title: Advance directives: implications for critical care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the relative merits and limitations of living wills and the durable power of attorney for health care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computerized search of MEDLINE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies involving treatment decisions at the end of life and descriptive articles on advance directives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recent Cruzan case and passage of the Patient Self-Determination Act have led to an ethical and legal recognition of advance directives, and therefore, critical care practitioners must be familiar with these documents. A living will is a mechanism by which patients can communicate their desires for medical treatment at the end of life. However, the condition that patients be in a "terminal condition," the inability to predict every possible clinical circumstance, and linguistic vagueness have limited the usefulness of living wills. The durable power of attorney for health care overcomes the inherent restrictive weaknesses of living wills, because informed decisions are made by people based on their knowledge of the patient's beliefs and the nuance of the clinical scenario. A concern with this advance directive is that some patients may not know a suitable person to appoint or that the chosen agent may not be available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend the execution of both a living will and a durable power of attorney for health care to provide the best assurance that patients' desires concerning medical treatments will be respected.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Vinicky
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gasner
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D003422:Critical Care; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016224:Living Wills; D012297:Right to Die; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States; D028761:Withholding Treatment