title: Immunomodulators: current and future development and application.
abstract: It has been amply demonstrated that immunomodulators have a place in the armamentarium with other therapeutic modalities for the treatment of various diseases. They presently are, and in the future will be, most effective in preventing diseases which cause, or are the result of, immunodeficiencies. For future development the biological agents that are potent immunomodulators can be more purified and their molecular structures defined and synthesized, such as muramyldipeptides are products of BCG, etc. The active moiety of Picibanil (OK 432), a very powerful immunostimulator should be defined. Further investigations in isolating and characterizing biological agents as immunomodulators should continue in view of the success that has been achieved with BCG in treating superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma. This mode of treatment is much less toxic to the patient than treatment with the cytotoxic agents thiotepa, mitomycin C. Chemically defined immunomodulators have been used successfully when combined with other therapeutic modalities. Levamisole and its additive therapeutic effect when combined with 5-FU in the treatment of Stage C colorectal carcinoma establishes the potential usefulness of chemicals which specifically augment the immuno response. The explosive growth of cytokine research has led to many technical advances which were key to give cloning and the availability of recombinant cytokines which have extended and modified our concepts of cytokines. The capability of cloning to provide considerable quantities of pure cytokines, permitted studies of immunological, physiological, and therapeutic roles of cytokines. All three classes of immunomodulators: biologicals; chemical; and cytokines will continue to play a major role in advancing and improving the quality of treatment of several of human as well as animal diseases.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chirigos
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007978:Levamisole / Q000494:pharmacology; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000276:immunology; D013951:Thymus Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D013951:Thymus Hormones; D007978:Levamisole