title: Three-dimensional drawings in isometric conditions: relation between geometry and kinematics.
abstract: Normal human subjects grasped a 3-D isometric handle with an otherwise unrestrained, pronated hand and exerted forces continuously to draw circles, ellipses and lemniscates (figure-eights) in specified planes in the presence or absence of a 3-D visual force-feedback cursor and a visual template. Under any of these conditions and in all subjects, a significant positive correlation was observed between the instantaneous curvature and angular velocity, and between the instantaneous radius of curvature and tangential velocity; that is, when the force trajectory was most curved, the tangential velocity was lowest. This finding is similar to that obtained by Viviani and Terzuolo (1982) for 2-D drawing arm movements and supports the notion that central constraints give rise to the relation between geometric and kinematic parameters of the trajectory.
authors.affiliation: Philip Bard Laboratories of Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Massey
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lurito
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pellizzer
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values