title: Effect of monensin on ultrastructure and cellular invasion by the turkey coccidia Eimeria adenoeides and Eimeria meleagrimitis.
abstract: Freshly excysted sporozoites (SZ) of the turkey coccidia Eimeria meleagrimitis and Eimeria adenoeides were incubated at 41 C in concentrations of monensin from .01 to 1.0 microgram/mL, washed free of the drug, and either processed for phase, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy or inoculated into cultures of turkey kidney cells. Phase microscopy indicated that after 1.5 h incubation in 1.0 micrograms/mL monensin, about 60% of the SZ of E. meleagrimitis had become notably rounded or displayed localized protrusions. These alterations were accompanied by ultrastructural abnormalities (in 90% of the SZ) including vacuoles in the cytoplasm, bulging and separation of plasma membrane layers, and dense bands in the refractile bodies that extended toward the periphery of the refractile body. Similar morphological and ultrastructural changes were observed in over half of the E. adenoeides SZ after 2 h incubation in 1.0 micrograms/mL monensin. Additionally, some specimens contained a pycnotic nucleus that was usually surrounded by a large vacuole. After 4 h incubation, almost all of the SZ displayed some degree of ultrastructural damage. Indirect fluorescent antibody labeling with parasite-specific monoclonal antibodies demonstrated clouds of antigen surrounding the monensin-treated but not the untreated SZ, suggesting an increase in permeability with incubation in monensin. With both E. meleagrimitis and E. adenoeides, the structural changes were reflected in a significant inhibition of cellular invasion. The inhibitory activity of monensin was concentration- and time-dependent in that the greatest inhibition of invasion was observed in SZ incubated for 4 h in 1.0 micrograms/mL of monensin; shorter incubation times or lower concentrations of monensin having less effect.
authors.affiliation: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Livestock and Poultry Science Institute, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Augustine
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Danforth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004539:Eimeria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008985:Monensin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014422:Turkeys / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D008985:Monensin