title: Patient controlled analgesia for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of gallstones.
abstract: Sixty patients undergoing shock wave lithotripsy of gallbladder stones (ESWL) were randomly assigned to receive alfentanil either by infusion controlled by the attending anesthesiologist (standard treatment group, n = 31) or by analgesia controlled by the patient (PCA group, n = 29). Patients using PCA were allowed to self-administer 0.25 mg of alfentanil i.v. every minute as required. Data collected during treatment included the total dose of drug required, transcutaneous pCO2 values, verbal pain and sedation scores, visual analogue scale (VAS) patient satisfaction scores, and the incidence of nausea or vomiting. PCA patients used less alfentanil than the standard treatment group (PCA group: 12.8 micrograms/kg; standard treatment group: 44.3 micrograms/kg; mean values, P = 0.0001), tolerated significantly higher pain intensities and self-administered the narcotic only to moderate levels of pain but not to pronounced analgesia. Standard treatment patients reported lower levels of pain, were more sedated (P less than 0.05) and showed significantly higher transcutaneous pCO2 values. There was a trend towards a lower incidence of nausea or vomiting in PCA patients without reaching statistical significance. No significant difference with regard to patient satisfaction with pain relief could be demonstrated. Self-administered alfentanil during ESWL of gallbladder stones provided adequate analgesia with minimal side effects and high patient satisfaction. ESWL may represent a new and useful indication for PCA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anesthesiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, 8000 Munich 70 Germany Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University, 8000 Munich 70 Germany Department of Medicine II, Grosshadern Clinic, Ludwig Maximilians University, 8000 Munich 70 Germany.
authors.forename: Gustav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schelling
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mendl
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pauletzki
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sackmann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pöppel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D015760:Alfentanil