title: Intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate causes intra-abdominal adhesions and unilateral testicular atrophy in golden Syrian hamsters.
abstract: We investigated the reason for the high mortality we had observed in hypophysectomized-orchidectomized Golden Syrian hamsters that were anesthetized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of chloral hydrate (CH). Intact male Golden Syrian hamsters were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1cc/100g BW of a 35% solution of CH, a 35% solution of sodium chloride, or double-distilled water. Equal numbers of hamsters in each group were injected on the right or left side of the abdomen. Within 10 days, 35% of the CH-injected hamsters were dead or had to be euthanized. Autopsy revealed severe peritonitis and adynamic ileus. CH-injected hamsters that survived gained weight at a rate similar to that of the controls. All surviving hamsters were killed 18 days after the injections. Among the surviving CH-injected hamsters, 84.6% had intra-abdominal adhesions, 61.5% had unilateral testicular atrophy, and 53.8% had a yellowish necrotic mass in the epididymal fat pad (EFP). All the lesions occurred on the side that was injected. The atrophied testes had been rendered cryptorchid due to involvement with intra-abdominal adhesions. In the water-treated controls, there were no abnormalities; whereas, in the saline controls, 75% had a mass in the EFP. Histology of the EFP mass was similar in hamsters injected with CH or hypertonic saline and suggested a diagnosis of fat necrosis. The results suggest that the mortality, the intra-abdominal adhesions, and the unilateral cryptorchidism were caused by a single i.p. injection of CH, but the fat necrosis in the EFP was probably caused by high concentrations of salt. The results further suggest that high concentrations of CH should not be injected intraperitoneally for anesthesia in chronic studies, particularly of the male reproductive system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia 29208.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Dada
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Horacek
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Blake
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001284:Atrophy / Q000139:chemically induced; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002697:Chloral Hydrate / Q000633:toxicity*; D006224:Cricetinae; D004822:Epididymis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D012671:Seminiferous Tubules / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D002697:Chloral Hydrate