title: Treatment of fish parasites. 9. Effects of a medicated food containing malachite green on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 (Hymenostomatida, Ciliophora) in ornamental fish.
abstract: For systemic therapy against trophozoites of the skin-inhabiting stage of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in ornamental fish, the latter were fed medicated food flakes containing malachite green once daily for 1-11 days ad libitum. Naturally or artificially infected cardinal tetras (Paracheirodon axelrodi), blue gouramis (Trichogaster trichopterus), or clown loach (Botia macracantha) were used in the trials. The fish were maintained in aerated 12.5- or 60-1 aquaria at 23 degrees C. Ultrastructural investigations (scanning and transmission electron microscopy) revealed clear deleterious effects of malachite green on the parasitic stages. Following the initial application, the inner membrane of the mitochondria was destroyed. In fish fed for 2 days, aggregation of the mucocysts and polymerization the microtubules within the macronucleus occurred. Finally, the trophozoite's membrane was completely destroyed. In fish fed for 4 days, the medicated food killed all trophozoites of I. multifiliis. Sensitive ornamental fish (e.g., P. axelrodi) showed no adverse effects after they had been fed with only the medicated food flakes for 2 months. Therefore, the oral administration of malachite green using this newly developed medicated food considerably reduces the risk of toxic effects on the fish hosts, which are sometimes caused by malachite green following its application by immersion therapy. The feeding of flakes medicated with malachite green provides and easy-to-handle and highly effective treatment of I. multifiliis in ornamental fish.
authors.affiliation: Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmahl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruider
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mehlhorn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ritter
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D003531:Cypriniformes / Q000469:parasitology*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005399:Fishes; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D016803:Hymenostomatida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012867:Skin / Q000469:parasitology; D012876:Skin Diseases, Parasitic / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C005095:malachite green