title: Contraceptive effects of extended lactational amenorrhoea: beyond the Bellagio Consensus.
abstract: We have recorded the duration of lactational anovulation and amenorrhoea in a well-nourished group of Australian women who breastfed their babies throughout the study. The data enabled us to compare the theoretical cumulative probability of conception among breastfeeding women who had unprotected intercourse irrespective of their menstrual status with that of those who had unprotected intercourse only during lactational amenorrhoea. Breastfeeding alone is not an effective form of contraception, since all the women in our study resumed normal ovulation while still breastfeeding. However, among women who have unprotected intercourse only during lactational amenorrhoea but adopt other contraceptive measures when they resume menstruation, only 1.7% would have become pregnant during the first 6 months of amenorrhoea, only 7% after 12 months, and only 13% after 24 months. Thus for our women it would be possible to extend the Bellagio Consensus Conference guidelines which stated that lactational amenorrhoea can only be relied on as a contraceptive for the first 6 months post-partum in women who are fully or almost fully breastfeeding. The lactational amenorrhoea method can be relied on for excellent contraceptive protection in the first 6 months of breastfeeding, irrespective of when supplements are introduced into the baby's diet; for women who continue to breastfeed the method can also give good protection for up to 12 months post partum. Once menstruation has returned, other forms of contraception are essential to prevent pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Renfree
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001315:Australia; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003075:Coitus; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods*; D003906:Developing Countries; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D010061:Ovulation Detection / Q000379:methods; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011336:Probability; D011374:Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone