title: Benzodiazepine premedication causes hypoxemia during spinal anesthesia in geriatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of sedatives during regional anesthesia can lead to life-threatening hypoxemia. Older patients particularly are prone to enhanced effects of these drugs. We studies whether oral premedication with benzodiazepines produced hypoxemia during spinal anesthesia in elderly patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, double-blind, and randomized study, we evaluated the effect of oral benzodiazepine premedication on the incidence of hypoxemia measured by pulse oximetry (arterial oxygen saturation less than 90% for 30 seconds or longer) during surgery under spinal anesthesia in 80 geriatric patients divided into four equal groups: 1, control, no premedication; 2, 1 mg flunitrazepam; 3, 1 mg lorazepam; and 4, 7.5 mg midazolam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of hypoxemia in the four groups was: 1, 15%; 2, 45%; 3, 20%; and 4, 60% (p = 0.0078); overall incidence was 42% in premedicated patients versus 15% in unpremedicated controls (p = 0.0304). Seventy-four percent of patients who presented drowsiness and anesthetic level above T7 had desaturation compared to only 7% of those who were awake and had lower level (p less than 0.0005). No association between hypoxemia and other factors (age, weight, ASA physical status, and position during surgery) was found. All the episodes of desaturation were easily corrected with low supplemental oxygen concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premedication with oral benzodiazepines may produce hypoxemia during spinal anesthesia in elderly patients. Lorazepam appeared safer than flunitrazepam and midazolam. Monitoring of arterial blood oxygen saturation and/or supplemental oxygen is mandatory in geriatric patients with high spinal anesthetic level and/or drowsiness during surgery.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anestesiología, Hospìtal Clínico Universidad Católica de Chile.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dagnino
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rufs
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bugedo
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005853:Geriatrics; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines; D005445:Flunitrazepam; D008140:Lorazepam; D008874:Midazolam