title: IL-10 synergizes with IL-4 and transforming growth factor-beta to inhibit macrophage cytotoxic activity.
abstract: After activation with IFN-gamma, thioglycollate-elicited murine peritoneal macrophages kill schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro by an L-arginine-dependent mechanism which involves the production of reactive nitrogen oxides (NO). In the present study we demonstrate that the regulatory cytokines IL-10, IL-4, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) are potent inhibitors of this extracellular killing function of activated macrophages. Each cytokine was found to suppress killing of schistosomula in a dose-dependent fashion. The activity of IL-10 was not permanent, because subsequent treatment with additional IFN-gamma 2 to 6 h later reversed the inhibition of macrophage larval killing. More importantly, the combination of suboptimal levels of any two of these three cytokines was found to give a potent synergistic suppression of schistosomulum killing by IFN-gamma-treated macrophages. Similarly, IL-10, IL-4, or TGF-beta alone blocked the production of NO, and when used in combination these cytokines exhibited an enhanced inhibitory effect on nitrite production. Macrophage-mediated killing of schistosomula through the generation of NO has been shown previously to be a major effector mechanism of schistosome immunity. The results presented here suggest that the suppression of this mechanism by induction of the regulatory cytokines IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-beta, which are known to be produced during schistosome infection, may be an important strategy used by the parasite to evade macrophage-mediated immune destruction.
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Oswald
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gazzinelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sher
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D009569:Nitric Oxide