title: Investigation of anti-motion sickness drugs in the squirrel monkey.
abstract: Early attempts to develop an animal model for anti-motion sickness drugs, using dogs and cats; were unsuccessful. Dogs did not show a beneficial effect of scopolamine (probably the best single anti-motion sickness drug for humans thus far) and the findings in cats were not definitive. The authors have developed an animal model using the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) of the Bolivian phenotype. Unrestrained monkeys in a small lucite cage were tested in an apparatus that induces motion sickness by combining vertical oscillation and horizontal rotation in a visually unrestricted laboratory environment. Signs of motion sickness were scored using a rating scale. Ten susceptible monkeys (weighing 800-1000 g) were given a total of five tests each, to establish the baseline susceptibility level. Based on the anticholinergic activity of scopolamine, the sensitivity of squirrel monkey to scopolamine was investigated, and the appropriate dose of scopolamine for this species was determined. Then various anti-motion sickness preparations were administered in subsequent tests: 100 ug scopolamine per monkey; 140 ug dexedrine; 50 ug scopolamine plus 70 ug dexedrine; 100 ug scopolamine plus 140 ug dexedrine; 3 mg promethazine; 3 mg promethazine plus 3 mg ephedrine. All these preparations were significantly effective in preventing motion sickness in the monkeys. Ephedrine, by itself, which is marginally effective in humans, was ineffective in the monkeys at the doses tried (0.3-6.0 mg). The squirrel monkey appears to be a good animal model for antimotion sickness drugs. Peripherally acting antihistamines such as astemizole and terfenadine were found to be ineffective, whereas flunarizine, and an arginine vasopressin V1 antagonist, showed significant activity in preventing motion sickness.
authors.affiliation: Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Money
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kinter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011398:Promethazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012453:Saimiri; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D012601:Scopolamine; D011398:Promethazine; D004809:Ephedrine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine