title: Efficacy of awareness of strategy and overt verbalization for recall by kindergarten students.
abstract: Two prevailing models for teaching memory strategies for remembering were compared for two kindergarten classes (45 boys, 30 girls). A third class provided a control. One class received instruction in specific and efficacious strategies for recall on three discrete tasks: sequential memory, paired-associate memory, and clustering recall. The second class received the same instruction embedded in an overt verbalization procedure adapted form Bash and Camp (1985). The control class received as much practice as the two instructional groups but no instruction on strategy or overt verbalization. Significant gains in memory were made on paired associates at posttest for both the strategy-only group and the overt-verbalization group. Overt verbalization inhibits recall on paired associates at delayed posttest and its effect on sequential memory at posttest remains equivocal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina 28723-9041.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chovan
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D010153:Paired-Associate Learning; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D012691:Serial Learning; D014705:Verbal Behavior