title: Rates and outcomes of planned pregnancy after use of Norplant capsules, Norplant II rods, or levonorgestrel-releasing or copper TCu 380Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were to measure rates of planned pregnancy and factors affecting these rates after use of very-long-acting contraceptive methods (Norplant or Norplant II implants, a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device, or the copper T (model TCu 380Ag) intrauterine contraceptive device.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design was a concurrent, multicenter prospective study of 372 women who stopped contraception for planned pregnancy. Analysis was by life-table, log-rank, and standard chi 2 methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnancy rates 12 and 24 months after cessation of contraceptive use were 82 and 89 per 100, respectively. Age at removal and family planning intentions at initiation of contraception were both significantly correlated with pregnancy rates (p less than 0.05), but former contraceptive regimen and duration of contraceptive use were not. Pregnancy outcomes did not deviate from normal limits and did not differ by contraceptive formerly used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contraceptive implants releasing 30 micrograms/day of levonorgestrel or intrauterine contraceptive devices releasing 20 micrograms/day of levonorgestrel or having copper surface areas of 380 mm2 are associated with normal fertility after use for women seeking pregnancy at termination. Durations of use do not affect pregnancy rates.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10017.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sivin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavéz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brache
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mishell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lacarra
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002214:Capsules; D003300:Copper; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004343:Drug Implants; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D004343:Drug Implants; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D003300:Copper