title: Treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma with dacarbazine plus tamoxifen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endocrine factors may affect the clinical course of malignant melanoma and the response to the treatment of this disease. The presence of estrogen receptors in melanomas has been suggested, and occasional responses to antiestrogen therapy have been reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We randomly assigned 117 patients with metastatic malignant melanoma to treatment with dacarbazine alone or dacarbazine in combination with tamoxifen. The overall rate of response, measured objectively, was higher (28 percent vs. 12 percent, P = 0.03) and survival was longer (median, 48 vs. 29 weeks, P = 0.02) among the patients who received dacarbazine plus tamoxifen than among those who received dacarbazine alone. Among women, both the response rate (38 percent vs. 10 percent, P = 0.04) and the median survival (69 vs. 30 weeks, P = 0.008) were better with dacarbazine plus tamoxifen than with dacarbazine alone, whereas among men the differences were smaller and not statistically significant. Among the patients given dacarbazine alone, there were no significant differences between women and men in response rate (10 percent vs. 13 percent) or survival (30 vs. 27 weeks), whereas among those given dacarbazine plus tamoxifen, women had better outcomes, as indicated by both response rate (38 percent vs. 19 percent, P = 0.15) and survival (69 vs. 31 weeks, P = 0.02). When we analyzed the Quetelet body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) as an indirect indicator of the levels of endogenous estrogens in postmenopausal women and in men, survival was not affected by the body-mass index in the group given dacarbazine alone, whereas in the group given dacarbazine plus tamoxifen, survival was longer among patients whose Quetelet index was above the median value than among those with a Quetelet index lower than the median value (60 vs. 26 weeks, P less than 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma, dacarbazine plus tamoxifen is more effective than dacarbazine alone, as indicated by both the response rate and the median survival; the difference in efficacy is among women.
authors.affiliation: Italian Oncology Group for Clinical Research, Ospedale Maggiore, Parma.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cocconi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bella
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calabresi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tonato
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Canaletti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buzzi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ceci
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corgna
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D013629:Tamoxifen; D003606:Dacarbazine