title: Human embryos produce transforming growth factors alpha activity and insulin-like growth factors II.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether growth factors are produced by early human embryos in culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied various growth factors in the culture media of human embryos (n = 6) cultured from days 3 to 8 after fertilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four growth factors were measured: Insulin growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonconditioned INRA Menezo B2 (Biomerieux, S.A., Paris, France) culture medium contained significant levels of TGF alpha activity (5.2 ng/mL) and low levels of IGF-I (1.02 ng/mL) and IGF-II (2.8 ng/mL), whereas EGF was below detection of our assay. With human embryo, the culture media contained lower TGF alpha activity on days 3 and 4 after fertilization (2.5 ng/mL and 2.8 ng/mL, P less than 0.05). From days 5 to 8 after fertilization, a significant increase in TGF alpha activity and IGF-II was detected (TGF alpha activity: day 5: 3.7 ng/mL; day 6: 4.4 ng/mL; day 7: 6.4 ng/mL; day 8: 8.4 ng/mL) (IGF-II: day 5: 3.4 ng/mL; day 6: 3.1 ng/mL; day 7: 4.1 ng/mL; day 8: 4.2 ng/mL). Epidermal growth factor was undetectable, and IGF-I did not vary significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transforming growth factor alpha activity and IGF-II are produced by human embryos in culture at a time when they could play a role in morula to blastocyst transformation.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Medecine de la Reproduction de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hemmings
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langlais
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Falcone
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miron
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guyda
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011247:Pregnancy; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II