title: A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess prospectively the risk of coronary heart disease associated with elevated plasma levels of homocyst(e)ine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control study using prospectively collected blood samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the Physicians' Health Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14,916 male physicians, aged 40 to 84 years, with no prior myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke provided plasma samples at baseline and were followed up for 5 years. Samples from 271 men who subsequently developed MI were analyzed for homocyst(e)ine levels together with paired controls, matched by age and smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute MI or death due to coronary disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of homocyst(e)ine were higher in cases than in controls (11.1 +/- 4.0 [SD] vs 10.5 +/- 2.8 nmol/mL; P = .03). The difference was attributable to an excess of high values among men who later had MIs. The relative risk for the highest 5% vs the bottom 90% of homocyst(e)ine levels was 3.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 6.9; P = .005). After additional adjustment for diabetes, hypertension, aspirin assignment, Quetelet's Index, and total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, this relative risk was 3.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 8.8) (P = .01). Thirteen controls and 31 cases (11%) had values above the 95th percentile of the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderately high levels of plasma homocyst(e)ine are associated with subsequent risk of MI independent of other coronary risk factors. Because high levels can often be easily treated with vitamin supplements, homocyst(e)ine may be an independent, modifiable risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Malinow
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Newcomer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Upson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ullmann
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Tishler
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hennekens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006712:Homocystinuria / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D010820:Physicians; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine