The association between hemoglobin and behavior problems in a sample of low-income Hispanic preschool children.
This cross-sectional study, conducted in 1988, examines the association between hemoglobin level and behavior problems in 236 Hispanic children, ages 2 to 5 years, residing in low-income census tracts in the Los Angeles area. Venous blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and lead. Family and child data were obtained through a home interview with the child's mother or guardian. Behavior problems were assessed using questionnaires modeled after Child Behavior Checklists for children ages 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 years. A significant correlation between decreasing hemoglobin values and increasing total behavior problems scores was found for girls, 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 years old. These associations remained significant in both age groups after adjusting for maternal education and marital status. Statistically significant inverse correlations also were found between hemoglobin and social withdrawal, sleep problems, and depression (internalizing subscale behaviors) in 2- to 3-year-old girls, and between hemoglobin and aggression and hyperactivity (externalizing subscale behaviors) in 4- to 5-year-old girls. The potentially negative consequences of these anemia-related behavior problems on children's development, learning ability, and parent-child relationships warrant further investigation.
Johnson
S R
SR
Division of Behavioral and Developmental Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143.
Winkleby
M A
MA
Boyce
W T
WT
McLaughlin
R
R
Broadwin
R
R
Goldman
L
L
D002140:California; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D005260:Female; D006452:Hemoglobinometry; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000097:blood; D014505:Urban Population
D011524:Protoporphyrins