title: Detection of Norwalk-like virus and specific antibody by immune-electron microscopy with colloidal gold immune complexes.
abstract: Direct electron-microscopy (DEM), immune electron microscopy (IEM) and four different procedures of immune electron microscopy with colloidal gold immune complexes were evaluated for the detection of Norwalk-like virus and specific antibody. A solid-phase immune electron microscopy with colloidal gold immune complexes-triple layer method (SPIEMGIC-TLM) is developed for screening patients' specimens for the detection of Norwalk-like virus and its specific antibody. The method demonstrates low non-specific background labelling and is simple, sensitive and easy to perform. A quadruple layer method (SPIEMGIC-QLM), which is a modification of the triple layer method, has been established by adding a cross-linking anti-IgG layer to amplify the reaction and to provide a more sensitive test which is suitable for screening monoclonal antibodies prepared against 32-34-nm Norwalk-like virus isolated in our laboratory.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Health, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Bishai
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron / Q000379:methods*; D009663:Norwalk virus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000914:Antibodies, Viral