title: Head injury in very young children: mechanisms, injury types, and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age.
abstract: Head injury in the youngest age group is distinct from that occurring in older children or adults because of differences in mechanisms, injury thresholds, and the frequency with which the question of child abuse is encountered. To analyze some of these characteristics in very young children, the authors prospectively studied 100 consecutively admitted head-injured patients 24 months of age or younger who were drawn from three institutions. Mechanism of injury, injury type, and associated injuries were recorded. All patients underwent ophthalmologic examination to document the presence of retinal hemorrhages. An algorithm incorporating injury type, best history, and associated findings was used to classify each injury as inflicted or accidental. The results confirmed that most head injuries in children younger than 2 years of age occurred from falls, and while different fall heights were associated with different injury types, most household falls were neurologically benign. Using strict criteria, 24% of injuries were presumed inflicted, and an additional 32% were suspicious for abuse, neglect, or social or family problems. Intradural hemorrhage was much more likely to occur from motor vehicle accidents and inflicted injury than from any other mechanism, with the latter being the most common cause of mortality. Retinal hemorrhages were seen in serious accidental head injury but were most commonly encountered in inflicted injury. The presence of more serious injuries associated with particular mechanisms may be related to a predominance of rotational rather than translational forces acting on the head.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 19104.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Duhaime
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Alario
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lewander
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schut
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Seidl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nudelman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Budenz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hertle
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tsiaras
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000209:etiology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003288:Contusions / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology