title: Addition of metolazone to overcome tolerance to furosemide in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
abstract: A decreased response to the loop diuretic furosemide develops within a few doses in young infants. We tested the hypothesis that the use of the thiazide-like diuretic metolazone, in combination with furosemide, would inhibit water and electrolyte reabsorption and overcome pharmacologic tolerance to furosemide alone. Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia of similar gestational and postnatal ages were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group 1 (n = 6) received furosemide (1 mg/kg per dose) intravenously every 24 hours for a total of five doses. Group 2 (n = 8) received the same treatment as group 1, but in addition metolazone (0.2 mg/kg per dose) was given enterally with doses 3 and 4 of furosemide. Group 3 (n = 8) received metolazone (0.2 mg/kg per dose) enterally every 24 hours for five doses. Urine was collected before the first diuretic dose and throughout the study for determination of the urine flow rate; urinary excretion of sodium, chloride, and potassium; and creatinine clearance. Urinary flow rate and urinary sodium and chloride excretion increased after the first dose in all groups. In the infants treated with either furosemide or metolazone, urinary flow rate and urinary and chloride excretion returned to baseline values after the last three doses. In contrast, when furosemide was administered with metolazone, urinary flow rate and urinary excretion of sodium, chloride, and potassium were greater than the values for baseline and for the previous dose, as well as for the corresponding doses of furosemide in group 1 and metolazone in group 3. Tolerance to furosemide (group 1) and metolazone (group 3) appeared to be explained by compensatory increased sodium and chloride reabsorption without changes in creatinine clearance. We conclude that the administration of metolazone with furosemide enhances diuresis, natriuresis, and chloruresis and overcomes the rapid development of tolerance to furosemide in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia by blocking the compensatory increase in renal sodium and chloride absorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Segar
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Robillard
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chemtob
mesh_terms: D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004231:Diuresis / Q000187:drug effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005665:Furosemide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008788:Metolazone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005665:Furosemide; D008788:Metolazone