title: Electroconvulsive therapy-induced cardiac arrhythmias during anesthesia with methohexital, thiamylal, or thiopental sodium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-induced arrhythmias under methohexital, thiamylal, or thiopental sodium anesthesia with and without atropine premedication.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind study, placebo-controlled for atropine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inpatient psychiatric unit at a university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients scheduled for ECT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Atropine 0.6 mg intravenously (IV) or an equal volume of normal saline IV was given before IV induction of anesthesia with methohexital 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg, thiamylal 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg, or thiopental sodium 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were made for 1 minute before induction, during induction of anesthesia, and for 5 minutes after the ECT stimulus. Each ECG was evaluated for arrhythmias and evidence of ischemia in a blinded fashion. Blood pressure and ECG evidence of ischemia did not differ among the groups. Seizure duration was significantly (p less than 0.05) prolonged by a mean of 5 seconds during methohexital anesthesia compared with thiopental sodium and thiamylal (47.6 +/- 18.6 seconds, 42.7 +/- 13.2 seconds, and 42.7 +/- 15.2 seconds, respectively). The frequency of sinus bradycardia was decreased (p less than 0.05) with methohexital (8%) compared with thiopental sodium (20%) and thiamylal (20%). The frequency of premature atrial contractions was decreased (p less than 0.05) with methohexital (43%) compared with thiamylal (61%) but not with thiopental sodium (57%). The frequency of premature ventricular contractions was decreased (p less than 0.05) with methohexital (27%) compared with thiopental sodium (44%) but not with thiamylal (40%). Atropine decreased the frequency of bradycardia (9% vs. 24%) and premature atrial contractions (47% vs. 61%) and increased the frequency of sinus tachycardia (88% vs. 75%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that anesthesia for ECT therapy should be induced with methohexital to minimize the possibility of potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Atropine premedication may further decrease the frequency of premature atrial contractions and bradycardia, while increasing the frequency of tachycardia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Mokriski
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Nagle
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Papuchis
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Waxman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008723:Methohexital; D008875:Middle Aged; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D013840:Thiamylal; D013874:Thiopental
chemical_list: D013840:Thiamylal; D001285:Atropine; D008723:Methohexital; D013874:Thiopental