title: The impact of health care financing on childhood immunization practices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of patient insurance status and third-party payment methods on physician immunization practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family practice physicians and pediatricians were surveyed to determine whether differences existed in office immunization practices for five childhood vaccines across insurance and payment classes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Milwaukee, Wis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 202 Milwaukee area physicians who administer immunizations routinely, 161 (79.7%) returned the questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physicians reported immunizing uninsured patients in their offices less often than patients with insurance. When insurance does not pay for immunizations, most physicians (81.6%) said that they left the decision of whether to pay for private immunizations or seek free immunizations from the city health department to the family. Physicians estimated that approximately half of their uninsured patients decline private immunizations. Some physicians (20%) who treat patients receiving Medicaid reported that they immunize patients with Title 19 coverage less often than patients with other types of insurance. No significant differences in frequency of immunization were reported for patients insured by capitated-payment health maintenance organizations, fee-for-service health maintenance organizations, or traditional insurance covering immunizations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians reported that they do not immunize uninsured and underinsured children as frequently as insured children. Further research is recommended to evaluate the impact of Medicaid enrollment on access to immunization and to develop innovative financing arrangements to ensure that no children leave their physicians' offices without being immunized.
authors.affiliation: School of Business Administration, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Schlenker
mesh_terms: D002204:Capitation Fee / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005251:Fees, Medical / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006291:Health Policy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007223:Infant; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population; D014922:Wisconsin