title: Effects of local pontine injection of noradrenergic agents on desynchronized sleep of the cat.
abstract: Brain noradrenergic (NA) systems have often been implicated in the regulation of desynchronized sleep (DS). The present experiments investigate the effects on DS of the microinjection, into the cat dorsal pontine tegmentum (DPT), of the alpha 2-agonist clonidine (CLON), the beta-agonist isoproterenol and the beta-antagonist propranolol. The DPT comprises most NA neurons belonging to the locus coeruleus (LC) complex, as well as other cell groups thought to be crucially involved in DS generation. Cats were implanted with standard electrodes (electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and electromyogram, PGO waves, hippocampal activity) and with guide tubes aimed at the DPT. Unilateral or bilateral injections (0.25 microliter) were performed by way of thin cannulae inserted through the guide tubes. Polygraphic activity was then recorded in daily sessions lasting 4 h and scored according to standard criteria. Bilateral injections of CLON into the DPT greatly reduced DS, while unilateral injections were much less effective. Since CLON is known to powerfully inhibit NA LC neurons, its effect was thus opposite to that expected on the basis of the reciprocal interaction model of DS generation, which postulates that NA neurons in the LC inhibit DS-executive cells located in the pontine reticular formation. Bilateral injections of the beta-agonist isoproterenol also reduced DS, while the beta-antagonist propranolol consistently enhanced it, the latter largely due to an increased number of DS episodes. These effects were dose-dependent and strictly site-specific, since injections in immediately neighboring structures were ineffective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tononi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pompeiano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cirelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007267:Injections; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology*; D011149:Pons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011433:Propranolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D011433:Propranolol; D007545:Isoproterenol; D003000:Clonidine; D009638:Norepinephrine