Short and long-term responses to metyrapone in the medical management of 91 patients with Cushing's syndrome.
OBJECTIVE
To analyse the clinical and biochemical effects of metyrapone in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome.


METHODS
An evaluation of the standard clinical practice at one institution.


METHODS
Ninety-one patients with Cushing's syndrome: 57 pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease, 10 adrenocortical adenomas, six adrenocortical carcinomas and 18 ectopic ACTH syndrome.


METHODS
The acute response to metyrapone was assessed by measuring cortisol, 11-desoxycortisol and ACTH at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 hours after a test dose of 750 mg of metyrapone. The longer-term effect of metyrapone was judged by measuring serum cortisol at 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100 and sometimes 2400 h and calculating a mean.


RESULTS
A test dose of 750 mg of metyrapone decreased serum cortisol levels within 2 hours in all groups of patients and this effect was sustained at 4 hours. At the same time, serum 11-desoxycortisol levels increased in all patients, while plasma ACTH increased in patients with pituitary Cushing's disease and the ectopic ACTH-syndrome. Fifty-three patients with Cushing's disease were followed on short-term metyrapone therapy (1 to 16 weeks) before other more definitive therapy. Their mean cortisol levels (median 654 nmol/l, range 408-2240) dropped to the target range of less than 400 nmol/l in 40 patients (75%) on a median metyrapone dose of 2250 mg/day (range 750-6000). Metyrapone was given long term in 24 patients with Cushing's disease who had been given pituitary irradiation, for a median of 27 months (range 3-140) with adequate control of hypercortisolaemia in 20 (83%). In 10 patients with adrenocortical adenomas and six with adrenocortical carcinomas, metyrapone in a median dose of 1750 mg/day (range 750-6000) reduced their mean cortisol levels (median 847 nmol/l, range 408-2000) to less than 400 nmol/l in 13 patients (81%). In 18 patients with the ectopic ACTH-syndrome the 'mean cortisol levels', obtained from five or six samples on the test day (median 1023 nmol/l, range 823-6354) were reduced to less than 400 nmol/l in 13 patients (70%), on a median dose of 4000 mg/day (range 1000-6000). Reduction of cortisol levels was clearly associated with clinical and biochemical improvement. The medication was well tolerated. Transient hypoadrenalism and hirsutism were unusual but were the most common side-effects.


CONCLUSIONS
In our experience metyrapone remains a most useful agent for controlling cortisol levels in the management of Cushing's syndrome of all types.
Verhelst
J A
JA
Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
Trainer
P J
PJ
Howlett
T A
TA
Perry
L
L
Rees
L H
LH
Grossman
A B
AB
Wass
J A
JA
Besser
G M
GM
D000182:ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D000236:Adenoma / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D000306:Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D003350:Cortodoxone / Q000097:blood; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008797:Metyrapone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors
D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003350:Cortodoxone; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D008797:Metyrapone