title: Functional significance of collateral blood flow in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction. A study using myocardial contrast echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hypothesized that myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) can be used to both measure collateral blood flow as well as assess the functional significance of collaterals in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCE was performed in 33 patients with recent AMI (12 +/- 7 days) and an occluded infarct-related artery (IRA), both before and after attempted percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). The size of the occluded bed was defined in patients with successful PTCA by injecting contrast directly into the opened IRA and expressed as a percent of the myocardium in the short-axis view. The percent of the perfusion bed supplied by collaterals before PTCA was determined. Transit rates of the microbubbles within the collateralized regions were also measured and were expressed as a percent of the transit rates in the normal adjacent beds. Regional function within the occluded bed was assessed using echocardiography and was graded as 1 (normal) to 5 (dyskinetic). Collaterals were graded on coronary angiography as 0 (none) to 3 (abundant). The perfusion bed size was larger for the left anterior descending (LAD) than for the right (RCA) and left circumflex (LCx) coronary arteries (37 +/- 6% versus 27 +/- 12% of the myocardium, p = 0.02). The percent of the occluded bed supplied by collateral flow was greater for RCA and LCx compared with the LAD (87 +/- 30% versus 72 +/- 22%, p less than 0.01). There was poor correlation between MCE-defined percent of occluded bed supplied by collaterals and angiographic collateral grade (r = 0.13). Regions supplied by collaterals were less likely to show confluent hypoperfused zones after reperfusion compared with those not supplied by collaterals. Similarly, the percent of myocardium not perfused by either anterograde or collateral flow correlated well (r = 0.67, p less than 0.01) with peak creatine kinase levels and was more likely to be associated with Q waves. Finally, although there was poor correlation between angiographic collaterals and regional function (r = 0.20), there was a significant negative correlation between MCE-defined spatial extent of collateral flow and regional function (r = -0.57, p less than 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MCE can be used to measure collateral flow in patients with recent AMI and to assess the functional significance of collaterals in these patients. This technique may be ideally suited for the assessment of collateral perfusion in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sabia
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jayaweera
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ragosta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy