title: Intramuscular and oral disposition of enrofloxacin in African grey parrots following single and multiple doses.
abstract: The intramuscular (IM) and oral (PO) disposition of enrofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drug, were evaluated in African grey parrots. Peak enrofloxacin concentration, mean (+/- SEM), at 1 h following a 15-mg/kg IM dose was 3.87 (+/- 0.27) micrograms/ml and declined with a mean residence time of 3.05 h. Peak enrofloxacin plasma concentrations at 2 to 4 h following oral doses of 3, 15, and 30 mg/kg were 0.31 (+/- 0.11), 1.12 (+/- 0.11), and 1.69 (+/- 0.23) micrograms/ml, respectively, and declined with a mean residence time of 3.44-5.28 h. The relative bioavailability of the 15-mg/kg oral dose was 48%. An equipotent metabolite, ciprofloxacin, was detected in plasma at concentrations ranging from 3 to 78% of those of enrofloxacin. Enrofloxacin concentrations and area under the curve were significantly lower, the mean residence time significantly shorter and the ciprofloxacin/enrofloxacin ratios higher, following 10 days of oral treatment at 30 mg/kg every 12 h. Following 10 days of treatment, no significant biochemical changes were noted; however, polydipsia and polyuria occurred in treated birds, but resolved quickly upon discontinuation of enrofloxacin administration. These studies indicate that a rational starting dose for enrofloxacin in psittacines (7.5-30 mg/kg BID) should be higher than those in other domestic animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flammer
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Aucoin
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Whitt
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D001682:Biological Availability; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006207:Half-Life; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D010311:Parrots / Q000378:metabolism*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D015363:Quinolones; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D002939:Ciprofloxacin