title: Health risks of housing small psittacines in galvanized wire mesh cages.
abstract: Each week over a 6-week period, 80 adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) of either gender were dosed orally with fine particles of pure zinc or galvanized coating removed from welded wire mesh. At dosage of 32 mg/wk, all birds became severely ill and either died or were euthanatized within 2 weeks. Dosage of 2 mg/wk induced chronic illness marked by dullness, weight loss, and intermittent excretion of greenish droppings. Necropsy findings were unremarkable, except for signs suggestive of impaired gastrointestinal tract motility and histologic degenerative changes associated with focal mononuclear infiltration in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Tissue, especially pancreatic, contents of zinc were markedly high. Pure zinc was as toxic as galvanizing zinc. White rust, an oxidation product, also was toxic. The galvanized coating on cages and flights must be carefully wirebrushed and examined before housing psittacine birds.
authors.affiliation: Field Laboratories, University of Sheffield, Medical School, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008297:Male; D011041:Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D011563:Psittaciformes; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D015032:Zinc