title: Death in the city. An American childhood tragedy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To look at trends in mortality and homicide rates in a specific metropolitan area, comparing the urban and suburban mortality trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive study of mortality rates. Linear regression determined whether changes in mortality rates over time represented significant trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  Industrial metropolitan area in the United States, population, 2,337,891.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric deaths (1 to 18 years of age) in a 9-year period. Population characteristics: 36% black, 64% white, 50% each urban and suburban.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric mortality rates for 1980 through 1988, grouped by urban vs suburban, age, gender, and race. Rates calculated using national census figures and plotted over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 50% increase in all-cause mortality in the urban pediatric population as compared with no change or a slight decline in the suburban and national populations. The increase was found in the black urban population. Homicide showed the largest increase (252%). Firearm-related homicides accounted for the majority of homicide deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) There were significant differences in mortality between the urban and suburban pediatric populations. (2) The increase in homicides, specifically firearm homicides, in the urban population accounted for the increase in overall mortality rates. (3) The increase in homicide rates was significant only for the 10- to 14-year-old males and the 15- to 18-year-old male and female portions of the black urban population. (4) Firearm homicides have become epidemic in the black urban population we studied.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Mich. 48202.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ropp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Visintainer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Treloar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*