title: Synthesis and anticancer and antiviral activities of various 2'- and 3'-methylidene-substituted nucleoside analogues and crystal structure of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine hydrochloride.
abstract: Various 2'- and 3'-methylidene-substituted nucleoside analogues have been synthesized and evaluated as potential anticancer and/or antiviral agents. Among these compounds, 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidene-5-fluorocytidine (22) and 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (23) not only demonstrated potent anticancer activity in culture against murine L1210 and P388 leukemias, Sarcoma 180, and human CCRF-CEM lymphoblastic leukemia, producing ED50 values of 1.2 and 0.3 microM, 0.6 and 0.4 microM, 1.5 and 1.5 microM, and 0.05 and 0.03 microM, respectively, but also were active in mice against murine L1210 leukemia. Of all the tested drug dosage levels (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg, respectively) compound 23 had no toxic deaths and compound 22 yielded only one toxic death at the highest dosage level. On the contrary, in the same study, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) resulted in 2/5, 5/5, and 5/5 toxic deaths, respectively. Both compounds 22 and 23 have shown better anticancer activity than ara-C, yielding higher T/C x 100 values and some long-term survivors (greater than 60 days). In addition, compounds 22 and 23 were found to have, respectively, approximately 130 and 40 times lower binding affinity for cytidine/deoxycytidine deaminase derived from human KB cells compared to ara-C, suggesting that the two 2'-methylidene-substituted analogues may be more resistant to deamination. Cytoplasmic deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) was required for compounds 22 and 23 action. Furthermore, compounds 14, 22, 23, and 24 also have antiherpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) activity in cell culture. In addition, the crystal structure of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine hydrochloride (23-HCl) was determined by X-ray crystallography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510-8066.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Clarke-Katzenburg
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Prusoff
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gabe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giziewicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002621:Chemistry; D003460:Crystallization; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007939:Leukemia L1210 / Q000188:drug therapy; D007941:Leukemia P388 / Q000188:drug therapy; D007945:Leukemia, Lymphoid / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012510:Sarcoma 180 / Q000188:drug therapy; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D009705:Nucleosides; D003561:Cytarabine; D003841:Deoxycytidine; C070498:2'-deoxy-2'-methylidene-5-fluorocytidine; C056034:2'-deoxy-2'-methylenecytidine