title: "Brain attack": an indication for thrombolysis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this article is to introduce the reader to the use of thrombolytics in the acute treatment of ischemic stroke. Theory and experimental evidence to support this approach are emphasized in addition to potential adverse effects of thrombolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was used to identify pertinent literature, including reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were selected for detailed review if they involved stroke patients and addressed possible toxicities of therapy. Any abstracts concerning ongoing clinical trials also were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from animal investigations using tissue plasminogen activator for the acute treatment of several models of cerebral ischemia were used to support the importance of early treatment (within six hours of symptom onset). Also, studies performed in animal models of stroke revealed that thrombolysis could be accomplished safely in acute ischemic stroke. All human studies published to data are anecdotal case reports, but point to the safety of thrombolysis if administered early. Reviews of ongoing multicenter trials are taken from published abstracts and proceedings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thrombolysis holds promise as a hyperacute therapy for acute stroke; however, the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage remains. Crucial to the success of this and any other therapy for acute stroke is the ability to treat patients within hours of symptom onset. Also, the importance of concomitant medications such as heparin and aspirin has not yet been addressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacists need to be knowledgeable of new treatments of stroke and the risks associated with them. As patient educators, pharmacists can contribute to public awareness by promoting the early recognition of stroke symptoms. As pharmacotherapists, pharmacists need to understand the risks and the important monitoring parameters related to thrombolysis. The results of ongoing multicenter clinical trials are awaited before making a final judgment on the usefulness of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Zarowitz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robert
mesh_terms: D016255:Anistreplase / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D016255:Anistreplase; D013300:Streptokinase; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator