title: Increased resistance to haemorrhage induced by intracerebroventricular infusion of hypertonic NaCl in conscious sheep.
abstract: The effect of elevated cerebrospinal fluid Na+ concentration (CSF [Na+]) on the tolerance of blood loss, and concomitant cardiovascular and humoral responses were studied in conscious sheep. A slow (0.7 ml kg-1 min-1) venous haemorrhage was continued until the mean systemic arterial pressure suddenly decreased to less than 50 mmHg, or in the absence of hypotension, until a total blood loss of 25 ml kg-1. Significantly more blood had to be removed to induce hypotension in animals receiving an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion (0.02 ml min-1) of 0.5 M NaCl (starting 30 min before haemorrhage and continued throughout the experiment) compared to control haemorrhages without concomitant i.c.v. infusion (22.7 +/- 1.2 ml vs 16.9 +/- 0.9 ml kg-1). In one animal, subjected to 0.5 M NaCl infusion, the blood pressure was still maintained at 25 ml kg-1 of haemorrhage. In spite of a larger blood loss, animals receiving i.c.v. infusion of hypertonic NaCl had an improved recovery of the blood pressure after haemorrhage, due to a better maintained cardiac output rather than to a reinforced increase of the vascular resistance. The improved cardiovascular responses to haemorrhage during elevated CSF [Na+] are not readily explained by the effects on the plasma concentrations of vasopressin, angiotensin II or noradrenaline, although the latter was augmented. The plasma protein concentration decreased already during the 30 min of hypertonic NaCl infusion preceding haemorrhage, and the haemodilution caused by the subsequent blood removal was aggravated, which indicates that this treatment also causes transfer of fluid to the plasma compartment. We conclude that elevated CSF [Na+] increases tolerance to haemorrhage and improves cardiovascular function after blood loss in sheep. Since the haemodynamic responses in many respects were similar to those reported in response to the systemic administration of a small volume of hypertonic NaCl solution in haemorrhagic shock, part of the effect of that treatment may be mediated via cerebral effects of increased Na+ concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hjelmqvist
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ullman
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hamberger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rundgren
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007022:Hypotension / Q000503:physiopathology; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012756:Sheep; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000503:physiopathology; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D014667:Vasopressins; D000804:Angiotensin II; D009638:Norepinephrine