title: The interaction between electrosurgical generators, endoscopic electrodes, and tissue.
abstract: Endoscopic monopolar and bipolar devices were compared during cutting and coagulation. It was observed on appropriate animal models that the initial resistance (impedance) values recorded correspond to the normal tissue impedance at the electrode. The subsequent impedance values increase 25 to 50 ohms for the coagulator which relates to tissue desiccation and for the cutting electrodes the impedance increases greater than 1000 ohms during the arcing process. At similar power settings, typical monopolar generators produce maximum power at 300 to 500 ohms while typical bipolar generators produce maximum power at 25 to 100 ohms. With impedances greater than 1000 ohms, monopolar generators are capable of higher power output than are bipolar generators. Since cutting is a high impedance process, bipolar cutting electrodes do not perform as intended with typical bipolar generators. Therefore, bipolar cutting electrodes should be employed with a monopolar generator or a generator designed specifically for their use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sievert
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Kramolowsky
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vennes
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Silvis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D004566:Electrodes; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D011846:Radio Waves; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000295:instrumentation; D013552:Swine