title: Two DNA-bound E2 dimers are required for strong transcriptional activation and for cooperation with cellular factors in most cells.
abstract: The E2 transcriptional activator encoded by papillomaviruses binds as a dimer to the palindromic sequence ACCGNNNNCGGT present in several copies in the viral genomes. We show that strong activation requires that a minimum of two E2 binding sites are actually occupied by the protein. Studies with constructs bearing two E2 sites separated by variable lengths of DNA showed that there is no stereospecific constraint for E2 homosynergy. The capacity of E2 to cooperate with cellular factors interacting with the promoter/enhancer sequences of the genomes of human papilloma virus types 16, 18, or 33 was further investigated. In epithelial cells, one E2 dimer could not cooperate with the AP1 complex, the glucocorticoid receptor, or the NF1/K factor, whereas several E2 dimers could. These results lead to the notion of the "functional E2 tetramer" as the unit for strong transcriptional activation by E2 and for cooperativity with other cellular factors in this process. Finally, our results suggest that activators such as E2 or the glucocorticoid receptor may interact with partially different targets in the transcriptional machinery.
authors.affiliation: Département des Biotechnologies, UA 1149 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dostatni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lusky
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaniv
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C051550:E2 protein, Bovine papillomavirus; C054855:E2 protein, Human papillomavirus type 16; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins