title: Pinpointing clusters of apparently sporadic cases of Legionnaires' disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that many non-outbreak cases of legionnaires' disease are not sporadic and to attempt to pinpoint cases clustering in space and time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive study of a case series, 1978-86.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 health boards in Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  203 probable cases of non-outbreak, non-travel, community acquired legionnaires' disease in patients resident in Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Date of onset of disease and postcode and health board of residence of cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Space-time clustering was present and numerous groups of cases were identified, all but two being newly recognised. Nine cases occurred during three months within two postcodes in Edinburgh, and an outbreak was probably missed. In several places cases occurred in one area over a prolonged period--for example, nine cases in postcode districts G11.5 and G12.8 in Glasgow during five years (estimated mean annual incidence of community acquired, non-outbreak, non-travel legionnaires' disease of 146 per million residents v 4.8 per million for Scotland). Statistical analysis showed that the space time clustering of cases in the Glasgow and Edinburgh areas was unusual (p = 0.036, p = 0.068 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future surveillance requires greater awareness that clusters can be overlooked; case searching whenever a case is identified; collection of complete information particularly of date of onset of the disease and address or postcode; ongoing analysis for space-time clustering; and an accurate yet workable definition of sporadic cases. Other researchers should re-examine their data on apparently sporadic infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Health Care Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bhopal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diggle
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rowlingson
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007877:Legionnaires' Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D013029:Space-Time Clustering; D014195:Travel