title: Incomplete reversal of enoxaparin-induced bleeding by protamine sulfate.
abstract: The neutralizing effect of protamine sulfate on enoxaparin-induced bleeding was compared in two rat models: one employing the gastric mucosa, and the other the tail skin, using a 2:1 ratio of protamine sulfate to enoxaparin on a weight basis. Whereas protamine sulfate reduced the median bleeding time (from 20 to 9.5 min) and blood loss (80%) in the gastric mucosa, and apparent 'all-or-none' response was seen in the tail skin, in agreement with a different hemostatic mechanism in the two bleeding models. In both models, protamine sulfate incompletely reversed the bleeding induced by enoxaparin.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berstad
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Talstad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001760:Bleeding Time; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005753:Gastric Mucosa; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D011479:Protamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D013623:Tail
chemical_list: D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D011479:Protamines