title: Effects of systemic hypoxia on pH outside rod photoreceptors in the cat retina.
abstract: We studied the effect of systemic hypoxia on intraretinal pH in the intact cat eye using double-barreled H(+)-sensitive microelectrodes. Hypoxia in the dark further acidified the extracellular space surrounding rods in the distal retina and this effect was maximal in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). An acidification occurred in response to essentially any decrease in PaO2 below the normoxic level. Light-evoked alkalinizations in the ONL were larger in amplitude during hypoxia than in normoxia and this difference increased with the severity of hypoxia. Background illumination suppressed the hypoxic acidification of the ONL, completely inhibiting it at rod saturating intensities, at levels of hypoxia down to PaO2s of 40 mmHg. Systemic hyperoxia produced a small alkalinization in the ONL, and a reduction in the amplitude of the light-evoked alkalinizations. This suggests that systemic hyperoxia can partially suppress the ongoing glycolysis of dark-adapted rods. Changes in blood flow during hypoxia also altered intraretinal pH. Hypoxia led to an alkalinization in the choroid in both dark and light adaptation that spread into the distal retina. This alkalinization is most likely caused by the increase in CO2 removal that occurs as systemic blood pressure, and as a consequence, choriocapillaris blood flow increase during hypoxia. The alkalinization attenuated the acidification that was observed outside rods during hypoxia. There was also an alkalinization of the proximal portion of the retina, which spread into the vitreous. This alkalinization was attributed to the autoregulatory increase in blood flow that occurs in the retinal vessels during hypoxia. These findings provide further evidence for the hypothesis that the energy metabolism of dark-adapted rods is exquisitely sensitive to systemic hypoxia so that any small decrease in PaO2 increases rod glycolysis. Rod-saturating illumination can completely suppress this increase in glycolysis for all but severe hypoxia. An increase in blood flow in the choriocapillaris during hypoxia appears to mitigate the effects of hypoxia on the distal retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0444.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002415:Cats; D003624:Darkness; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen