title: Cross-national changes in the effects of peptic ulcer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and to analyze the changing effects of peptic ulcer disease over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Variables relating to peptic ulcer disease from 1970-1986 were compared. The variables included rates of mortality, hospitalizations, operations, physician visits, and endoscopies, and the amount of disability-related loss of work and early retirement in six countries (Belgium, England and Wales, the Federal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonparametric epidemiologic time-trend analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The historic, slow, declining trend in mortality and hospitalization rates continued. The rate of operations for peptic ulcer disease exhibited a large, one-time reduction, then returned to a parallel declining trend, but at a lower level. The rate of physician visits declined by 50%. The greatest changes were found in the rate of endoscopy use and in disability-related loss of work and early retirement, where increasing trends were quickly followed by decreasing trends. The elderly, especially women, generally did not share many of these benefits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of new interventions can be understood more fully by examining several variables in many countries over a long time. Contrary to expectations, the effects of the widespread use of histamine H2 antagonists have been more indirect (affecting work loss and disability retirement more) than direct (affecting high-cost medical service use and mortality less).
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bloom
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000368:Aged; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000639:trends; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits / Q000639:trends; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D012179:Retirement / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists