title: Clinical and cost-effectiveness of outpatient strategies for management of febrile infants.
abstract: Young infants with fever are at risk for serious bacterial infection, but no consensus exists on the optimal approach to diagnosis and treatment. Although the traditional recommendation is always to perform all sepsis tests, including lumbar puncture, and administer intravenous (IV) antibiotics until culture results are negative, recent studies suggest administering intramuscular (IM) ceftriaxone with outpatient follow-up or using laboratory and clinical data to exclude low-risk patients from hospitalization, further testing, and antibiotic treatment. A decision analysis model was used to evaluate six strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of infants aged 28 to 90 days with temperature greater than or equal to 38.0 degrees C. Data from the literature, data from a 1991 study of 503 febrile infants, and direct, short-term costs from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were used as model inputs. The model was run for a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 febrile infants who did not require admission for focal infection or for other reasons that clearly necessitated admission. The model included six strategies: (1) no intervention; (2) all sepsis tests (lumbar puncture, blood culture, urine culture, white blood cell count, and urinalysis) followed by hospitalization and IV antibiotics for all infants; (3) all sepsis tests followed by IM ceftriaxone and outpatient management for most infants; (4) blood and urine cultures with white blood cell count and urinalysis followed by either lumbar puncture and IV antibiotics for high-risk infants or outpatient management without antibiotics for low-risk infants; (5) white blood cell count and urinalysis followed by either lumbar puncture, blood and urine cultures, and IV antibiotics for high-risk infants or outpatient management without antibiotics for low risk infants; and (6) clinical judgment followed by either all sepsis tests and IV antibiotics for high-risk infants or outpatient management without antibiotics for low-risk infants. The two "all sepsis tests" strategies prevented the most cases of death or neurologic impairment, 78% (when IV antibiotics were used) and 76% (when IM ceftriaxone was used) of all potential cases. The most cost-effective strategy was to use all sepsis tests followed by IM ceftriaxone for all patients without meningitis, at an incremental cost of only $3900 per sequela prevented relative to no intervention. Strategies under which only those patients selected as high-risk by laboratory criteria received antibiotic treatment were less effective but incurred lower rates of antibiotic complications. Clinical judgment alone was the least clinically effective and the second least cost-effective strategy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lieu
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Baskin
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Fleisher
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D005335:Fever of Unknown Origin / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D002443:Ceftriaxone