Human dietary responses to covert manipulations of energy, fat, and carbohydrate in a midday meal.
Dietary responses to dilution or supplementation of the energy value and macronutrient content of foods are poorly characterized in humans. After a 1-wk baseline, 16 free-living, normal-weight adults were provided midday meals systematically varying in energy, fat, and carbohydrate contents for 5-d periods. Their compensatory free-feeding intake was monitored through diet records. In response to energy dilution by carbohydrate or fat, mean daily energy intake was 88% and 97% of baseline, respectively. Responses to the energy surfeit led to intakes 104% and 116% of baseline, respectively. However, the absolute magnitude of the carbohydrate supplement challenge was small. Adjustments of macronutrient-specific intake during the high-carbohydrate, low-carbohydrate, high-fat, and low-fat meal periods were 134%, 91%, 165%, and 95% of baseline, respectively. Although these group findings indicate that defense against covert dilution of the energy, fat, or carbohydrate contents of a meal is stronger than that to supplementation, individual responses were highly variable.
Caputo
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FA
Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308.
Mattes
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D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins