title: Management of combined frontonaso-orbital/skull base fractures and telecanthus in 355 cases.
abstract: In regard to the multiple problems of reconstruction concerning this fracture pattern, we developed various methods to achieve optimal results. As various vital regions, apart from the nasoethmoidal fractures and aesthetics, are involved, the proposed classification has direct implication for the surgical procedure. Even in intracranial fragment dislocations, cerebral contusion, and elevated intracranial pressure, the subcranial approach, in contrast with the transfrontal access, enables early definitive management of the skull base and the external facial frame in a one-stage procedure. Another method, the symmetrical centripetal compression of the canthal ligaments and naso-orbital bone fragments, enables correct reduction of the telecanthus. The significant reduction of morbidity and complication rate to a minimum confirms the efficiency of our treatment modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raveh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laedrach
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vuillemin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zingg
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000293:injuries*; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000293:injuries*; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011859:Radiography; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome