title: Transcriptional regulation of human apolipoprotein genes ApoB, ApoCIII, and ApoAII by members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily HNF-4, ARP-1, EAR-2, and EAR-3.
abstract: Apolipoproteins B, CIII, and AII are synthesized primarily in the liver and intestine and play an important role in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. It was previously shown that the cis-acting elements (BA1 (-79 to -63), CIIIB (-87 to -63), and AIIJ (-740 to -719) present in the regulatory regions of the human apoB, apoCIII, and apoAII genes, respectively, are recognized by common transcription factors present in hepatic nuclear extracts. This report shows that four members of the steroid receptor superfamily, ARP-1, EAR-2, EAR-3, and HNF-4, bind specifically to the regulatory elements BA1, CIIIB, and AIIJ. Dissociation constant measurements showed that ARP-1, EAR-2, and HNF-4 bind to elements BA1 and CIIIB with similar affinities (Kd 1-3 nM). Cotransfection experiments in HepG2 cells revealed that ARP-1, EAR-2, and EAR-3 repressed the BA1, CIIIB, and AIIJ element-dependent transcription of the reporter gene constructs and the transcription driven by homopolymeric promoters containing either five BA1 or two CIIIB elements. In contrast, HNF-4 activated transcription of reporter genes containing the elements BA1, CIIIB, and AIIJ and reversed the ARP-1-mediated repression of the apoB and apoCIII genes. These results suggested that the opposing transcription effects observed between HNF-4 and ARP-1 may be due to competition for binding to the same regulatory element. Mutations which affected the binding of HNF-4 to elements BA1 and CIIIB affected its ability to activate transcription of the apoB and apoCIII reporter genes, respectively. Transcriptional activation by HNF-4 depended on the presence of elements II (-112 to -94) and III (-86 to -62) of the apoB and H (-705 to -690), I (-766 to -726), and J (-792 to -779) of the apoCIII promoters, indicating that transcriptional activation of apoB and apoCIII genes by HNF-4 requires the synergistic interaction of factors binding to these elements. The finding that HNF-4, ARP-1, EAR-2 and EAR-3 can regulate the expression of the apoB, apoCIII, and apoAII genes suggest that these nuclear hormone receptors may be an important part of the signal transduction pathways modulating lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ladias
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadzopoulou-Cladaras
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kardassis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cardot
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zannis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cladaras
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016633:Apolipoprotein A-II / Q000235:genetics*; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000235:genetics*; D001056:Apolipoproteins C / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D051838:COUP Transcription Factor I; D051837:COUP Transcription Factor II; D051836:COUP Transcription Factors; D002460:Cell Line; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006367:HeLa Cells; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008745:Methylation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D016633:Apolipoprotein A-II; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D001056:Apolipoproteins C; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D051838:COUP Transcription Factor I; D051837:COUP Transcription Factor II; D051836:COUP Transcription Factors; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C403128:MLX protein, human; C497589:NR2F1 protein, human; C075835:NR2F6 protein, human; C095569:NR2F2 protein, human