title: Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis and African horse sickness. Current status and review.
abstract: The arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) diseases of livestock have worldwide impact. The prevention of an introduction of an exotic disease and the control of one subsequent to an introduction will require the attention, cooperation, and support of the livestock industry, regulatory agencies, and researchers. The most effective protection of our livestock industries is to prevent the introduction of an exotic disease agent. This implies complete restriction of animal imports and exports. However, "zero risk" is an unacceptable option in today's world of internationally integrated and interdependent agriculture. Scientifically sound and factually based regulatory decisions must be combined with continued vigilance and preparedness, as well as appropriately directed surveillance and research, to protect the world agricultural marketplace. Two exotic arbovirus diseases that are of current concern to the livestock industries and regulatory officials of the North American and Caribbean Basin countries are VEE and AHS. Devastating epizootics of VEE in equines have occurred frequently in the Western Hemisphere, but no recent epizootic activity has been documented. Naturally occurring foci of sylvatic, equine nonpathogenic VEE virus subtypes, however, do exist in the tropical countries of the hemisphere. The relationship of these sylvatic virus foci to the origin of equine virulent epizootic VEE virus subtypes is unknown. AHS epizootics had been confined to Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent until recent outbreaks in 1966 and 1987-1990 in Spain. With the recurrence of AHS in Spain for the past four years, concern about the possible introduction into potential vector species and equines in the Western Hemisphere has increased. This review addresses the current VEE and AHS virus activity and the potential for outbreaks in the Western Hemisphere.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3965.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bolivar-Raya
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrer-Romero
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ortega
mesh_terms: D000355:African Horse Sickness / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000818:Animals; D004685:Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014943:Global Health; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006736:Horses