title: Emotion and autonomic nervous system activity in the Minangkabau of west Sumatra.
abstract: Physiology and emotional experience were studied in the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, a matrilineal, Moslem, agrarian culture with strong proscriptions against public displays of negative emotion. Forty-six Minangkabau men were instructed to contract facial muscles into prototypical configurations of 5 emotions. In comparison with a group of 62 Ss from the United States, cross-cultural consistencies were found in (a) autonomic nervous system (ANS) differences between emotions and (b) high configuration quality being associated with increased ANS differentiation and increased report of emotional experience. These findings provide the first evidence that these patterns of emotion-specific ANS activity and the capacity of voluntary facial action to generate this activity are not unique to American culture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Levenson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heider
authors.forename: W V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Friesen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003906:Developing Countries; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology; D012424:Rural Population; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology