title: Recoverin: a calcium sensitive activator of retinal rod guanylate cyclase.
abstract: Vertebrate retinal photoreceptors recover from photoexcitation-induced hydrolysis of guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) by resynthesizing cyclic GMP, which reopens cation channels that have been closed by light. Activation of guanylate cyclase by light-induced depletion of cytosolic calcium is a key event in this recovery process. This cyclase has now been shown to be regulated by a 23-kilodalton calcium binding protein. The protein is present in both rod and cone photoreceptors and was named recoverin because it promotes recovery of the dark state. The amino acid sequence of recoverin exhibits three potential calcium binding sites (EF hands). That recoverin binds calcium was confirmed with calcium-45 and by observing calcium-induced changes in its tryptophan fluorescence. Recoverin activated guanylate cyclase when free calcium was lowered from 450 to 40 nM, an effect that was blocked by an antibody to recoverin. Thus, guanylate cyclase in retinal rods is stimulated during recovery by the calcium-free form of recoverin. A comparison of recoverin with other calcium binding proteins reveals that it may represent, along with the protein visinin, a family of proteins that are regulated by submicromolar calcium concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Belozersky Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow State University, USSR.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dizhoor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niemi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brolley
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Philipov
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stryer
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005136:Eye Proteins; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000378:metabolism*; D051597:Hippocalcin; D007700:Kinetics; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D051603:Recoverin; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology; D012374:Rod Cell Outer Segment / Q000378:metabolism*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D005136:Eye Proteins; D008074:Lipoproteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D051603:Recoverin; D051597:Hippocalcin; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D002118:Calcium