title: In vitro approaches to the elucidation of mechanisms of chemical teratogenesis.
abstract: This article describes some of the contributions that in vitro methods have made to our progress, albeit slow, toward understanding mechanisms of chemical teratogenesis. Emphasis is given to the painstaking and time consuming nature of approaches required to elucidate mechanisms. The examples considered are cyclophosphamide, 2-methoxyethanol, and retinoids. Some of the newer methods that take advantage of the recent advances in molecular biology and analytical chemistry have already been applied to studies on teratogenic mechanisms. Prospects for the 1990s are excellent and promise more rapid progress than during the past decade toward unraveling the mysteries of normal developmental biology. That knowledge in turn should be immediately applicable for investigations on developmental toxicant-induced abnormal development.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Welsch
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D046508:Culture Techniques; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000633:toxicity; D005026:Ethylene Glycols / Q000633:toxicity; D012176:Retinoids / Q000633:toxicity; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D012176:Retinoids; D013723:Teratogens; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; C005219:methyl cellosolve