title: Protective effects of flunarizine on ischemic injury in the rat retina.
abstract: Intracellular calcium overload has been implicated to be a major factor in triggering cell death after ischemic neuronal injury. We investigated the effects of flunarizine hydrochloride, a calcium-overload blocker, on pressure-induced retinal ischemia in a rat model. Retinal ischemia was induced in intraocular pressure to 110 mm Hg for 45 minutes. Two regimens of treatment with flunarizine were examined: (1) prophylactic treatment, in which flunarizine was administered before ischemia and in the early phase of reperfusion; and (2) postischemic treatment, in which flunarizine was administered only in the early phase of reperfusion. Injury was evaluated morphologically and morphometrically by measuring the thickness of the inner retinal layers on plastic-embedded retinal sections and by counting the retinal ganglion cells on retinal flat preparations. By morphologic and morphometric criteria, a significant but partial protection of the inner retinal layers was noted in the groups given either regimen. This protective effect of flunarizine suggests that elevated intracellular calcium concentration may play an important role in ischemic retinal injury.
authors.affiliation: Georgiana Dvorak Theobald Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Edward
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Buchi
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Tso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005444:Flunarizine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D005444:Flunarizine