title: Stone-forming potential of milk or calcium-fortified orange juice in idiopathic hypercalciuric adults.
abstract: Milk and orange juice (OJ) fortified with calcium-citrate-malate (CCM; calcium-citrate-malate salt is a coined term to describe a trademarked calcium delivery system found only in Citrus Hill Plus Calcium) were evaluated for their potential to alter urine chemistries and crystallization during the course of an eleven week, crossover study. Six male and six female, non-stone-forming, idiopathic hypercalciuric adults consumed 600 mg per day as beverage calcium for four consecutive weeks. The results show that both milk and CCM-fortified OJ (CCM-OJ) were well tolerated by male and female hypercalciurics since few significant changes occurred in overall urinary chemistry profiles. CCM-OJ did, however, significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) increase urinary pH relative to milk in both sexes and urinary citrate concentration in women only. Both of these urinary parameters were significantly increased by CCM-OJ in both sexes relative to the basal period. The combined pH and citrate effects are recognized to protect against calcium oxalate stone formation through formation of the soluble calcium citrate salt. These data indicate that either milk or CCM-fortified orange juice can be consumed, at least within the limits tested, as a dietary source of calcium without increasing the risk of stone formation in a calcium-sensitive subpopulation. That the urine chemistries and crystallization of such calcium-sensitive individuals does not significantly change with the consumption of either beverage implies that the urine of normal individuals would be exceedingly unlikely to change as well.
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago, Nephrology Section, Illinois.
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Coe
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002951:Citrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019343:Citric Acid; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D008293:Malates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002951:Citrates; D008293:Malates; D019343:Citric Acid; C030298:malic acid; D002118:Calcium