title: Thermal threshold testing for the assessment of small fibre dysfunction: normal values and reproducibility.
abstract: Small and large fibre neuropathy are common findings in patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus. The Thermal Threshold Tester was tested to obtain normal values for thermal perception threshold for warmth and cold. This device produces thermal stimuli by means of a Peltier element placed on the skin. Warm and cold thresholds are measured using a forced choice method with an up-and-down-transform rule and expressed in degrees Celsius (degree C). Thresholds were measured at the right wrist and right foot in 80 normal subjects, divided into four age groups; 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, and 55-65 years. The repeatability coefficient was assessed by twice measuring 39 diabetic patients without known neuropathy. Warm thermal threshold in the hand showed a significant increase with age from 0.09 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SD) in the youngest age group to 0.17 +/- 0.08 degree C (p less than 0.05) in the oldest age group. Cold thermal threshold in the hand (varying between 0.08 +/- 0.04 and 0.14 +/- 0.05 degree C) and warm thermal threshold in the foot (varying between 2.45 +/- 1.93 and 4.06 +/- 2.57 degrees C) did not differ significantly between the four age groups. There was a significant increase in cold thermal threshold in the foot with age, increasing from 0.31 +/- 0.24 to 0.56 +/- 0.44 degree C (p less than 0.05). Reproducibility in the diabetic subjects was good for measurements of warm and cold threshold in the hand, but poor for warm threshold in the foot in the normal range and for cold thermal threshold in the abnormal range.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bravenboer
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hop
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: vd Steenhoven
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Erkelens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation*; D013696:Temperature