title: Energetics of defective macrophage antigen presentation after hemorrhage as determined by ultraresolution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry: restoration with adenosine triphosphate-MgCl2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether a decrease in macrophage energetics contributes to the profound immune dysfunction that occurs after hemorrhage and, if so, whether adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-MgCl2 treatment has any beneficial effects on the above parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  C3H/HeN mice were bled to a mean blood pressure of 35 mm Hg, maintained at that pressure for 60 minutes, resuscitated with their own shed blood and Ringer's lactate, and treated with ATP-MgCl2 (80 mumol/kg body weight) or saline solution (vehicle). Peritoneal macrophages were harvested 1 hour after resuscitation and ATP levels were determined by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. In addition, macrophage functions were determined by measuring antigen presentation capacity (AP), as well as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemorrhage caused a significant decrease in peritoneal macrophage AP function, as well as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF synthesis, by 52% +/- 14%, 91% +/- 12%, 78% +/- 8%, and 89% +/- 8%, respectively, which was correlated with a 78% +/- 6% decrease in macrophage ATP levels (p less than 0.05). Treatment with ATP-MgCl2 after hemorrhage restored macrophage ATP levels (p less than 0.05) and significantly increased (p less than 0.05) macrophage AP, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF release by 110% +/- 21%, 130% +/- 38%, 124% +/- 17%, and 66% +/- 24%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decreased macrophage ATP levels may be the cause of defective macrophage AP and cytokine release after hemorrhage, and both macrophage ATP levels and macrophage immune functions can be restored with adjuvant ATP-MgCl2 treatment after hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1315.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Meldrum
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D010758:Phosphorus; D012151:Resuscitation; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D010758:Phosphorus; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate