title: Prediction of steroid responsiveness in the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome using urinary retinol-binding protein and beta-2-microglobulin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of early proximal tubular dysfunction, measured by urinary excretion of retinol-binding protein (RBP) and beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), in patients with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and to investigate the value of these tests in predicting steroid responsiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before-after trial with 8-week treatment period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequential sample of 37 patients with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome caused by minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, or mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were treated with prednisone as one dose of 1 to 1.5 mg/kg body weight per day for 8 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary RBP was measured by an immunoenzymometric assay and B2M, by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Remission of the nephrotic syndrome after steroid treatment was the main outcome variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated levels of urinary RBP and B2M before treatment were detected in 65% and 75% of the patients, respectively. Median urinary RBP and B2M, before treatment, were significantly higher in the steroid-unresponsive group than in the responsive group (P less than 0.01). In the steroid-responsive group, urinary RBP and B2M levels decreased significantly after remission (P less than 0.01). In the steroid-unresponsive group, the likelihood ratios for urinary RBP greater than 4000 micrograms/g creatinine and for B2M greater than 3000 micrograms/g creatinine were 3.8 and 3.0, respectively. The probability was 100% that values of RBP of less than 1300 micrograms/g creatinine and B2M of less than 130 micrograms/g creatinine were from steroid-responsive patients. Multivariate analysis confirmed that higher urinary levels of RBP and B2M were associated with a lower likelihood of steroid responsiveness, independent of age and histologic diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proximal tubular dysfunction is frequent in patients with the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Pretreatment urinary RBP and B2M levels may be helpful in identifying nephrotic patients who are more likely to be responsive to steroids.
authors.affiliation: Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sesso
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Klag
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Carvalhaes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ajzen
authors.forename: O L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D011241:Prednisone