title: Aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness-receptor agonists generated from indole-3-carbinol in vitro and in vivo: comparisons with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
abstract: Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a secondary plant metabolite produced in vegetables of the Brassica genus, including cabbage, cauliflower, and brussels sprouts. I3C is both an anti-initiator and a promoter of carcinogenesis. Consumption of I3C by humans and rodents can lead to marked increases in activities of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases and in a variety of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. We have reported previously that the enzyme-inducing activity of I3C is mediated through a mechanism requiring exposure of the compound to the low-pH environment of the stomach. We report here the aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness-receptor Kd values (22 nM-90 nM), determined with C57BL/6J mouse liver cytosol and the in vitro- and in vivo-molar yields (0.1-6%) of the major acid condensation products of I3C. We also show that indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) is produced from I3C in yields on the order of 0.01% in vitro and, after oral intubation, in vivo. ICZ has a Kd of 190 pM for aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness-receptor binding and an EC50 of 269 nM for induction of cytochrome P4501A1, as measured by ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity in murine hepatoma Hepa 1c1c7 cells. The binding affinity of ICZ is only a factor of 3.7 x 10(-2) lower than that of the highly toxic environmental contaminant and cancer promoter 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. ICZ and related condensation products appear responsible for the enzyme-inducing effects of dietary I3C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bjeldanes
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Grose
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bartholomew
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bradfield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000378:metabolism; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000502:physiology*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C016517:indole-3-carbinol; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases