title: Atropine poisoning in children during the Persian Gulf crisis. A national survey in Israel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of high doses of atropine in children accidentally injected with automatic atropine injectors. These were distributed in Israel during the Persian Gulf Crisis as an antidote for chemical warfare agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national survey in pediatric emergency departments in Israel, involving 22 medical centers, with prospective data collection in 14 centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (n = 268) presenting to emergency departments following misuse of automatic atropine injectors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Documentation of atropine dose and clinical manifestations; determination of a clinical severity score and its correlation with atropine dose; measurements of serum atropine levels in six patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a period of 4 months, 268 cases were reported, of which 240 were clinically evaluated. The most common site of injection (75%) was the finger or palm. Doses were up to 17-fold higher than standard doses for age. In 116 children (48%), systemic effects of atropine were observed, and 20 (8%) had severe atropinization. Seizures and life-threatening arrhythmias were not reported, and there were no fatalities. The severity of atropinization was correlated with the dose following a classic nonlinear, dose-response relationship. Serum atropine levels (6.2 to 61.0 ng/mL) were much higher than those observed after administration of therapeutic doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high incidence of injection in the hand implies accidental use of automatic atropine injectors among children. The lack of mortality or life-threatening complications from injection of large doses of atropine attests to its relative safety in children. The low risk from atropine injections weighed against expected benefit as a lifesaving antidote justifies the distribution of personal atropine injectors to children at risk of organophosphorus nerve agent attack.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Mt Scopus, Jerusalem.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Amitai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Almog
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bentur
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Danon
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D001285:Atropine / Q000506:poisoning*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014857:Warfare
chemical_list: D001285:Atropine