title: Articular chondrocytes synthesize nitric oxide in response to cytokines and lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: Although IL-1 is an important modulator of chondrocyte metabolism, the postreceptor events triggered by IL-1 remain obscure. The present study shows that IL-1 induces the biosynthesis of nitric oxide (.N = O) by articular chondrocytes. Synthesis of .N = O is also induced by LPS. Other inflammatory mediators such as IFN-gamma, fibroblast growth factor, and TNF-alpha fail to provoke the production of .N = O, but they increase the potency of IL-1. A combination of IL-1, LPS, and TNF-alpha was shown to induce maximal production of 355 +/- 51 nmol/10(6) cells/72 h of nitrite (NO2-), which was measured as a stable end-product of .N = O generation. The biosynthesis of .N = O requires an induction period of approximately 6 h and continues for at least 72 h. Inhibition of .N = O production with the competitive inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA) leads to a suppression of gelatinase and PGE2 synthesis by chondrocytes activated with IL-1 alone. In contrast, NMA enhances the synthesis of both gelatinase and PGE2 after activation with a combination of IL-1, LPS, and TNF-alpha. An increase of PGE2 synthesis from 42.0 +/- 21.0 to 174.0 +/- 33.5 ng/10(6) cells/72 h resulted from the addition of NMA when these stimulatory agents were combined. Exposure of IL-1 and fibroblast growth factor-stimulated chondrocytes to authentic, exogenous .N = O led to an increase of PGE2 synthesis from 5.6 +/- 1.7 of untreated cells to 15.8 +/- 6.8 ng/10(6) of .N = O treated cells within the 1st h. This was followed by a suppression of PGE2 synthesis within the next 2 h.
authors.affiliation: Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stefanovic-Racic
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Billiar
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Curran
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Georgescu
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D018093:Gelatinases; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010434:Pepsin A / Q000378:metabolism; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011453:Prostaglandins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D010434:Pepsin A; D018093:Gelatinases