title: Does the introduction of a new player, the endoplasmic reticulum, create more or less confusion in understanding the mechanism(s) of pigmentary organelle translocations?
abstract: In 1925, Wilson listed, in his classic third edition of Cell in Development and Heredity, four theories for the morphological and physiological characteristics of cytoplasm; each theory provided some sort of explanation as to the mechanism(s) of organelle translocations. During the past twenty years, cell biologists have focused their attentions on the cell's cytoskeleton, microtrabecular lattice, and associated mechanochemical motors which drive organelles along cytoskeletal tracks. A number of cell types have been used to study organelle translocations, but chromatophores, pigment cells, from cold-blooded vertebrates have been one of the more popular models. This article reviews some of the research findings during the past twenty years, particularly those involving cytoplasmic elements: i.e, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and mechanochemical motors. In addition, it contrasts the proposed involvement of these elements in organelle translocations with the endoplasmic reticulum, a tubulovesicular organelle, which we recently demonstrated is responsible, through its elongation or retraction, for the translocations of carotenoid droplets in goldfish xanthophores and swordtail fish erythrophores. Here, the carotenoid droplets are not free in the cytoplasm and do not translocate via cytoskeletal tracks, but instead are attached to or are a part of the endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, carotenoid droplets of squirrel fish erythrophores are free in the cytoplasm and appear to translocate via microtubules. Finally, the rates of pigmentary organelle translocations are reviewed in light of the participation of the cytoskeletal elements with the endoplasmic reticulum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism; D002856:Chromatophores / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000502:physiology*; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008547:Melanophores / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008870:Microtubules / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids