title: Electroencephalographic and behavioral-state studies in infants of cocaine-addicted mothers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate cerebral cortical function with electroencephalography in infants of cocaine-addicted mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient series.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (Pa).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five consecutive infants of cocaine-addicted mothers hospitalized for a comprehensive health assessment and 51 healthy, age-matched infants studied with electroencephalography and respiratory thermistor because they were siblings of sudden infant death victims (comparison group).
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behavioral states during spontaneous daytime sleep were classified as active sleep or quiet sleep; quiet sleep was further characterized as immature, tracé alternant sleep or mature, continuous, slow wave sleep. No episodes of ictal apnea or nonictal apnea were recorded in infants of cocaine-addicted mothers; nonictal apnea was observed in one control patient. No electrographic seizures were recorded. There were no significant differences between the proportions of infants exposed to cocaine in utero and that of controls who displayed excessive sharp electroencephalographic transients, background abnormalities, immaturity, and hypermaturity. Electroclinical sleep discordance was present in 5.7% of infants of cocaine-addicted mothers vs 0% of controls. Cocaine-exposed infants displayed mature, continuous, slow wave sleep below 45 weeks of conceptional age in a significantly higher percentage than those in the comparison group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although frank electroencephalographic abnormalities were infrequent in infants whose mothers were addicted to cocaine, they differed significantly in their younger age of onset of continuous, slow wave sleep. Our findings provide continued reason for concern that infants of cocaine-addicted mothers may suffer subtle adverse neurologic, cognitive, or behavioral effects later in life. The longitudinal assessment of sleep disturbance and its relation to later development might permit tracking of the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Legido
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Spitzer
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Finnegan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine