title: The potential for using non-physicians to compensate for the reduced availability of residents.
abstract: Both the number of residents and the amount of time existing residents have in which to carry out their activities may soon be decreasing. To consider the potential for alternative ways of staffing teaching hospitals, it is necessary to know how residents spend their time. The authors sought to learn this by conducting a time-motion study of eight internal medicine residents at two urban hospitals in New York City in 1988. The residents' activities were observed and coded by premedical students, and the authors independently classified the possible activities into (1) those that had to be done by a physician, (2) those that were educational only, and (3) those that could be done by a non-physician. A total of 1,726 activities of 67 kinds were coded, averaging 7.75 minutes each. The authors analyze and project their data using two models--the traditional model of care in which the physician is the primary medical manager of the patient, and an alternative model in which a midlevel practitioner, such as a nurse practitioner, would perform the day-to-day monitoring of patients. For example, the data indicate that in the traditional model, almost half of a resident's time is spent in activities that must be done by a physician, meaning that another kind of physician would be needed to do those activities if the resident were unavailable; but in the midlevel practitioner model, only around 20% of the activities would require a physician. The authors give detailed breakdowns of their data, estimate the kinds and numbers of non-physician health care professionals necessary to substitute for residents in appropriate activities, and review possible difficulties in implementing such substitutions.
authors.affiliation: Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service (WSPS), New York University (NYU), N.Y. 10003.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Knickman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipkin
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Finkler
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kiel
mesh_terms: D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000592:standards*; D007587:Job Description; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009519:New York City; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload