title: X-ray structure of an unusual Ca2+ site and the roles of Zn2+ and Ca2+ in the assembly, stability, and storage of the insulin hexamer.
abstract: Metal ion binding to the insulin hexamer has been investigated by crystallographic analysis. Cadmium, lead, and metal-free hexamers have been refined to R values of 0.181, 0.172, and 0.172, against data of 1.9-, 2.5-, and 2.5-A resolution, respectively. These structures have been compared with each other and with the isomorphous two-zinc insulin. The structure of the metal-free hexamer shows that the His(B10) imidazole rings are arranged in a preformed site that binds a water molecule and is poised for Zn2+ coordination. The structure of the cadmium derivative shows that the binding of Cd2+ at the center of the hexamer is unusual. There are three symmetry-related sites located within 2.7 A of each other, and this position is evidently one-third occupied. It is also shown that the coordinating B13 glutamate side chains of this derivative have two partially occupied conformations. One of these conformations is two-thirds occupied and is very similar to that seen in two-zinc insulin. The other, one-third-occupied conformation, is seen to coordinate the one-third-occupied metal ion. The binding of Ca2+ to insulin is assumed to be essentially identical with that of Cd2+. Thus, we conclude that the Ca2+ binding site in the insulin hexamer is unlike that of any other known calcium binding protein. The crystal structures reported herein explain how binding of metal ions stabilizes the insulin hexamer. The role of metal ions in hexamer assembly and dissociation is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, U.K.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dauter
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dodson
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Dodson
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dunn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D005971:Glutamates / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006639:Histidine / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D007854:Lead / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013552:Swine; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015032:Zinc / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005971:Glutamates; D007328:Insulin; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006639:Histidine; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium