title: Neuropsychological studies in families with fragile-X negative X-linked mental retardation.
abstract: Neuropsychological studies were performed in 82 subjects of 12 families with x-linked, fragile X negative, mental retardation (MR). Subjects were examined with Wechsler tests (WPPSI, WISC-R or WAIS, according to their capabilities), Progressive Matrices, Bender or Santucci and memory tests. Physical findings in 5 families were characterised by micro-orchidism (MiO), microcephaly (MiC), short stature (SS) and non-specific facial features (XMR +/- MiO +/- MiC +/- SS). The 11 males with MR had a very low IQ, ranging from 13 to 37 (mean 21.2 +/- 8.8); this did not constitute a profile definition. Among the females of their families, 4 had subnormal or borderline IQ, respectively 74, 66, 38 and 37. A second group (2 families) had MiO but with normal stature and occipito-frontal circumference (XMR +/- MiO). The 7 males with MR had an IQ ranging from 24 to 43 (mean 35.1 +/- 5.8) and showed frequently better results in performance than in verbal subtests. In these 2 families, 5 females had subnormal or borderline IQ, respectively 77, 72, 71, 70 and 20. In the 5 families of the third group, XMR +/- MaO (fraX-), several affected males had macro-orchidism (MaO) and facial changes similar to those of fragile X syndrome. IQ variability, also in the same family (e.g.: the 3 brothers of family 3 had, respectively, an IQ of 26, 28 and 68; and 2 brothers of family 1 had an IQ of 13 and 63) and different profiles. Two females were severely affected (IQ 16 and 24), while another 4 had an IQ, respectively, of 63, 69, 71 and 72.
authors.affiliation: Clinica di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Università di Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cianchetti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sannio-Fancello
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fratta
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Pischedda
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spinicci
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marrosu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Filippi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014960:X Chromosome