title: Comparison between clonidine and epinephrine admixture to lidocaine in brachial plexus block.
abstract: The admixture of clonidine or epinephrine to lidocaine for brachial plexus block was studied with regard to duration of block, postoperative analgesia, and plasma concentrations of lidocaine. Thirty-three patients of ASA physical status I and II received an admixture of either clonidine (150 micrograms; n = 15) or epinephrine (200 micrograms; n = 18) to 40 mL of 1% lidocaine in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Bone surgery predominated in those patients receiving clonidine and soft-tissue surgery in those receiving epinephrine (P less than 0.05). Onset and duration of block were not different between the groups. With the admixture of clonidine, fewer patients were completely pain free for greater than 12 h (13.3%) and pain scores (visual analogue scale 0-10) were higher 6 h after the block (median 4; range 0-6) than with epinephrine (61.1%; median 2; range 0-7, respectively; P less than 0.05). In patients who had received clonidine, peak plasma concentrations of lidocaine were higher (10.29 +/- 2.96 mumol/L) and occurred earlier (23.7 +/- 9.3 min; mean +/- SD) than in those treated with epinephrine (6.9 +/- 1.71 mumol/L; 72.5 +/- 56.2 min; P less than 0.05). This indicates the absence of a local vasoconstrictor effect of clonidine and implies a reduced margin of safety with regard to local anesthetic toxicity. Although clonidine does not offer advantages compared with epinephrine, it may be a useful adjunct to local anesthetics in those patients in whom the administration of epinephrine is contraindicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Central Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gaumann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griessen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Habre
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Poinsot
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Della Santa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D003000:Clonidine; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine; D003000:Clonidine; D004837:Epinephrine