Control of transcription activation by steroid hormone receptors.
Multiple regulatory mechanisms assure that signal transduction, involving the nuclear receptor interface, results in an accurate regulation of the respective gene networks. These mechanisms involve selective expression of the cognate receptor and its binding to specific hormone response elements of target genes. However, superimposed onto this "simple" control of activity is interpretation of the signal by the multiple functional modules of a given receptor, based on a specific interplay with 1) various factors binding to complex target gene promoters, 2) cell-specific transcription factors that mediate its enhancer function, and 3) other signaling pathways. This interpretation can be further modulated by the differential target gene specificities of receptor isoforms and, according to in vitro evidence, by factors that increase the efficiency of the receptor to interact with its response element. Thus, steroid hormone-regulated gene transcription involves a multitude of interactive elements, as is expected from the central role of nuclear receptors in homeostasis, embryonic development, and differentiation.
Gronemeyer
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Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, CNRS, Unité 184 de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génie, Génétique de l'INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France.
D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000502:physiology; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000502:physiology; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000502:physiology; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D014157:Transcription Factors