title: Multidimensional risk assessment versus age as criterion for retirement of airline pilots.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether airline pilots over the age of 60 pose a hazard to aviation safety and whether risk assessment could replace age-based retirement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-assisted literature search (MEDLINE), expert consultation, and government reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original studies on flight performance and pilot age; sudden incapacitation, neuropsychological testing, and/or medication use in pilots; and/or non-invasive testing for predicting sudden death or stroke in asymptomatic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pertinent results and methods data were abstracted from the 49 included studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No study on aircraft accidents or pilot performance has shown an increased accident risk for over-60-year-old pilots. Normal age-related cognitive changes probably have minimal impact on aviation safety up to age 70, given above average health, education, and experience in airline pilots. Cognitive tests have not been validated for predicting flight performance safety, but they can detect early stages of cognitive disease. Cardiovascular incapacitation risk increases with age, but risk factor profiles and non-invasive tests could identify pilots with non-acceptable risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An improved medical certification test could identify those pathologic conditions that might occur more frequently in older subjects. If pilots also underwent adequate performance testing, a gradual increase of the retirement age to approximately age 70 would seem justified. In the future, a longitudinal database should be established to validate medical tests for their ability to predict a pilot's accident risk. Using individual pilots as their own controls might be more sensitive than using population-based norm values. Progress in this field would advance medical assessment for other groups such as air traffic controllers or automobile drivers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Multicampus Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1687.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Stuck
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: van Gorp
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Josephson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation; D000367:Age Factors; D001359:Aviation; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement; D012307:Risk Factors