title: Glucose tolerance in women: the effects of age, body composition, and sex hormones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the separate and interactive effects of age, phase of the menstrual cycle, menopausal hormone status, body fat mass, and regional fat distribution on glucose tolerance in healthy women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred sixty healthy women aged 22-89 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and plasma glucose values in the fasting state (FPG) as well as 120 minutes after 40 gm/m2 of oral glucose (G120) were measured for each participant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a progressive decline in oral glucose tolerance of 0.4 mM (6.7 mg/dL)/decade at G120) in women from early to late adult years, with no relationship to phase of the menstrual cycle and no abrupt change associated with the menopause. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant, independent effects of BMI and WHR on FPG and G120. The influence of age (P less than 0.01) on G120 was stronger than that of the BMI or WHR (P less than 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the levels of endogenous sex hormones and glucose tolerance after adjustments for age, BMI, and WHR. However, women taking oral contraceptives, but not those receiving postmenopausal replacement therapy, did exhibit mildly elevated G120 values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age per se, and to a lesser extent BMI and WHR, but not levels of endogenous sex steroids, contribute to the physiological decline in glucose tolerance in older women.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Physiology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Busby
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bellantoni
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kafonek
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Blackman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andres
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol