title: Comparison of intravenous and endotracheal administration of midazolam and the effect on pulmonary function and histology in the lamb model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of endotracheal administration of midazolam on pulmonary function and histology in lambs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory of the UpJohn Pharmaceutical Company.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty male and female lambs weighing 10 to 20 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  The animals were anesthetized and placed on controlled ventilation. The animals were divided into four groups. The first two groups received endotracheal midazolam 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg. The other two groups received IV midazolam 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg. The endotracheal group had a catheter placed through the endotracheal tube, and midazolam was rapidly injected through the catheter followed by a 2-mL normal saline flush. Two rapid insufflations were administered, and the animals were then returned to the ventilator. Serum midazolam levels were drawn at one, two, five, ten, 15, and 20 minutes after both IV and endotracheal administration. Heart rate, respirations, SaO2 by oximetry, peak and mean airway pressure, compliance, airway resistance, and end-tidal CO2 were measured throughout the experiment. Lung sections were taken from control and treated animals receiving 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg endotracheal midazolam, respectively. Sample lung sections were taken at 24, 48, and 120 hours after endotracheal midazolam administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistical or clinically significant differences for pulmonary function between endotracheally and IV-administered midazolam. Histologic examination of the lungs at 24, 48, and 120 hours after endotracheal midazolam showed no pathologic changes in the control and study animals. Acceptable serum midazolam levels were achieved endotracheally with no clinically deleterious effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endotracheal midazolam showed no significant deleterious effect on pulmonary function or histology in the lamb model.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Service, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Michigan State University School of Medicine, Kalamazoo.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Jaimovich
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shabino
mesh_terms: D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects*; D008170:Lung Compliance / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D010092:Oximetry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000187:drug effects; D012756:Sheep; D014132:Trachea
chemical_list: D008874:Midazolam