title: Life events and breast cancer prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether psychosocial stress, in the form of adverse life events and social difficulties, depressive illness, or lack of confiding relationships, shortens the postoperative disease free interval in breast cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective follow up of a cohort of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients for 42 months after primary surgical treatment, using a life events and social difficulties schedule (LEDS) and assessment of depressive symptomatology (DSM-III).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients recruited from breast clinics in Southampton and Portsmouth were interviewed in their homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  204 women (83% of 246 consecutive cases) treated either by mastectomy or wide excision followed by radiotherapy interviewed four, 24, and 42 months after operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hazard ratios for relapse of breast cancer in relation to various measures of psychosocial stress. Relapse was defined as local recurrence or distant metastasis, or both, with histological or radiological confirmation and timed from the month when clinical symptoms began.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age and axillary lymph node involvement, the hazard ratio associated with severe life events or social difficulties (excluding "own health" ones), or both, during the year before breast cancer surgery was 0.43 (95% confidence interval 0.20 to 0.93); for those during the follow up period it was 0.88 (0.48 to 1.64). For prolonged major depression before surgery and during the follow up period, hazard ratios were 1.26 (0.49 to 3.26) and 0.85 (0.41 to 1.79) respectively. For absence of a full confidant the figures were 0.93 (0.42 to 2.09) and 0.86 (0.38 to 1.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results give no support to the theory that psychosocial stress contributes to relapse of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Psychiatry, Royal South Hants Hospital, Southampton.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barraclough
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pinder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cruddas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008016:Life Change Events; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies