title: Steroid-eluting epicardial pacing leads in pediatric patients: encouraging early results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the pacing and sensing characteristics of a new porous-tipped steroid-eluting epicardial lead in a group of pediatric patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pacing in children may be complicated by small patient size, patient growth and the prevalence of structural congenital heart disease in children requiring pacing. Epicardial pacing has been associated with a high incidence of problems with sensing and capture, prompting the use of transvenous endocardial pacing when possible. In some children, epicardial pacing may still be desirable because of small patient size, potential for caval obstruction, previous cardiac surgery limiting transvenous access to the heart, or the need to repair congenital heart disease at the time of pacemaker insertion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients aged 3 weeks to 18 years underwent placement of 23 epicardial pacing leads (8 atrial, 15 ventricular). Pulse width thresholds, sensing thresholds and lead impedance were measured weekly for 6 weeks, then at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after pacemaker implantation. The median duration of follow-up was 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ventricular pulse width thresholds did not change over time, whereas atrial pulse width thresholds improved significantly. At 6 months, the mean pulse width threshold at 2.5 V for the atrial and ventricular leads was 0.10 +/- 0.03 and 0.19 +/- 0.09 ms, respectively. The thresholds were slightly lower at 12 and 18 months. At the most recent follow-up, all atrial leads sensed appropriately at 2.5 mV and all ventricular leads at 5 mV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These encouraging early results suggest that steroid-eluting epicardial pacing leads may be an attractive option for children needing epicardial pacing. Their excellent pacing and sensing characteristics may allow reliable dual-chamber pacing in infants who are too small for transvenous pacing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Fish
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hammon
mesh_terms: D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006327:Heart Block / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010496:Pericardium; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C004180:dexamethasone 21-phosphate; D003907:Dexamethasone