title: Possible introduction of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus (serotype 2) and bluetongue virus (serotype 11) into British Columbia in 1987 and 1988 by infected Culicoides carried on the wind.
abstract: Outbreaks of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer and of bluetongue began in British Columbia in August and October 1987 respectively and recrudescence of infection by both viruses was detected the following year in August. Weather records for up to 18 days before the initial outbreaks of disease, isolation of virus or seroconversion were examined to determine if the viruses could have been introduced by infected Culicoides carried on the wind. Data on temperature, rainfall, wind speed and direction and pressure together with backward trajectory analysis showed that there were suitable winds which could have introduced Culicoides infected with epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus on 13 August 1987 (14 days before disease was observed), Culicoides infected with bluetongue virus on 1 October 1987 (7 days before virus was isolated and 13 days before disease in sheep) and Culicoides infected with bluetongue or epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer viruses on 20 July 1988 (15 days before seroconversion was detected). The arrival on 13 August 1987 coincided with the passage of a cold front and rain and that on 1 October 1987 with a fall in temperature and calm winds. The source of the Culicoides before arrival could have been the Okanogan Valley as far south as the junction of the Okanogan and Columbia rivers in Washington, USA. Flight would have been at temperatures of 12.6 degrees C or higher and at heights up to 1.5 km.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture Canada, Health of Animals Laboratory Branch, Ottawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Sellers
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Maarouf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D003670:Deer; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000382:microbiology; D012087:Reoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012088:Reoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D014919:Wind