title: Sodium arsanilate-induced vestibular dysfunction in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus): effects on posture, spontaneous locomotor activity and swimming behavior.
abstract: Vestibular dysfunction was chemically induced in male meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) by intratympanic injections (30 mg per side) of sodium arsanilate (atoxyl). The control group received intratympanic injections of isotonic saline. After a one-week recovery period the voles were behaviorally assayed for integrity of their labyrinthine systems. All subjects were tested for the presence of the air-righting reflex and body rotation-induced nystagmus. Three weeks later a multivariate assessment of spontaneous motor activity of the voles was carried out in the automated Digiscan Activity Monitor. In addition, the swimming behavior of the voles was examined. Voles with vestibular dysfunction exhibited pronounced postural abnormalities (head dorsiflexion), were not able to swim with their nose above the water for a 1 min test period, and displayed disorientation and thrashing movements. In the Digiscan activity test the atoxyl-treated voles displayed significantly more activity in the horizontal measures (Ps less than 0.01), including greater distance travelled per movement and greater speed of movements, relative to the control animals. The labyrinthectomized group also spent significantly (P less than 0.05) less time in vertical movements and exhibited significantly more time in stereotypic behavior (P less than 0.01), relative to controls. Atoxyl-treated voles also showed significantly less thigmotaxis (wall-hugging) than the control animals (P less than 0.01). In general, changes in spontaneous behavior observed in the sodium arsanilate-treated voles were consistent with the presence of postural and balance abnormalities and a redirecting of exploratory vertical movements toward horizontal locomotion to the extent that these animals were clearly hyperactive in this dimension. The multivariate behavioral assessment available in the Digiscan Activity Monitoring system, thus seems to be especially useful in the examination of behavioral components affected by vestibular dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ossenkopp
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Eckel
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kavaliers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001147:Arsanilic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003411:Arvicolinae; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000187:drug effects*; D009949:Orientation / Q000187:drug effects; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D011187:Posture; D013550:Swimming; D014725:Vestibular Nerve / Q000187:drug effects*; D014726:Vestibular Nuclei / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001147:Arsanilic Acid