Biodegradation of the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) by purified pentachlorophenol hydroxylase and whole cells of Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 39723 is accompanied by cyanogenesis.
A pentachlorophenol (PCP)-degrading Flavobacterium sp. (strain ATCC 39723) degraded bromoxynil with the production of bromide and cyanide. No aromatic intermediates were detected in the spent culture fluid. The cyanide produced upon bromoxynil metabolism was inhibitory to the Flavobacterium sp. Whole cells degraded PCP more rapidly than they did bromoxynil. Bromoxynil metabolism and PCP metabolism were coinduced, either substrate serving as the inducer. Purified PCP hydroxylase degraded bromoxynil with stoichiometric accumulation of cyanide and without bromide production. A product accumulated which was more hydrophilic than bromoxynil upon high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis and which, when analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, had a mass spectrum consistent with that expected for dibromohydroquinone. PCP hydroxylase consumed NADPH, oxygen, and bromoxynil in a 2:1:1 molar ratio, producing 1 mol of cyanide per mol of bromoxynil degraded. We propose a pathway by which bromoxynil is metabolized by the same enzymes which degrade PCP. The initial step in the pathway is the conversion of bromoxynil to 2,6-dibromohydroquinone by PCP hydroxylase. In addition to its utility for decontaminating PCP-polluted sites, the Flavobacterium sp. may be useful for decontaminating bromoxynil spills. This is the first report of cyanide production accompanying the metabolism of a benzonitrile derivative.
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Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
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D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001965:Bromides / Q000378:metabolism; D002384:Catalysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003486:Cyanides / Q000378:metabolism*; D005417:Flavobacterium / Q000201:enzymology*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000378:metabolism*
D001965:Bromides; D003486:Cyanides; D006540:Herbicides; D009570:Nitriles; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C069781:pentachlorophenol monooxygenase; C006826:bromoxynil