title: Genotoxicity hazard assessment of Caramel Colours III and IV.
abstract: Results from a battery of short-term tests in vitro and in vivo used to assess the genotoxicity of caramel colours are presented and discussed in relation to reports from the literature. No evidence of genotoxicity was found in the Salmonella plate incorporation test using five standard strains or in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene conversion assay using strain D4, either with or without S-9 for activation. A weak clastogenic effect for a sample of Caramel Colour III in CHO cells was abolished in the presence of S-9. Two samples of Caramel Colour IV were not clastogenic in CHO cells. Salmonella pre-incubation tests without S-9 also failed to reveal any mutagenic activity for any of the caramel colours tested. The Caramel Colour III sample that showed clastogenic activity in CHO cells in vitro did not induce micronuclei when evaluated in a mouse bone marrow assay. These results are in general agreement with reports in the literature regarding the genotoxicity of caramel colours, and support the conclusion that caramel colours do not pose a genotoxic hazard to humans.
authors.affiliation: Litton Bionetics, Kensington, MD 20895.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brusick
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jagannath
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Nestmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002182:Candy; D002241:Carbohydrates; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000187:drug effects*; D006224:Cricetinae; D005260:Female; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D005796:Genes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D009153:Mutagens; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C569050:caramel coloring