title: Effects of urea and starch on rumen fermentation, nutrient passage to the duodenum, and performance of cows.
abstract: Four midlactation, multiparous Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of supplementing urea or starch or both to diets containing fish meal on passage of nutrients to the small intestine and performance of lactating cows. The treatments (in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement) were 1) control and control plus 2) urea, 3) starch, or 4) starch and urea. Supplementing diets with urea did not affect DMI; ruminal, postruminal, or total tract digestibilities of DM, starch, ADF, or NDF; ruminal fluid VFA concentrations or molar percentages; or ruminal fluid or particulate dilution rates. Feeding additional starch depressed DMI but did not alter ruminal or postruminal digestion of OM or VFA concentrations and molar percentages in ruminal fluid. Ruminal fluid ammonia concentration was increased by feeding urea and decreased by feeding additional starch. Passage of nonammonia N, nonammonia nonmicrobial N, or microbial N to the small intestine and efficiency of microbial CP synthesis were not affected significantly by supplying either urea or additional starch. Feeding urea increased passage of methionine to the small intestine, whereas feeding additional starch increased passage of methionine and arginine. Passage of other amino acids to the small intestine was not altered significantly by feeding urea or additional starch. Production of milk and milk protein was increased, but yields of fat and SNF were not altered by feeding diets supplemented with urea. Production of milk and milk fat was not affected, but yields of CP and SNF were decreased when additional starch was fed to cows.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Klusmeyer
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion; D004435:Eating; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005396:Fish Products; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea; D013213:Starch; D009584:Nitrogen