title: Shoulder torque changes in the swimming athlete.
abstract: Torque production was assessed in the shoulders of competitive men and women swimmers for the motions of abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation. Testing was performed on the Cybex II dynamometer and the results were compared to controls. In addition, the ratios of torque development for adduction:abduction and external rotation:internal rotation were evaluated. The results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in torque production in swimmers for most motions tested. Statistically significant ratio shifts were also noted. The ratio of adduction:abduction increased and that for external rotation:internal rotation decreased. We think these shifts in the torque ratios in swimmers' shoulders resulted from sport-specific repetitive activity that emphasizes adduction and internal rotation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: McMaster
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Caiozzo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013550:Swimming / Q000293:injuries; D014102:Torsion Abnormality