title: Alcohol and smokeless tobacco effects on the CD-1 mouse fetus.
abstract: Tobacco products and alcohol are commonly used as nonmedicinal drugs by pregnant women, and both are known to cause various effects on the fetus and the newborn. The objective of this study was to examine the fetal effects of both drugs when administered individually and simultaneously to pregnant CD-1 mice at moderate dosages. Specifically, we wanted to determine whether or not the effect on the fetus of these two biologically active substances was additive, ameliorative, or synergistic. A total of 65 CD-1 dams were divided among four groups receiving either ST equivalent to 8 mg/kg nicotine, ethanol (ETOH) 1.8 g/kg, a combination of ST+ETOH in the same dosages, or D-glucose (controls and ST alone) to supply calories equivalent to the dose of ethanol. Mice were dosed three times per day on gestational days 6-15. On gestational day 17 all dams were killed, fetal and placental weights recorded, and the number of resorbed, dead, and malformed fetuses noted. The mean maternal plasma drug levels were: nicotine-321 ng/ml and ethanol-0.105 g%. No significant differences were observed in maternal weight gain, litter size, or in the incidence of resorptions, deaths and/or malformations. Fetal weights were reduced in all three treatment groups (P less than 0.05), with the greatest reduction (13% decrease) recorded in the ST group, followed by a 9% decrease in the ETOH group, and a 7% decrease in the ST+ETOH group. Placentas of the ST group weighed significantly less (P less than 0.05) than controls. Ossification of the fetal skeleton, observed in ten sites, was affected to the greatest extent in the ST group, followed by the ETOH and ST+ETOH groups. Craniofacial measurements were significantly affected (P less than 0.05) in all three treatment groups, compared to controls. We conclude that under these experimental conditions, in terms of fetal growth and ossification, ST had the greatest effect, followed by ETOH and ST+ETOH. The interaction of ST+ETOH was neither additive, synergistic, nor ameliorative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Paulson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shanfeld
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mullet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Paulson
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D005865:Gestational Age; D051379:Mice; D009538:Nicotine / Q000097:blood; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011247:Pregnancy; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine