title: Clinical and metabolic considerations of long-term oral contraceptive use.
abstract: Newer lower dose formulations are associated with an improved cardiovascular disease risk marker profile, which supports their use for longer periods and among older women. Epidemiologic studies of the newer formulations are limited. Without clinical information, an evaluation of the effects of more recent formulations on metabolic risk markers for cardiovascular disease is useful. In a large cross-sectional study, a reduction in the progestin dose and use of alternative progestins substantially reduced the proportion of oral contraceptive users with values associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. No progression in metabolic changes was found by analyzing the effect of the duration of oral contraceptive use. The user's age interacted positively with the oral contraceptive--induced increase in serum triglyceride levels, but there was no interaction of age with the oral contraceptive's effect on oral glucose tolerance, glucose and insulin responses, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or high-density lipoprotein subfraction 2 cholesterol levels.
authors.affiliation: Wynn Institute for Metabolic Research, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Godsland
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crook
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wynn
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D007328:Insulin; D002784:Cholesterol