title: Low- and high-affinity transport systems for citric acid in the yeast Candida utilis.
abstract: Citric acid-grown cells of the yeast Candida utilis induced two transport systems for citric acid, presumably a proton symport and a facilitated diffusion system for the charged and the undissociated forms of the acid, respectively. Both systems could be observed simultaneously when the transport was measured at 25 degrees C with labelled citric acid at pH 3.5 with the following kinetic parameters: for the low-affinity system, Vmax, 1.14 nmol of undissociated citric acid s-1 mg (dry weight) of cells-1, and Km, 0.59 mM undissociated acid; for the high-affinity system, Vmax, 0.38 nmol of citrate s-1 mg (dry weight) of cells-1, and Km, 0.056 mM citrate. At high pH values (above 5.0), the low-affinity system was absent or not measurable. The two transport systems exhibited different substrate specificities. Isocitric acid was a competitive inhibitor of citric acid for the high-affinity system, suggesting that these tricarboxylic acids used the same transport system, while aconitic, tricarballylic, trimesic, and hemimellitic acids were not competitive inhibitors. With respect to the low-affinity system, isocitric acid, L-lactic acid, and L-malic acid were competitive inhibitors, suggesting that all of these mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acids used the same low-affinity transport system. The two transport systems were repressed by glucose, and as a consequence diauxic growth was observed. Both systems were inducible, and not only citric acid but also lactic acid and malic acid may induce those transport systems. The induction of both systems was not dependent on the relative concentration of the anionic form(s) and of undissociated citric acid in the culture medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cássio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leáo
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D002175:Candida / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002951:Citrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D019343:Citric Acid; D004058:Diffusion; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D011522:Protons; D019343:Citric Acid