally duplicate genes that encode proteins with the basic-helix-loop-helix (b-HLH) motif found in Myc proteins. C1 and Pl encode functionally duplicate proteins with homology to the DNA-binding domain of Myb proteins. A member of the b-HLH family (B or R) and a member of the myb family (C1 or Pl) are both required for anthocyanin pigmentation. Transient assays in maize and yeast were used to analyze the functional domains of the B protein and its interaction with C1. The results of these studies demonstrate that the b-HLH domain of B and most of its carboxyl terminus can be deleted with only a partial loss of B-protein function. In contrast, relatively small deletions within the B amino-terminal-coding sequence resulted in no trans-activation. Analysis of fusion constructs encoding the DNA-binding domain of yeast GAL4 and portions of B failed to reveal a transcriptional activation domain in the B protein. However, an amino-terminal domain of B was found to recruit a transcriptional activation domain by an interaction with C1. Formation of this complex resulted in the activation of a synthetic promoter containing GAL4 recognition sites, demonstrating that this interaction does not require the normal target promoters for B and C1. B and C1 fusions with yeast GAL4 DNA-binding and transcriptional activation domains were also found to interact when synthesized and assayed in yeast. The domains responsible for this interaction map to a region that contains the Myb homologous repeats of the C1 protein and to the amino terminus of the B protein, which does not contain the b-HLH motif. These studies suggest that the regulation of the maize anthocyanin pigmentation pathway involves a direct interaction between members of two distinct classes of transcriptional activators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Cone
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Chandler
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D005809:Genes, Regulator / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors