title: Early detection of extravasation of radiographic contrast medium. Work in progress.
abstract: Microwave radiometry is a passive and noninvasive technique that allows quick detection of subcutaneous temperature changes. The feasibility of this technique for differentiating normal intravenous infusions of radiographic contrast medium from extravasations of contrast medium was tested in anesthetized dogs. Room-temperature and heated ionic and nonionic contrast media were administered at flow rates ranging from 0.2 to 9.9 mL/sec by means of a power injector. On the basis of these experiments, an algorithm to adjust for extravasation detection thresholds as a function of injection flow rates was developed. With this algorithm, results showed a false-positive rate of 0% at all infusion rates and false-negative rates of 2%, 2%, and 4% at pump speeds of 0.2, 1.0, and 9.9 mL/sec, respectively. The times of these extravasation "alarms" corresponded to maximum extravasated volumes, respectively, of 4, 6.5, and 8 mL. Microwave radiometry has clinical potential for early detection of extravasation of contrast medium administered with power injectors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23507.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shaeffer
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Sigfred
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sevcik
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Grabowy
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gemmell
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hirschman
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D004285:Dogs; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves; D011874:Radiometry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media