title: Epidemiological aspects of cardiovascular disease in the elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the elderly in industrialized societies. However, in the elderly, unlike middle-aged subjects, little attention has been paid to strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality from this disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review studies of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in the elderly and the evidence, if any, of risk factor modification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the evidence suggests that the established risk factors for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged subjects persist into old age. Several studies have shown that serum cholesterol is positively associated with a risk of coronary heart disease. In the very elderly, U-shaped distributions have been reported for the relationship between cholesterol and total mortality, probably as a result of other confounding factors. At present there is little experimental evidence of benefits from lowering cholesterol in the elderly. In contrast, several randomly allocated, placebo-controlled trials have established the benefits of blood pressure reduction (systolic or diastolic) up to the age of 84 years. A high blood pressure in the very old probably remains a risk factor, but prospective studies have reported non-linear relationships. Smoking has been reported to be a risk factor in the elderly in some, but not all studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, only the treatment of high blood pressure can be definitively recommended in the elderly. The effects of both dietary and pharmacological modification of cholesterol need to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Unit, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bulpitt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol