title: The relationships among psychosocial profile, maternal size, and smoking in predicting fetal growth retardation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explored the relationships among measures of psychosocial well-being, maternal size, and smoking in predicting infant size at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in this population-based cohort study were drawn from public health prenatal clinics in Jefferson County, Alabama during 1985-1988. Para 1 and 2 women were screened for 11 risk factors for low birth weight, including small stature, a previous low birth weight infant, and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor scores on five of six psychosocial scales, as well as on a combined profile, were associated with a significantly higher relative risk of fetal growth retardation (FGR) only in thinner women, defined as having a body mass index less than the median (relative risk [RR] 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47, 3.04). A significant association between the psychosocial profile and birth weight was demonstrated for thin women in a multivariate analysis adjusting for gestational age, race, infant sex, and smoking (P = .0003). The relationship remained significant when hypertension, alcohol and drug use, and weight gain were added to the model (P = .003). In women with a body mass index above the median, a poor psychosocial profile showed little association with FGR (RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.73, 1.98) and did not have a significant association with birth weight. A poor profile had a greater association with FGR in non-smokers (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.29, 3.22) than in smokers (RR 1.4, 95% CI 0.95, 2.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater pre-pregnancy weight for height appears to protect against the adverse effects of a poor psychosocial profile in a population of poor, primarily black women. In thinner women, both smoking and a poor psychosocial profile were associated with a substantially increased rate of FGR, indicating a subgroup of women who may receive greater benefits from intervention programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cliver
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cutter
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Copper
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gotlieb
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010551:Personality; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological