title: Implications of third heart sounds in patients with valvular heart disease. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of third heart sounds in patients with valvular heart disease is often regarded as a sign of heart failure, but it may also depend on the type of valvular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the prevalence of third heart sounds and the relation between third heart sounds and cardiac function in 1281 patients with six types of valvular heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of third heart sounds was higher in patients with mitral regurgitation (46 percent) or aortic regurgitation (28 percent) than in those with aortic stenosis (11 percent) or mitral stenosis (8 percent). The left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) when a third heart sound was detected in patients with aortic stenosis (0.38, vs. 0.56 in those without third heart sounds) or mixed aortic valve disease (0.40 vs. 0.55). However, the ejection fraction was only slightly lower in patients with mitral regurgitation and third heart sounds (0.51 vs. 0.57, P = 0.03). The pulmonary-capillary wedge pressure was higher (P less than 0.001) when a third heart sound was detected in patients with aortic stenosis (18.6 mm Hg, vs. 12.1 mm Hg in those without third heart sounds). There was no association between the wedge pressure and third heart sounds in patients with mitral regurgitation. The prevalence of third heart sounds increased with the severity of mitral regurgitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with mitral regurgitation, third heart sounds are common but do not necessarily reflect left ventricular systolic dysfunction or increased filling pressure. In patients with aortic stenosis, third heart sounds are uncommon but usually indicate the presence of systolic dysfunction and elevated filling pressure.
authors.affiliation: Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, West Roxbury, Mass.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Folland
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kriegel
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hammermeister
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Sethi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006347:Heart Sounds; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left