title: The many faces of Pan: psychological and physiological differences among three types of panic attacks.
abstract: The thesis of this paper is that failure to recognize the psychological and physiological differences among panic attacks within DSM-IIIR precludes meaningful comparisons and evaluations of research findings, confounds theoretical issues, and impairs the development of more specific, and thereby more effective, programs of treatment. To remedy this, a recommendation is made to define panic attacks on the basis of psychological and physiological distinctions that fit three categories of severity: Type I (classic panic attack), Type II (anticipatory panic attack), and Type III (cognitive panic attack). The logical-empirical rationale for the categories recommended is presented in the context of relevant research findings. Implications for theory, experimental design, and treatment are discussed.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York, Albany 12222.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ley
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001143:Arousal; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D005239:Fear; D006801:Humans; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide