title: Fluid equations applied to blood flow measurement using digital videodensitometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Time-dependent fluid flow is computed from projection radiographs without bolus tracking by applying the fluid equations of continuity and incompressibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fluid equations are combined and integrated to yield an equation that describes instantaneous mass conservation within a vessel segment. The technique is demonstrated using phantom images and patient data obtained using a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Instantaneous and mean flow rates are successfully computed with this algorithm, but the uncertainties are overestimated. In a 1.0-cm diameter tube, instantaneous and mean velocities corresponding to 7.3 cm per frame are computed within 13% uncertainty using a 4.0-cm segment length. Mean flow rates computed from standard diagnostic angiograms taken from three different projections agree within 16%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technique can successfully compute time-dependent flow rates from DSA image sequences with large fluid displacements between frames. The accuracy is strongly dependent on the magnitude of the contrast density gradient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Close
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Duckwiler
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viñuela
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001775:Blood Circulation; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000502:physiology; D003720:Densitometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008433:Mathematics; D008961:Models, Structural; D012212:Rheology