title: Transcutaneous cardiac pacing in patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators and epicardial patch electrodes.
abstract: In patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators, insulation of the epicardial patch electrodes (patches) prevents externally applied current from passing through the electrode to the cardiac muscle so that external transthoracic and even internal defibrillation can be unsuccessful. Because emergency cardiac pacing may be required in such a case, a study was performed to evaluate whether, and at what threshold and electrode orientation, transcutaneous pacing is possible in patients with implanted patches. Thresholds for transcutaneous pacing were determined during general anesthesia in nine patients with patches sewn across the heart (anterior right and posterior left ventricles) either before or after surgery, or at both times (automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation/exchange with or without coronary artery bypass grafting). Because surgery per se can increase the pacing threshold, nine patients of similar body size and weight undergoing routine coronary artery bypass grafting also were evaluated and served as a control group. Pacing thresholds (stimulus duration: 50 ms) were determined during normothermia with a transportable transcutaneous pacer, and adult cutaneous electrodes were placed across the patients' chest in the standard anteroposterior and right-to-left orientations. In all patients with patch electrodes, antero-posterior pacing was possible at a mean threshold of 73 +/- 30 mA standard deviation (range: 40-140 mA). This threshold was not significantly different (Mann-Whitney test) from that in control patients before (57 +/- 20 mA; range: 30-90 mA) or after (94 +/- 24 mA; range: 40-120 mA) coronary artery-bypass grafting. The surgical procedure per se significantly increased the threshold (Wilcoxon test, P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Abteilungen für Klinische Anaesthesiologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kemnitz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Vester
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans