title: The psychosocial impact of HIV infection in men with haemophilia: controlled investigation and factors associated with psychiatric morbidity.
abstract: The aim of the investigation was to establish the prevalence of psychosocial problems in men with haemophilia and HIV infection, and to identify factors associated with psychological morbidity. A cross-sectional controlled study including 37 HIV seropositive and 36 HIV seronegative men with haemophilia under the care of the Oxford Haemophilia Centre were included in the investigation. The outcome measures included current psychological status (PSE, POMS, Beck Hopelessness Scale and Self-Esteem) and psychiatric history; coping and health beliefs (Self-Control Schedule, Hardiness Scale, Health Locus of Control Scale); social functioning (Modified Social Adjustment Scale); and sexual functioning. The results showed that seropositive individuals, whether symptomatic or not, had significantly worse total PSE scores and had higher levels of hopelessness. In addition, symptomatics had worse depression scores (POMS) than seronegatives. However, levels of psychiatric morbidity were generally low, even in the seropositive group. High levels of psychological morbidity were associated with high levels of hopelessness, unfavourable social adjustment, past psychiatric history and symptomatic HIV disease. Seropositives reported greater negative impact on their sex lives, and sexually active seropositives reported a significantly greater prevalence of sexual dysfunction than seronegatives. The majority of seropositives reported regular condom use during intercourse, and also continuing concerns about infecting their sexual partners in spite of it. In summary, it was found that men with haemophilia an HIV infection have higher levels of psychological distress and sexual problems than seronegatives. The skilled staff involved in their treatment are in a good position to identify their difficulties and ensure that good care is provided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Catalan
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Klimes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garrod
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rizza
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D012917:Social Adjustment