title: Characterization of the pigment from homogentisic acid and urine and tissue from an alkaptonuria patient.
abstract: When urine samples from alkaptonuria patients are allowed to stand, they turn black, presumably owing to the oxidation of homogentisic acid to a melanin-like substance. We report the characterization of the pigments formed by polymerization of (a) the components in the urine from a patient with alkaptonuria and (b) homogentisic acid. The absorption spectra and electron spin resonance signals of these pigments are similar to those of eumelanins. Irradiation of the pigments with nitroblue tetrazolium caused reduction of the tetrazolium; this was partially inhibited by superoxide dismutase. Irradiation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells with the pigments from homogentisic acid or urine caused cell lysis. Since this lysis was inhibited by catalase, we have concluded that it was mediated by H2O2. A similar pigment was also extracted from the tissue from an alkaptonuria patient. It is suggested that the degeneration of tissue in vivo may be due to the deposition of melanin-like pigments in the tissues, probably in combination with metal ions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Persad
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Haberman
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Norfray
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalyanaraman
mesh_terms: D000474:Alkaptonuria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D006713:Homogentisic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D006713:Homogentisic Acid