title: Ectopic somatic endoderm in secondary human yolk sac.
abstract: Three secondary human yolk sacs (SHYSs) showing heterotopic endodermal tubular structures of the gut-forming type were analyzed from a series of 180 SHYSs. These structures were similar to the early somatic endoderm involved in the formation of gut and lung. They may have arisen either as sequestrations in growth-disorganized embryos or as a phenomenon of differentiation from extraembryonal endoderm, which would indicate that extraembryonal tissues such as the SHYSs retain the capacity to differentiate somatic endoderm in developmentally altered embryos. It is possible that these structures may be the precursors of placental hepatic tissue and teratomas. Their morphologic resemblance to similar structures found in glandular, polyvesicular, and intestinal human yolk sac tumors provides yet another example of the similarity between SHYSs and yolk sac tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Spain.
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Nogales
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beltran
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavcovich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bustos
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous; D000328:Adult; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology; D004064:Digestive System / Q000196:embryology; D004707:Endoderm / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000196:embryology; D008649:Mesonephroma / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015017:Yolk Sac / Q000473:pathology*