title: Endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery: radiographic evaluation of severe complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience with the radiographic evaluation of severe complications resulting from the functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten major complications were reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten major complications occurred. Eight of 10 had injury to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa, fovea ethmoidalis (roof of the ethmoid sinus), or roof of the sphenoid sinus. Six patients presented with meningitis or rhinorrhea, two presented with headache and massive pneumocephalus; one patient who presented with meningitis had a large nasal frontal encephalocele. Noncontrast brain CT that included the paranasal sinuses adequately evaluated the source of pneumocephalus. Thin-section coronal CT accurately predicted the site of leak in five patients. Both coronal sinus CT and MR imaging were useful to confirm the nasal encephalocele. Two of 10 had vascular injury secondary to FESS. One patient presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage seen on noncontrast CT and cerebral angiography demonstrated an aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery. The second patient suffered severe intraoperative hemorrhage. Emergency angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the cavernous carotid artery, and balloon occlusion of the artery was performed. No deaths occurred in this series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiologists should be familiar with the rare, but potential complications of this commonly performed procedure in order to help direct the work-up in an efficacious manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hudgins
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallups
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gussack
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Peterman
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Silverstein
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Beckett
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008581:Meningitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed