title: Oral contraceptive use and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: We used rosters of the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America to identify potential cases and peer-nominated controls to explore the reported association between oral contraceptives and inflammatory bowel disease. Overall, women who used oral contraceptives were at increased risk of developing Crohn's disease (odds ratio = 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.99-2.26). The findings persisted after adjustment for age at symptom onset, decade of onset, education, marital status, and location of disease. There was an interaction with cigarette smoking; the risk associated with oral contraceptives was elevated in current smokers (odds ratio = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.22-5.75), but not in former smokers or never-smokers. The risk was not elevated for ulcerative colitis (odds ratio = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.65-1.85).
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Wurzelmann
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lyles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral