title: Inhibition of ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) by mono- and bifunctional phenylarsenoxides. Evidence for essential vicinal thiols and a proximal nucleophile.
abstract: Trivalent arsenoxides bind to vicinal thiol groups of proteins. We showed previously that the simplest trivalent arsenoxide, inorganic arsenite, inhibits ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate (Klemperer, N.S., and Pickart, C.M. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 19245-19242). We now show that, relative to arsenite, phenylarsenoxides are 10-165-fold more potent inhibitors of protein degradation in the same system (K0.5 for inhibition by p-aminophenylarsenoxide was 3.5-20 microM, depending on the substrate). In the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway, covalent ligation of ubiquitin to protein substrates targets the latter for degradation. In certain cases, specificity in ubiquitin-substrate conjugation depends critically upon the properties of ubiquitin-protein ligase or E3. Among other effects, p-aminophenylarsenoxide decreased the steady-state level of ubiquitinated human alpha-lactalbumin; this is a substrate which is acted upon directly by ubiquitin-protein ligase-alpha (E3-alpha). This finding suggests that phenylarsenoxides (unlike arsenite) inhibit E3. Several other lines of evidence confirm this conclusion. 1) A complex of E3-alpha and the 14-kDa ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) isozyme binds to phenylarsenoxide-Sepharose resin, with the E3 component of the complex mediating binding. 2) p-Aminophenylarsenoxide inhibited isolated E3 (K0.5 approximately 50 microM); inhibition was readily reversed by addition of dithiothreitol (which contains a competing vicinal thiol group), but not by beta-mercaptoethylamine (a monothiol). 3) A bifunctional phenylarsenoxide (bromoacetylaminophenylarsenoxide) rapidly and irreversibly inactivated E3; bromoacetyl aniline, which lacks an arsenoxide moiety, did not inhibit E3. These results suggest that E3 possesses essential vicinal thiol groups and that there is a reactive nucleophile proximal to the vicinal thiol site. The bifunctional phenylarsenoxide should be a useful tool for probing the relationship between structure and function in E3. As expected from prior results with arsenite, p-aminophenylarsenoxide was also a potent inhibitor of the turnover of ubiquitin-(human) alpha-lactalbumin conjugates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Berleth
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kasperek
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Braunscheidel
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Graziani
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pickart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001665:Binding Sites; D007700:Kinetics; D008025:Ligases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011817:Rabbits; D012156:Reticulocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; C029341:oxophenylarsine; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D008025:Ligases