title: Smoking and caffeine and alcohol intake during pregnancy in a northern population: effect on fetal growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of smoking and of caffeine and alcohol intake during pregnancy in a northern population and to determine the relation of these factors to birth weight, length and head circumference.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire survey and collection of maternal and newborn measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten communities in the Inuvik Zone, NWT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 162 women (56 Inuit, 38 Indian, 37 white and 31 mixed race) who presented for prenatal care in their community and gave birth in Inuvik between September 1987 and January 1990 and their newborns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 64% (101/159) of the women smoked, 57% (88/154) ingested more than 300 mg of caffeine daily, and 34% (50/145) drank alcohol during their pregnancy. Smoking, caffeine intake and binge drinking were most frequent among the Inuit and Indian mothers. Smoking was significantly associated with decreased birth weight (p less than 0.001) and length (p less than 0.05). Alcohol intake, especially binge drinking, was significantly associated with decreased head circumference (p less than 0.05). Caffeine was found not to be related to any of the outcome variables after smoking was controlled for through stepwise multiple regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The marked prevalence of smoking and alcohol intake during pregnancy and their effects on the newborn are public health concerns in the Northwest Territories and warrant intensive countermeasures.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Edmonton.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Godel
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Pabst
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Froese
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Joffres
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001724:Birth Weight; D001827:Body Height; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D004930:Inuit; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015873:Northwest Territories / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine