title: A native RNA secondary structure controls alternative splice-site selection and generates two human growth hormone isoforms.
abstract: Consensus sequences at the splice donor, splice acceptor, and lariat branch point regions are necessary but insufficient determinants of splice-site selection in nuclear precursor mRNAs. Sequences outside of these regions can have a significant effect on the utilization of splice sites. Although the mode of action of such sequences is undefined in most cases, higher order RNA structures have been suggested as a potential contributor to splice-site selection. During a detailed analysis of the splicing patterns of the human growth hormone transcript, we located 2 bases in the vicinity of the exon 3 major splice-acceptor site (B) which facilitate the utilization of a competing downstream acceptor (B'). The effects of a series of site-specific mutations on the splicing pattern demonstrate that these 2 bases function by stabilizing a specific stem-loop structure in the native transcript. This defined secondary structure selectively encompasses the upstream B splice-acceptor site together with its lariat branch point region. Increasing the predicted stability of this stem by point mutations results in a corresponding shift in splicing towards the alternative B' splice-acceptor site. These results indicate that a specific secondary structure within the native human growth hormone transcript controls the relative utilization of two competing splice-acceptor sites with the consequent generation of two functionally distinct hormone isoforms.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Liebhaber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012326:RNA Splicing; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D013006:Growth Hormone