title: Age differences in adults' control beliefs related to life goals and concerns.
abstract: Control beliefs play an important role in how people direct their own development during their life span. However, research into age differences in control beliefs has produced inconsistent results. In this study, 381 subjects (19 to 71 years old) completed a questionnaire in which they were asked to write down their goals and concerns. They were then asked to rate each on a 4-point bipolar rating scale measuring internality-externality. The results showed that subjects' control beliefs became more external with age. However, part of the increase in externality was found to be caused by increasing interest in domains that are generally considered uncontrollable. Subjects' beliefs about health-, self-, offspring-, and property-related goals became more external with age, unlike goals concerning future education, occupation, family, and travel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nurmi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pulliainen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salmela-Aro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012945:Social Values