title: Human dietary responses to covert manipulations of energy, fat, and carbohydrate in a midday meal.
abstract: Dietary responses to dilution or supplementation of the energy value and macronutrient content of foods are poorly characterized in humans. After a 1-wk baseline, 16 free-living, normal-weight adults were provided midday meals systematically varying in energy, fat, and carbohydrate contents for 5-d periods. Their compensatory free-feeding intake was monitored through diet records. In response to energy dilution by carbohydrate or fat, mean daily energy intake was 88% and 97% of baseline, respectively. Responses to the energy surfeit led to intakes 104% and 116% of baseline, respectively. However, the absolute magnitude of the carbohydrate supplement challenge was small. Adjustments of macronutrient-specific intake during the high-carbohydrate, low-carbohydrate, high-fat, and low-fat meal periods were 134%, 91%, 165%, and 95% of baseline, respectively. Although these group findings indicate that defense against covert dilution of the energy, fat, or carbohydrate contents of a meal is stronger than that to supplementation, individual responses were highly variable.
authors.affiliation: Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mattes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins