title: Demonstration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in preovulatory follicular fluid: its association with serum 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone.
abstract: In the present study we have measured the concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in preovulatory follicular fluid (FF) samples obtained from patients undergoing ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin. In 13 of the 24 (54%) FF samples obtained from 20 patients, TNF-alpha was detected. In contrast, IL-1 beta was observed in none of the 16 samples assessed. In the samples with detectable levels of TNF-alpha, the mean concentration was 40.1 pg/ml (range 20-74 pg/ml). In addition, we found an association between the presence of TNF-alpha in the FF and the serum level of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P). The E2 and P levels were significantly lower in patients with detectable levels of TNF-alpha in FF than in patients with no detectable TNF-alpha in FF. In summary, the present study shows the presence of TNF-alpha and the absence IL-1 beta in hyperstimulated human preovulatory FF. In addition, our results show an association between the presence of TNF-alpha in FF and low E2 and P levels in serum, suggesting a role for TNF-alpha in the regulation of human steroidogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Punnonen
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teisala
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kujansuu
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Punnonen
mesh_terms: D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D015571:Follicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005498:Follicular Phase; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol