title: Cardiac two-dimensional imaging and reference values for blood flow velocities in the ovine fetus.
abstract: Since the ovine model is the most commonly used for foetal haemodynamic investigation it was felt important 1) to investigate the technical difficulties involved with ultrasound fetal cardiac imaging in this species and 2) to establish normal reference values for ovine cardiac and umbilical blood flow velocity measurements. Both two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler techniques were used for this assessment in 25 unsedated ewes. All morphological features described in human features to identify the ventricular cavities could be found in the ovine fetus with the two-dimensional echocardiogram. Specific differences included a flatten thorax as visualized from the lateral position, the mesocardial position of the heart, and a large left azygos vein behind the left atrium draining blood into a dilated coronary sinus. The mean peak velocities (cm/sec) of the early diastolic wave (E) and the atrial wave (A), along with their calculated ratio, were not statistically different between the two atrio-ventricular valves (E: 30.6 +/- 6.6, 31.2 +/- 6.1; A: 43.0 +/- 8.3, 41.6 +/- 8.0; E/A: .72, .76 for mitral and tricuspid valves respectively). A significant difference was observed between the acceleration times of the blood ejected into the aorta and the pulmonary artery, with the time interval being shorter in the pulmonary artery (Aorta: 0.052 +/- 0.011; Pulmonary artery: 0.037 +/- 0.009 s). A mean pulsatility index of the umbilical artery of 0.89 was recorded. The data recorded in this study should serve as a reference base for further non-invasive studies of the ovine foetal circulatory system using the ultrasound technique.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Cardiology Unit, St. Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Teyssier
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fouron
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maroto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lessard
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bard
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: van Doesburg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D012756:Sheep / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology