title: Genomic fingerprinting of penicillinase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Valencia, Spain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the value of different markers and their combinations with the restriction enzyme technique in the differentiations of penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  17 PPNG strains isolated from symptomatic, untreated male patients with urethritis were characterised by antibiotic sensitivity testing, auxotyping, serotyping, plasmid profile, and restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (Hind III digestion). Cluster analysis with the method of unweighted pair-group average (UPGMA) linkage was used to calculate similarity or dissimilarity for PPNG strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Either auxotyping or plasmid profile alone differentiated three groups of PPNG strains, whereas the combination auxotyping/serotyping identified 10. Although the combination auxotyping/serotyping/plasmid profile and the restriction enzyme technique showed a similar discrimination ability (differentiation of 11 PPNG strains), genomic fingerprinting gave highly specific restriction patterns on individual gonococcal isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of different markers gave more epidemiological information than the use of only one. The sequence of discriminating ability for PPNG strains was: auxotyping/serotyping less than auxotyping/serotyping/plasmid profile less than restriction patterns of genomic DNA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Faculty of Medicine, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dasi
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Camarena
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-Verdú
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Barberá
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barberá
mesh_terms: D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D010405:Penicillinase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010641:Phenotype; D010957:Plasmids; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D012703:Serotyping; D014526:Urethritis / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005819:Genetic Markers; D010405:Penicillinase