title: Biological effectiveness of high-energy protons: target fragmentation.
abstract: High-energy protons traversing tissue produce local sources of high-linear-energy-transfer (LET) ions through nuclear fragmentation. We examine the contribution of these target fragments to the biological effectiveness of high-energy protons using the cellular track model. The effects of secondary ions are treated in terms of the production collision density using energy-dependent parameters from a high-energy fragmentation model. Calculations for mammalian cell cultures show that at high dose, at which intertrack effects become important, protons deliver damage similar to that produced by gamma rays, and with fragmentation the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of protons increases moderately from unity. At low dose, where sublethal damage is unimportant, the contribution from target fragments dominates, causing the proton effectiveness to be very different from that of gamma rays with a strongly fluence-dependent RBE. At high energies, the nuclear fragmentation cross sections become independent of energy. This leads to a plateau in the proton single-particle-action cross section, below 1 keV/micron, since the target fragments dominate.
authors.affiliation: Space Transportation Systems Division, Rockwell International, Houston, Texas 77058.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Cucinotta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shinn
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hajnal
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004735:Energy Transfer; D011522:Protons; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness
chemical_list: D011522:Protons