title: Prediction and assessment of flammability hazards associated with metered-dose inhalers containing flammable propellants.
abstract: Several potential replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) are flammable. The flammability hazard associated with their use was assessed using a range of MDIs containing 0-100% (w/w) n-butane (flammable) in HFC-134a (non-flammable) fitted with either 25-, 63-, or 100-microliters metering valves or continuous valves. In flame projection tests each MDI was fired horizontally into a flame, and the ignited flume length emitted from the MDI was measured. Flame projections of greater than or equal to 60 cm were produced by all formulations fitted with continuous valves which contained greater than or equal to 40% (w/w) n-butane in HFC-134a. Using metering valves the maximum flame projection obtained was 30 cm. This was observed with a formulation containing 90% (w/w) n-butane in HFC-134a and a 100-microliters valve. For a particular formulation, smaller metering valves produced shorter flame projections. Because many MDIs are used in conjunction with extension devices, the likelihood of accidental propellant vapor ignition was determined in Nebuhaler and Inspirease reservoirs and a Breathancer spacer. Ignition was predictable based on propellant composition, metered volume, number of actuations, and spacer capacity. Calculated n-butane concentrations in excess of the lower flammability limit [LFL; 1.9% (v/v)] but below the upper flammability limit [UFL; 8.5% (v/v)] were usually predictive of flammability following ignition by a glowing nichrome wire mounted inside the extension device. No ignition was predicted or observed following one or two 25-microliters actuations of 100% n-butane into large volume Nebuhaler (750 ml) or Inspirease (660 ml) devices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Virginia/VCU, Richmond 23298.
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Dalby
mesh_terms: D000335:Aerosol Propellants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002073:Butanes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005544:Forecasting; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers
chemical_list: D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D002073:Butanes; D015386:Hazardous Substances; C046888:butane