title: Skin manifestations of mustard gas. A clinical study of 535 patients exposed to mustard gas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988), 535 patients who were exposed to mustard gas (one of the chemical warfare agents used by Iraq) were referred to our dermatology department. In this article, we have tried to review the skin manifestations of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The skin lesions were of early or late onset. The early onset lesions consisted of erythema (76%), bulla (55%), and purpura (1.1%). These lesions were mostly found on the face and skin folds. The late-onset manifestations were pigmentation (20.4%) and desquamation (11.2%). Other complications were ophthalmic (85%), pulmonary (15%), and gastrointestinal (10%). Lymphopenia (7%) was the most serious laboratory disorder reported. Biopsy specimens of the lesions showed subepidermal bullae with mild dermal and epidermal necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All patients were treated as for burns using sulfadiazine and furacine. All patients were cured in a period of 15 to 45 days. During a 6-month follow-up, no mortality was observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
authors.forename: A Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Momeni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Enshaeih
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meghdadi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amindjavaheri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D001768:Blister / Q000139:chemically induced; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003231:Conjunctivitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy; D004890:Erythema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010859:Pigmentation Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012872:Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D013997:Time Factors; D014581:Urticaria / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D009151:Mustard Gas